锌铝合金热型连铸的工艺方法

就热型连铸工艺条件下对具有共晶、包晶和共析转变的5种典型锌铝合金的连续定向凝固进行了研究,找出了各种合金的最佳工艺参数配合范围.研究表明引锭操作是热型连铸工艺的关键环节,型口温度、拉铸速度、冷却条件、合金成分和液位压头对铸锭表面质量有直接影响,型口位置的固液区存在着热和力的平衡.只有通过调节工艺参数,维持固液界面的良好位置,才能拉铸出表面光滑的线材.     

Cu-Ag合金热型连铸凝固过程数值模拟

采用交替显式直接差分法建立了Cu-Ag合金热型连铸凝固过程温度场模拟的差分数值方法,并研究了不同工艺参数对温度场分布的影响.模拟结果表明,连铸速度、型口温度和冷却强度对Cu-Ag合金凝固过程固-液两相区的位置和大小有影响.随连铸速度增大,液固界面位置从型内向型外移动.     

热型连续铸造法的原理及应用

通过对热型连铸原理的介绍及对有关文献的综述，论述了热型连铸的工艺特点和连铸金属的凝固特点，讨论了铸型出口端温度、冷却点至铸型出口端距离和拉铸速度等工艺变量对铸造金属内的温度场、凝固前沿液相温度梯度、固液界面位置、固液两相区长度和位置、拉铸过程、铸材结晶方式和形态及铸材表面质量的影响，并介绍了该工艺的工业应用典型实例     

连续定向凝固技术研究

在自行设计的竖直热型连铸机上,进行了连续定向凝固实验和温度测定,对其中传热和凝固过程进行了数值模拟,考察了主要工艺参数对锡铸锭表面质量和内部组织的影响,以及固液界面形状的变化规律。结果表明:型温、拉速、冷却水量等工艺参数主要是通过影响固液界面的位置、形状来影响铸锭表面和内部质量的,在本实验条件下,型温在244~248℃、拉速在1.25~2.20×10-4m/s、冷却水量在252~377L/m2.s之间时,才能获得表面光亮,内部为完整定向凝固组织的铸坯;当铸型温度高于242℃,拉速在1.25×10-4~3.4×10-4m/s之间时,形成较平的固液界面,得到定向凝固的铸锭组织;获得了固液界面形状与主要工艺参数间的关系式。     

热型连铸工艺参数的数值分析

根据热型连铸技术原理,建立了热型连铸凝固过程一维稳态温度场的物理、数学模型.通过数值计算,得出了铸型出口温度、冷却距离、拉铸速度和水的冷却强度等工艺参数对固液界面位置的影响.结果表明,该模型较为准确地反映了热型连铸的传热特点,铸型出口温度、冷却距离、拉铸速度和水的冷却强度对固液界面位置有明显影响.     

基于一维稳态传热的纯金属热型连铸模型化分析——模型描述与参数定义

热型连铸是一种将定向凝固和连续铸造技术结合起来的近净成形(near-net-shape)新技术,在新材料开发与加工中获得了日益广泛的应用.根据热型连铸的基本原理和工艺特点,基于一维稳态传热分析,对纯金属热型连铸过程进行了模型化处理.定义了当量热导率和当量换热系数等模型化的工艺参数,获得了以固液界面为位置坐标原点的铸坯轴向温度分布解析解,可以对铸型温度、拉铸速度、温度梯度、固液界面位置、当量热导.率和当量换热系数之间的关系进行求解.给出了模型的物理数学描述和解析解;以纯锌为例阐述了根据实测温度分布曲线和固液界面位置确定当量热导率和当量换热系数的方法;以纯铜为例计算了固液界面位置、铸型温度和拉铸速度之间的匹配关系,计算结果与实验数据相符.     

板坯连铸结晶器内钢凝固过程热行为研究Ⅰ.数学模型

建立了伴随δ/γ相变的钢凝固过程两相区溶质微观偏析模型,以其所确立的钢凝固过程各相分数与温度之间的关系获得钢的高温物性参数,并根据连铸坯在结晶器内凝固收缩量与结晶器内表面的位移关系、保护渣的液/固状态及厚度分布、铸坯表面和铜板热面的温度分布以及气隙的动态变化等建立了描述坯壳-铜板界面热流的数学模型.在此基础上,运用率相...     

白铜管热型连铸的温度场

采用在铸型上定点检测温度,再用ANSYS分析软件计算温度场的方法,研究了铸型温度、冷却距离、连铸速度等工艺参数对白铜管热型连铸温度场的影响.根据温度分布曲线,求出了凝固前沿固液两相区的长度和位置,分析了工艺参数对两相区长度和位置的影响,以及由此对连铸过程和铸件质量的影响.在正确选择工艺参数从而确定两相区位置后,顺利连铸出直径10 mm、壁厚2 mm、表面光滑平直的白铜管.     

热型连铸过程的一维稳态传热模型

根据热型连铸技术原理,建立了热型连铸凝固过程一维稳态温度场的物理、数学模型.通过数值计算,得出了铸型出口温度、冷却距离、拉铸速度和喷水冷却强度等工艺参数对铸坯固液界面位置的影响.计算结果与文献上报道的实验结果吻合较好.     

热型连铸锌铝合金定向凝固线材的组织分析

对热型连铸锌铝合金定向凝固线材的铸态及热处理组织进行了观察、分析和讨论。结果表明：热型连铸锌铝合金线材的显微组织为定向生长的平行柱状枝晶组织;共晶合金ZA5的枝状芥是的每个枝晶都由多层片状共晶β和η两相构成,过共晶合金的组织为初生树枝晶和枝晶间共晶组织,其中ZA8,ZA12初生相为β相,ZA22和ZA27的初生相是α相。     

In situ observation of hot tearing formation in succinonitrile-acetone

Hot tears have been induced during the solidification of a succinonitrile-acetone alloy by pulling the columnar dendrites in the transverse direction with a pulling stick. The opening of the mushy zone (hot tears) always occurred at grain boundaries. At low volume fraction of solid, the opening can be compensated by leaner-solute interdendritic liquid (i.e., “healed” hot tears). At higher volume fraction of solid, hot tears directly nucleate in the interdendritic liquid or develop from pre-existing micropores induced by solidification shrinkage. Their surface (edge) is made of secondary dendrite arms, which have not yet bridged, but a few spikes have also been observed. These later spikes formed either by the necking of solid bridges established across the grain boundaries prior to pulling, or by the sudden break-up of the liquid film during pulling. Similar spikes have been found by SEM on the hot tear surface of an aluminium–copper alloy.     

Zn—Al合金热型连铸定向凝固的晶体生长机理

对热型连铸条件下Zn-Al系列合金引锭时的晶体形核和随后的本的竞争生长过程进行了探讨,组织观察表明,单向热流条件下引锭端部生核的晶粒当其枝晶择优生长方向与热流方向一致时才能生长,其它取向的晶粒逐渐被淘汰,合金的凝固特性对选晶过程有极大的影响,ZA5和ZA8合金由于凝固范围窄,晶体直接由引锭端部的晶粒通过竞争生长获得柱状晶组织,ZA12,ZA22和ZA27含Al量高,凝固范围宽,其平行柱状晶组织是从引锭端部的等轴晶区发展而来的。     

新型气膜约束成形铝合金连续铸锭的研究

设计了一种新型气膜约束铝合金连铸结晶器,在结晶器与初凝壳之间可以形成气膜.设计思想是减少结晶器内的横向散热,形成连铸坯近似单向散热的条件,降低结晶器内的液穴深度,缩短初凝壳长度,从而减少或消除铝合金连铸坯内部缺陷,提高铝合金连铸坯内外品质.对新型结晶器与传统结晶器进行了传热数值模拟,证明凝固温度场发生很大变化.利用新型结晶器对7075铝合金进行了连铸试验,在气膜稳定平衡的条件下,连铸坯表面光滑.探讨了拉速、气体流量和气体压力的关系及其对连铸坯品质的影响,在液面高度稳定时,控制气体流量可以控制气膜的稳定性.     

Pb-Sn合金凝固通道偏析的实验与数值模拟研究

通过实验和数值模拟研究了Pb-19%Sn合金侧向凝固过程中的通道偏析.结果表明:铸锭侧向冷却时,糊状区中的富集溶质(Sn)由于密度小而向上运动.固相分数愈大,枝晶间流动强度愈小.偏析通道中的富集溶质相对于周围凝固时间长;通道由糊状区向最后凝固区域生长.侧向凝固的铸锭在顶部形成正偏析,在底部形成负偏析,在表面形成"沟槽"偏析,在铸锭内部形成A形偏析.基于本文数学模型的数值模拟结果与实验模拟结果一致,可反映侧向凝固与通道偏析的形成规律.     

Modelling Directional Solidification of a Dendritic Alloy

This paper describes the analysis of a directionally-solidified alloy in the form of an ingot with a uniform and circular cross-section. Particular attention is given to simulating the effect of a subtle thermal gradient in the radial direction. Our calculations for Pb-15 wt.% Sn alloy indicate that a very small temperature difference between the centre and the surface of the ingot (eg less than 0.5°C) is enough to cause substantial convection within the solid/liquid zone when the solidification rate is approximately 10^?3 to 10^?4 cm.s^?1. Accompanying the convection there can be substantial segregation. Provided that the isotherms in the solid/liquid zone deviate even slightly from the horizontal, there can be a centre-to-surface variation of composition and even localised-segregates. The formulation includes a comprehensive representation of the energy equation for the solid/liquid zone. The formalism exposes the fact that the enthalpies of solidifying alloys must be carefully evaluated in order to accurately predict temperature fields in solidifying alloys.     

A 3-D coupled hydromechanical granular model for simulating the constitutive behavior of metallic alloys during solidification

A three-dimensional (3-D) coupled hydromechanical granular model has been developed and validated to directly predict, for the first time, hot tear formation and stress–strain behavior in metallic alloys during solidification. This granular model consists of four separate 3-D modules: (i) the solidification module is used to generate the solid–liquid geometry at a given solid fraction; (ii) the fluid flow module (FFM) is used to calculate the solidification shrinkage and deformation-induced pressure drop within the intergranular liquid; (iii) the semi-solid deformation module (SDM) simulates the rheological behavior of the granular structure; and (iv) the failure module (FM) simulates crack initiation and propagation. Since solid deformation, intergranular flow and crack initiation are deeply linked together, the FFM, SDM and FM are coupled processes. This has been achieved through the development of a new three-phase interactive technique that couples the interaction between intergranular liquid, solid grains and growing voids. The results show that the pressure drop, and consequently hot tear formation, depends also on the compressibility of the mushy zone skeleton, in addition to the well-known contributors (lack of liquid feeding and semi-solid deformation).     

Hot-tearing in Aluminium Copper Alloys

An experimental technique has been developed to investigate hot tearing. In this technique either the load or strain built up during casting could be measured as a function of the mould wall temperature. Experiments were carried out in Al—Cu alloys. Although there was considerable scatter in the results, it was concluded that strength began to build up in the casting when either the liquid volume fraction reached about 4% or when the eutectic temperature was reached. It was also concluded that the initial crack or hot tear occurred in a thin film of liquid or in the solid just below the eutectic temperature. It is suggested that the crack occurs in the liquid when the alloy composition is less than the most susceptible hot tearing composition and in the solid for higher compositions. The crack occurs in the liquid when the liquid volume fraction reaches about 2%. A numerical analysis was made of the heat flow in the casting so that corrections could be made to the thermocouple readings and a technique was developed to calculate the heat transfer coefficient from temperatures measured near the mould wall.     

Internal shrinkage crack in a 10 t water-cooled steel ingot with a large height-to-diameter ratio

Steel ingot with a large height-to-diameter ratio is utilized to produce multiple products by one stock in practice. Water cooling is a usual way to enhance production efficiency. However, the combination of the two factors will generate internal defects, such as shrinkage porosity and hot crack. The characteristic of internal shrinkage crack in a 10 t water-cooled steel ingot with a large height-to-diameter ratio was examined by an ultrasonic test. A slice was sectioned from the ingot middle part where billets containing star-like crack were further extracted. The billets were examined by X-ray high energy industrial CT, and the compactness was reconstructed in three dimensions. Microstructure near the crack was observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the solidification process and grain size were studied by high temperature confocal microscopy. Moreover, thermomechanical simulation and post-processing were carried out to analyze the formation of shrinkage porosity and hot crack. A new criterion considering mushy zone mechanical behavior in brittle temperature as well as grain size distribution was proposed to evaluate hot cracking potential in the ingot. The results show that a deep shrinkage porosity band easily forms in the center line of such an ingot with a large height-to-diameter ratio, and water-cooling further generates excessive tensile stress tearing the liquid films around the porosities. Then, hot cracks begin to propagate along grain boundaries. The grain size in the upper and center of the ingot is large, which leads to an inverted cone shape defects zone in the ingot center.

     

高温合金定向凝固行为的分形分析

采用分形理论定量地描述了定向凝固过程中固-液界面的形态,给出了固-液界面的分形维数与凝固速度、枝晶间距和试验合金中磷含量之间的关系发现随着凝固速率和合金中磷含量增大,固-液界面的分形线数呈指数规律增加。而且,结合分形理论和热力学理论论证了分形维数不仅仅是单纯描述不规则图形的几何参量,而且是一个依赖于凝固参数、化学成分变化的态函数