定侧压下混凝土的双轴动态抗压强度及破坏模式

在大型三轴静、动态电液伺服试验机上对66个立方体混凝土试件进行一向恒定侧压的动态压缩试验。四组试验的侧向恒定压力分别为单轴静态抗压强度的0、30.5%、61.0%、91.5%，加载速率分别为10-5s-1、10-4s-1、10-3s-1、10-2s-1四个量级。试验表明，随着应变速率的提高，不同恒定侧压下混凝土的破坏强度均有提高。在较高的恒定侧向压力下，混凝土材料对应变速率的敏感程度降低；在较高应变速率下，恒定侧压对混凝土破坏强度的加强作用也有所减弱。     

中尺度涡诱导的陆架上升流

台湾东北海域NOAA卫星AVHRR反演的MCSST图像表明，黑潮进入东海对产生的中尺度暖涡对上升流（或冷涡）有明显的调制作用。为证实这一现象，我们通过对中尺度暖涡流场结构分析，提出了中尺度暖涡诱导陆架上升流的必然性。利用有耗散的层结流体中的慢环流理论，导出了由中尺度涡诱导的陆架上升流流场解析表达式，从理论上验证了台湾东北海域中尺度暖涡诱导陆架上升流的合理性。     

页岩改良黏土衬垫防渗性的试验研究

COD(化学需氧量)是垃圾渗沥液中一个重要的污染物指标。页岩是一种黏土矿物,比表面积大,具备吸附渗沥液中污染物的潜力。通过吸附试验比较研究不同粒径粉碎页岩、黏土、粉煤灰和膨润土的吸附性能,结果显示0.075~2 mm粒径范围内的粉碎页岩对COD的吸附率明显高于黏土等其它材料;渗透试验显示粉碎页岩添加量不超过10%时粉碎页岩-黏土混合料的渗透系数低于1×10-7cm·s-1,满足衬垫使用要求。     

面板混凝土冻融劣化后动力性能的研究

为研究应变速率对面板混凝土经冻融劣化后动力性能的影响,对面板混凝土进行不同次数(0、25、50、75、100、125、150、175、200次)的冻融循环和不同应变速率(1×10-5、1×10-4、2×10-4、5×10-4、1×10-3s-1)的单轴压缩以及常规三轴试验。结果表明:单轴压缩试验下,应变速率相同的面板混凝土,冻融劣化程度加大,其动态极限抗压强度逐渐降低,峰值应变逐渐提高;冻融次数相同的面板混凝土,随着应变速率的增大,其单轴动态极限抗压强度随之增大,峰值应变随之降低。常规三轴试验下,经100次冻融循环、同一应变速率的面板混凝土,随着围压的增大,其极限抗压强度增幅减弱,混凝土的率敏感性有所降低,峰值应变随之提高。     

人工淡水冰单轴压缩强度试验研究

利用高精度控温的低温冰压力试验机,进行了-5、-10、-15、-20和-30℃ 5种温度、应变速率变化范围为10-8～10-2s-1的人工淡水冰单轴压缩强度试验,加载方向垂直于冰的晶轴方向。结果表明,人工淡水冰压缩强度随着应变速率有较明显的变化。冰极限压缩强度在韧-脆转变过渡区达到最大值,且随着温度的降低其过渡区逐渐向低应变速率偏移,主要发生在1×10-5～3×10-3s-1范围内;在其相对应的韧性区范围内,冰的极限压缩强度与应变速率呈幂函数关系。在相同的应变速率下,冰的破坏应力随着试验温度的降低而增大。     

珠江河口环流季节性变化特征分析

河口环流控制区域动力格局影响河口盐度、悬沙和营养盐的输运。基于海洋同化数据HYCOM,分析了珠江口环流的季节变化特点及其演变规律，构建了珠江河口环流年际运转路线。结果表明：(1)珠江口及其邻近水域的海流呈现明显的季节性变化，变化周期约为1 a,且越靠近外海变化周期越显著；(2)珠江河口外海常年被环流控制，冬季表现为西南向沿岸流，而夏季受南海暖流的影响，反转为东北向上升流，其中前者占比约66.5%大于后者约33.5%;(3)珠江河口内海流夏季表现为西南—东北向的往复流，冬季表现为逆时针环流。     

土石坝安全问题述评(续)

江西七一水库库容1.8亿m~3,土坝虽设计为粘土心墙坝,但竣工后上下游坝壳渗透系数分别为1.8×10~(-5)’、6.88×10~(-5)cm/s,心墙为2.42×10~(-5)cm/s,实际是均质坝,坝高50m,坝     

地震应变率下水饱和度对混凝土动力压缩效应的影响

为揭示地震应变率下不同含水量混凝土的力学性能变化规律,采用真空饱水设备快速制备不同水饱和度混凝土试件以消除水泥进一步水化对试验结果的影响;进行了3种应变率下(10-5s-1、10-4s-1、10-3s-1)的单轴压缩试验,测试分析了应变率和水饱和度对混凝土的应力应变曲线形态、抗压强度、弹性模量以及峰值应变的影响规律与影响机理。研究结果表明,随着应变率增加,混凝土动态抗压强度增大、弹性模量增加、而峰值应变减小;随着水饱和度增加,混凝土在静载以及动载下的抗压强度绝对值减小,但动载作用时动力强度增长因子增大;应变率越高混凝土峰值应变随水饱和度增大而减小的趋势越明显。综合考虑应变率效应以及水饱和度的影响,提出了混凝土力学性能指标的经验计算公式,与试验结果有着较好的吻合度。     

灌浆技术在引水隧洞工程中的应用

灌浆加固是水利工程防渗加固的一种常用方法,文章以引水隧洞加固工程为例,分析了裂隙对岩体灌浆加固效果的影响;同时针对工程实际情况,提出使用水泥黏土+减水剂配比的混合浆液材料,24h后体积收缩率为素水泥的2/3,具有较好的加固效果;完成灌浆试验后,通过对灌浆加固效果的检验,渗透系数从3. 4-4. 0×10-3cm/s减少为5. 7-8. 6×10-4cm/s,灌浆加固效果较好。     

江西省桃江流域近60年降水量时空特征分析

为研究江西省桃江流域降水量特征,以桃江流域内的17个雨量站1957—2016年逐日降水资料为研究对象,运用线性趋势、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、克里金插值等方法进行时空特征分析。结果表明,时间变化特征上:桃江流域多年平均值为1 603.49mm,且以2.4mm/10a的趋势增加,其第1主周期为34a,并且经历了"偏多—偏少—偏多"的周期变化;季节分配不均匀,春夏多,秋冬少,且秋、冬季变化剧烈,除了夏季以-4.8mm/10a的速率下降,其余季度均呈现上升趋势,分别为春季(7.3mm/10a)、秋季(7.1mm/10a),冬季降水(5.3mm/10a)。在周期规律上,除冬季的第1主周期为34a外,其余季度为33a;月降水量呈现出"两峰一谷"的形状,降水主要集中在3-8月,10月到翌年1月的降水变化剧烈。空间分布特征:桃江流域年降水量从西南到东北呈现出"偏多-偏少-偏多"的空间分布特征,春、夏两季降水量呈现出南多北少的分布特征,秋、冬季降水量空间分布从南到北呈现出"偏多—偏少—偏多"的分布特征;年降水量北部区域偏多,主要受秋冬季节降水影响;除了冬季的高值中心出现在下游区域外,其他季节均出现在上游流域;上游流域在1-9月均为各区域降水的最大值,而10-12月,下游流域为各区域的最大值;各区域降水在月份分布上均呈现出"双峰一谷"的分布特征,3-9月,各区域降水间存在着较大的差异。研究结果可为桃江流域防洪抗旱及水生态修护提供依据。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Desiccation and recolonization of phytobenthos in a regulated desert river: Colorado River at Lees Ferry,Arizona, USA

We tested the recolonization of the phytobenthic community in the tailwaters of Glen Canyon Dam following long- and short-term experimentally induced desiccation. The response of Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp., miscellaneous phytobenthos species and periphyton was studied over 18 weeks using three treatments: (1) undisturbed control cobbles from the submerged zone; (2) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the submerged zone; and (3) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the varial zone. Periphyton density and compositional response resulting from these treatments were also examined. Desiccation treatments were significantly different in biomass from controls throughout the study. The biomass of desiccated and replaced river cobbles averaged <30% of the controls for C. glomerata and periphyton during the 18-week recolonization period. In contrast, the biomass of the control Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species averaged only 3 and 50% of that in the desiccation treatments, respectively. Cladophora, the dominant alga, comprised 77% of the phytobenthic biomass. A significant positive relationship between discharge, Cladophora and periphyton biomass was present in all treatments, while there was a negative relationship with discharge for Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species. There was a significant inverse correlation, as well as a pattern of separate biomass dominance, between C. glomerata and Oscillatoria. Cladophora was the dominant phytobenthos species on cobbles below the baseflow and Oscillatoria was dominant on cobbles in the varial zone. In general, the Cladophora biomass decreased under intermittent drying conditions, while Oscillatoria declined under permanently wet conditions. Diatom composition was not significantly different between treatments; however, their density was lower on desiccated cobbles. Diatom density on desiccated cobbles in the submerged and varial zones averaged 69 and 42% of that of the controls, respectively. Recovery and maintenance of benthic resources are hindered by fluctuating flow regimes driven by electricity and irrigation requirements. Repeated desiccation of the phytobenthos has major effects on the bottom-up interactions in the Colorado River ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.