红曲、红腐乳卤汤色价的测定

红曲为常用天然色素,红腐乳灌坛时必用红曲。木文用72—分光光度计和581—G型光电比色计测定红曲的色价及红腐乳汤汁的色价。在样品处理、色价标准方面进行了一系列探讨。     

青稞红曲色素稳定性影响因素的分析

分析青稞红曲色素稳定性的因素,寻找到青稞红曲色素的特征,以便于指导生产和应用。用紫外可见分光光度计在505 nm波长处测定青稞红曲色素溶液吸光度的变化,来判断色价改变情况。青稞红曲色素水溶液日光直射0.5 h即可使色价保存率降低到66.94%;日光灯处理时光照强度越高,色价损失越明显;低于60℃时热稳定性较高,短时间高温环境对色价损失影响不大,超过1h的高温处理会对色价保存率有明显的影响;青稞红曲色素水溶液在pH5至pH9基本上趋于稳定;Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+)加入后对青稞红曲色素水溶液稳定性影响明显,其他离子无明显影响。加工、贮藏过程中青稞红曲应当避免日光照射、高温、过酸过碱和Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+)存在的环境。     

不同条件对红曲色素及色价的稳定性分析

对6种不同品牌市售红曲米的色价及稳定性进行了探讨.结果表明,不同品牌红曲米的色价存在明显差异,其中5号样品具有最高红曲红色素色价,同时也显示出较高的橙色素和黄色素色价;不同pH值、温度和光照条件对6种红曲米中红曲色素稳定性有重要影响,5号样品的红曲红色素色价的稳定性相对较好,可用作后续红曲黄酒的发酵原料.     

物理因素对玉米红曲红色素稳定性的影响

目前,红曲主要以大米为原料生产,成本较高,以玉米为原料生产玉米红曲可降低生产成本。为了更好地开发利用玉米红曲,以色价保存率为指标,研究了光照、温度及在空气中振荡对玉米红曲红色素稳定性的影响,为玉米红曲在食品中的应用奠定基础。研究结果表明,自然光和日光照射对玉米红曲红色素的稳定性影响显著,照射时间越长,色价损失越大。高温处理对玉米红曲红色素的影响显著,但高温下短时间加热,色价损失率较小,100℃下加热0.5h,色价的保存率仍为90.1%。低温和在空气中振荡处理对玉米红曲红色素的稳定性影响不显著。     

红曲色素醇提过程中传质动力学模型的构建

通过分析70%乙醇提取红曲色素过程中的色价-时间的变化关系,结合经典传质数学模型,建立了提取过程中红曲色素色价与提取时间的动力学方程.经验证,所推导出的动力学方程能较好地反映红曲色素提取过程中色价-时间之间的关系.     

不同因素对固体发酵制备小米红曲的影响

小米红曲是红曲霉接种于小米上发酵而得。通过单因素实验,采用测定小米红曲的色价的方法,研究了初始含水量、中间加水量、底物量、发酵温度、第一次加水时间、发酵时间对固体发酵制备小米红曲的影响。     

红曲霉液态发酵产色素及稳定性的研究

考察了装液量、时间、接种量、金属离子、维生素等因素对红曲霉液体发酵产红曲色价的影响及pH、光照和添加剂对红曲色素稳定性的影响。结果发现当培养装液量为75mL/250mL,培养时间为7d,接种量为9%,硫酸亚铁添加浓度为0.005mmol/L,维生素B1添加浓度为0.03%时,红曲霉产红曲色素的色价最高,可达714.80U/mL。红曲色素在pH为7的环境下放置8h时,红曲色价达到最大值,为782.1U/mL;最适保存方式是避光保存,在避光下放置72h,红曲色素的色价仍有508U/mL;食品添加剂苯甲酸钠和亚硝酸钠对红曲色素具有一定的增色作用,但是添加一定量的EDTA会使红曲色素的色价降低,维生素C和双氧水对红曲色素的影响不大。     

固态发酵红曲色素的稳定性研究

以色价为指标,研究了光照、温度、金属离子、螯合剂及抗氧化剂对红曲色素的稳定性的影响,结果表明:有利于保持红曲样品的色价的光照条件顺序为,避光条件＞紫外线＞漫射光＞日光;在综合因素作用下,常温、0.02%的Mg2+及0.02%的螯合剂EDTA有利于红曲色素色价的保存.     

红曲色素高产菌株的诱变筛选及液态发酵初探

从不同的红曲样品中分离纯化获得红曲霉菌株 5株 ,以此为菌种液态发酵制备红曲 ,选出发酵后菌丝体色价与发酵原液色价都相对较高的编号为M3的菌株为出发菌株 ,进行了6 0 Co γ射线的诱变 ,获得了编号为M 3 2相对高产的色素菌株 ,其发酵后菌丝体总色价和发酵液总色价分别提高了 2 7 0 8%和 2 5 90 %。并对其液态发酵制备的红曲色素进行了质量分析。     

避光保存条件下影响红曲酒色价稳定的因素

研究避光条件下不同因素对红曲酒色价稳定性的影响，为保护红曲酒储存过程中的颜色稳定性提供理论依据。以红曲原酒及红曲浸提液为实验材料，分析避光条件下酒体成分(有机酸、氨基酸、多酚化合物)、理化指标(pH、酒精度)和储存条件(温度、氧气)对红曲酒色价稳定性的影响。结果表明，避光条件下长期储存时，pH、氧气、氨基酸、有机酸、多酚成分对红曲酒色价稳定性影响不明显，而低酒度和高温能够显著降低色价；加入蒸馏酒调节酒度至38%vol, 4℃下避光储存90 d后，其色素保存率为91.27%,是单独4℃下储存的1.25倍，是现有室温存放的2.27倍，其颜色仍保持原有的红棕色。因此，高酒度和低温储存能较好保持红曲酒的原有颜色，延长货架期，可用于红曲酒色价稳定性的维持。     

木瓜蛋白酶的提取及应用研究进展

本文主要介绍木瓜蛋白酶的组成,重点阐述提取方法、提取工艺的研究进展,进一步介绍木瓜蛋白酶在食品工业特别是在食品加工中的应用,并对其在医药、化工及未来食品加工方面的应用前景进行展望。     

预处理对六种黄酒酿造原料酿造特性的研究

为探究不同黄酒酿造原料的酿造特性,以红谷、张杂谷、圆糯米、黍米、金米、粳大米等六种谷物为原料进行浸泡和蒸饭实验,监测浸泡过程中不同原料质构和色泽的动态变化;比较了浸泡后六种米浆水的有机酸和氨基酸组成;并对蒸饭中挥发性风味物质的含量进行分析。结果表明,浸泡过程中六种谷物的颜色和质构参数存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。红谷米浆水的总氨基酸含量最高（976.49 mg/L）,乙酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸含量显著高于其他谷物米浆水的相应含量（P＜0.05）。六种谷物蒸饭样品中共检出165种挥发性成分,其中红谷蒸饭中酸类（11.75 μg/100 g）和酚类含量（10.54 μg/100 g）远高于其他谷物。综上所述,红谷米浆水中氨基酸含量以及蒸米中酸类香气成分较高,这有利于发酵醪的进一步微生物发酵。     

蝙蝠蛾被毛孢(Hirsutella sinensis)菌丝体发酵液免疫活性的研究

对蝙蝠蛾被毛孢菌丝体发酵液(HSFL)制剂进行体内和体外免疫活性研究。结果表明:该制剂在体外对Con A诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞的转化能力显著增加,并且在体外显著提高了小鼠脾脏中NK细胞的活性;在体内实验中,该制剂可以显著改善DNFB诱发的小鼠迟发型变态反应;显著提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的能力。蝙蝠蛾被毛孢菌丝体发酵液制剂具有调节免疫的生物活性。      

Quantification of skin penetration of antioxidants of varying lipophilicity

Antioxidants play a vital role in protecting the skin from environmental distress. As the skin is constantly exposed to harmful UV radiation, endogenous antioxidants present in the superficial layers of the skin neutralize reactive oxygen species. Over time, antioxidants become depleted and loss their protective effect on the skin. Therefore, supplementing skin with topical antioxidant can help replenish this loss and fight the oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to deliver antioxidants topically and quantify the amount permeated in the stratum corneum and underlying skin. Polyphenols (catechin, resveratrol and curcumin) and vitamin (retinol) with various lipophilic properties were delivered via porcine ear skin, using propylene glycol as a vehicle. The amount in the stratum corneum and underlying skin was quantified using tape stripping and skin extraction methods, respectively, and samples were analysed via HPLC. All four antioxidants permeated into the skin from the propylene glycol vehicle. The order of the amount of antioxidant in the stratum corneum was catechin > resveratrol~ retinol> curcumin, whereas that in the underlying skin was retinol > catechin~ resveratrol~ curcumin. Of the total amount of polyphenols in the skin, approximately 90% was retained in the stratum corneum whereas 10% was quantified in the underlying skin. In contrast, 10% of retinol was retained in the stratum corneum whereas 90% permeated in the underlying skin. Polyphenols (catechin, resveratrol and curcumin) showed high concentration in the stratum corneum whereas retinol showed high accumulation in the underlying layers of the skin.     

Mechanism of Prevention of Aggregation of Proteins: A Case Study of Aggregation of α-Globulin in Glycerol

The precipitation of proteins due to the changes in pH has been a major limiting factor in their utility especially when the precipitation is concurrent with irreversible aggregation. In the present study, an attempt is made to see the effect of glycerol on the pH-induced aggregation of α- globulin which is the major protein fraction (11S) from Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds. A second order polynomial relation existed between the cosolvent concentration and precipitation which was prevented in presence of the cosolvent. Similarly, there was a second order polynomial relation between 8-anilino 1-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) binding of the protein (as indicated by fluorescence emission at 466 nm) and the cosolvent concentration. The relative precipitation in presence of glycerol is however linearly proportional to the changes in surface hydrophobicity as seen by behavior of ANS with the protein in presence of the cosolvent. A possible role of the cosolvents in prevention of aggregation due to hydrophobicity of the protein is envisaged and the relation between the different parameters is discussed.     

对浓香型白酒生产工艺方向等问题的思考

随着白酒科技的进步,新思维和新观点不断产生,在不同的历史时期,对浓香型白酒的生产工艺方向产生不同程度的影响。其影响有正面的,也有负面的。有的企业为生产工艺方向思索探讨;有的企业跟风效仿;有的企业坚持走自己的路线。必须全面、准确、客观地认识中国白酒的发展方向;努力实现浓香型纯粮白酒不添加外加香的目标;解决基酒中的怪杂味;坚持走以增加己酸乙酯的自然生成量为主的质量之路：正确对待白酒的酿造与勾调工作,才能把握和发展浓香型白酒的生产工艺,全面推进白酒业的进步。（孙悟）     

Mechanisms of oxidative browning of wine

Oxidative browning is a long-standing problem in winemaking and sulphur dioxide is the generally used antioxidant to control wine browning. However, concerns over its ability to induce severe allergic reactions have created a great need for its reduction or replacement in recent years. Furthermore, ascorbic acid seems unsuccessful as an alternative antioxidant in winemaking. So a comprehensive understanding of the chemistry of wine browning is essential to study new antioxidant(s) for the protection of wine from browning. The review systematically outlines the mechanisms of wine browning including enzymic and non-enzymic browning happening in winemaking and discusses the central roles performed by iron and copper in the chemistry of wine oxidation. Iron and copper might play a central role in initiating wine non-enzymic browning, and this has important implications in studying antioxidant substitute for sulphur dioxide in wine.     

水氯镁石脱水研究的进展及展望

本文介绍了几十年以来水氯镁石脱水研究的进展，给出了该项研究在热力学、动力学以及相平衡领域中的最新成果，并介绍了脱水过程中关键技术难题以及该项目研究目前存在的问题。同时，预测了该研究项目工业应用前景。     

Effects of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Protein on the Pasting Properties of Different Types of Wheat Flour

Abstract: As one of the most effective methods to modify proteins, enzymatic hydrolysis is used widely in the preparation of wheat products in the food industry. During the same process, starch pasting occurs frequently. The effects of wheat protein hydrolysis with papain, pepsin, and trypsin on the pasting properties of 3 different kinds of flour were investigated in 5 concentrations. Results showed that the peak viscosity, trough, final, and integral area of pasting curve of these flours decreased with increasing enzymatic hydrolysis of protein, and decreased significantly with the increasing enzyme concentrations. Medium‐gluten flour was the least sensitive to enzymatic activity and weak‐gluten the most sensitive. Downtrends appeared with increasing papain and trypsin concentrations in the form of breakdown. Enzymes had no significant different effect on the peak times of strong‐ and medium‐gluten flour, but prolonged peak time slightly in weak‐gluten flour. The pasting time and temperature of strong‐ and medium‐gluten flour were significantly increased in a concentration‐dependent manner. However, there were no significant effects on the pasting times of weak‐gluten flour. These results could supply a basis for utilization of enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat protein in food industry and for further studies into the interactions between hydrolyzed protein and starch in food or processing industries. Practical Application: Illuminating the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis of protein on the pasting properties of different types of wheat flour is very important in food industry. Flour viscosity decreases after enzymatic hydrolysis of protein/gluten. Enzymes have different effects on peak time, pasting time, and pasting temperatures for different types of flour. These results could supply a basis for utilization of enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat protein in food industry and for further studies into the interactions between hydrolyzed protein and starch in food or processing industries.     

Effect of rabadi fermentation of barley on HCl-extractability of minerals

Rabadi fermentation of raw (freshly ground) as well as autoclaved barley flour at 30, 35, and 40°C for 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h brought about a significant increase in HCl-extractability of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, calcium, and phosphorus; longer periods and higher fermentation temperatures increased HCl-extractability. Increased non-phytate phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus in the fermented product, with a corresponding decrease in phytate phosphorus, was maximum at 40°C for 48 h and minimum at 30°C for 6 h. The level of phytic acid was significantly negatively correlated with HCl-extractability of minerals in the fermented products.