A型肉毒毒素和A型肉毒神经毒素的非临床安全性评价

目的分析注射用A型肉毒毒素和注射用A型肉毒神经毒素活性药用成分(active pharmaceutical ingredient,API)的纯度、N-末端氨基酸序列和相对分子质量,并通过多个非临床研究试验,评价两种制品在药理、毒理特性等方面的一致性。方法采用SDS-PAGE法检测注射用A型肉毒毒素(衡力~,Lantox~,以下简称复合物)和注射用A型肉毒神经毒素(Chintox~,以下简称神经毒素)的纯度;对其N-末端氨基酸序列进行测序,并将测序结果与NCBI blast数据库中A型肉毒梭菌Hall株的氨基酸序列比对,确证其各组分的成分;毛细管凝胶电泳(capillary gel electrophoresis,CGE)检测其在非还原及还原条件下各组分的相对分子质量;单次肌肉注射、静脉注射、灌胃给予大鼠及单次肌肉注射给予食蟹猴的试验评价复合物和神经毒素的急性毒性;重复肌肉注射给予食蟹猴39周和恢复期12周的药理毒理试验评价复合物和神经毒素的长期毒性;家兔红细胞的体外溶血试验评价两者的溶血性;肌肉注射给予大鼠Ⅰ、Ⅱ段生殖毒性试验评价肉毒毒素的生殖毒性。结果神经毒素组:非还原条件下,神经毒素相对分子质量约152 000,N-末端氨基酸序列ALNDLQINVN,为完整的A型肉毒神经毒素;还原条件下,由相对分子质量约101 000,N-末端氨基酸序列ALNDLQINVN的重链和相对分子质量约51 000、N-末端氨基酸序列PFVNKQFNYK的轻链组成;复合物组:非还原条件下,含A型肉毒神经毒素(Mr 152 000)、非毒素非血凝素蛋白(non-toxic non-HA,NTNH)(Mr 136 000)、HA70组分(Mr 57 000、17 000)、HA33组分(Mr 30 000、28 000)和HA17组分(Mr 15 000),还原条件下,则含有重链、轻链、NTNH、HA70、HA33和HA17组分。注射用A型肉毒毒素、注射用A型肉毒神经毒素单次肌肉注射和静脉注射给予大鼠,肌肉注射的最大耐受剂量≥100 U/kg,静脉注射的最大耐受剂量≥30 U/kg;单次肌肉注射给予食蟹猴所产生的急性中毒反应与死亡情况一致,最大耐受剂量均为20 U/kg,近似致死剂量为40 U/kg;反复肌肉注射给予食蟹猴的试验中,未见明显毒性作用剂量(no observed adverse effect level,NOAEL)均为16 U/kg;在体外对家兔红细胞无溶血作用,不引起红细胞凝聚;Ⅰ段生殖毒性试验对雄鼠生育力的NOAEL为4U/kg,对雌鼠生育力的NOAEL为8 U/kg,对孕鼠早期胚胎发育的NOAEL为16 U/kg;Ⅱ段生殖毒性试验对孕鼠的NOAEL为1 U/kg,对胚胎-胎仔毒性和致畸性的NOAEL为16 U/kg。结论注射用A型肉毒毒素和注射用A型肉毒神经毒素在食蟹猴和大鼠的急性毒性、长期毒性等试验中,剂量、动物病理解剖结果一致,进一步说明A型肉毒毒素和A型肉毒神经毒素的药理毒理特性是相同的,且在反复肌肉注射给予食蟹猴的长期毒性试验中发现,A型肉毒神经毒素更不易产生抗体。在神经毒素灌胃试验中半数致死剂量高于复合物,表明其安全性更好。     

注射用A型肉毒毒素的生物学特性及质量分析

目的对注射用A型肉毒毒素(Botulinum toxin type A for injection,商品名衡力,出口商品名BTXA)制品中的活性药用成分(Active pharmaceutical ingredient,API)的性质及2009～2011年生产的注射用A型肉毒毒素原液的比活性进行分析。方法对BTXA收获物样品进行阴离子交换层析,分离毒素复合体各组分;采用血凝试验、HPLC法、SDS-PAGE、等点聚焦电泳及N-末端氨基酸测序等方法分析A型肉毒毒素复合体及其各组分的性质;统计2009～2011年连续生产的注射用A型肉毒毒素原液的比活性数据,分析连续生产的工艺稳定性和质量重现性。结果 BTXA收获物样品在碱性条件下可被解离,解离出的A型肉毒神经毒素相对分子质量约为150 000,无血凝效价;BTXA的API为完整的单体,纯度均在99.5%以上;复合物和神经毒素的等电点分别为4.97、4.91,N-末端氨基酸测序结果与GenBank基本一致;在连续3年的生产过程中,原液比活性平均为3.0×107LD50/mg蛋白,BTXA成品中API载量约为5 ng/瓶。结论注射用A型肉毒毒素的活性成分是特异的复合体结构,可在碱性条件下解离出A型肉毒神经毒素;BTXA原液的比活性在连续3年的生产中持续稳定,具备很好的连续性,为临床使用的安全性提供依据。     

B型肉毒毒素轻链蛋白的原核表达及纯化

目的克隆B型肉毒毒素轻链Bont-B基因,使其在大肠杆菌内表达,并对表达的重组蛋白进行纯化。方法设计并人工合成Bont-B基因,克隆入表达载体pMD19-T中,构建质粒pMD19-T-Bont-B,经酶切后与pET-28a载体连接,构建重组表达质粒pET-28a-Bont-B,将重组表达质粒转化感受态大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达。表达产物经SDS-PAGE及Western blot分析后,经金属螯合层析Cu2+柱进行纯化,纯化产物经SDS-PAGE分析纯度。结果重组表达质粒pET-28a-Bont-B经PCR、双酶切及测序鉴定,证明构建正确;表达的重组蛋白相对分子质量约50 000,主要以可溶性形式表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的6%;纯化后的重组蛋白纯度可达90%以上。结论已成功克隆并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中原核表达了Bont-B轻链基因,为制备抗Bont-B轻链单克隆抗体及研究肉毒中毒机制和治疗奠定了基础。     

B型肉毒神经毒素重链C-端片段的修饰及表达

目的修饰、克隆B型肉毒神经毒素重链C-端(BoNT/b HC)片段,并在大肠杆菌中进行表达。方法以B型肉毒梭状杆菌8806株基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增B型肉毒神经毒素重链的转膜区和结合区,并以高频密码子替换BoNT/bHC基因N-端的5个低频密码子。将目的片段克隆入表达载体pET-42b,转化E.coli BL21(DE3)PlysS,IPTG诱导表达后,进行Western blot鉴定及可溶性分析。结果重组表达质粒经PCR及酶切鉴定证明构建正确;表达的重组蛋白相对分子质量约为80000,表达量占菌体总蛋白的32.6%,主要以包涵体形式存在;重组蛋白可被相应的抗BoNT/b全毒素的多克隆抗体所识别。结论已成功修饰并表达了B型肉毒神经毒素重链C-端片段,为进一步研制重组疫苗及高特异性的诊断试剂奠定了基础。     

用于肉毒毒素活性测定的特异性绿色荧光融合蛋白的制备

目的制备含有7种血清型肉毒毒素切割位点(SNAP25-VAMP)的特异性绿色荧光融合蛋白,在E.coli中诱导表达,纯化后用于肉毒毒素活性测定。方法根据SNARE蛋白复合物中SNAPE25和VAMP基因序列及各血清型肉毒毒素(Bo NTs)的切割位点,设计合成含有SNAREs中突触小体(SNAP25)和突触小泡膜蛋白(VAMP)的Bam HⅠ-HIS6-SNAP62-Eco RⅠ-VAMP57C-TAA-HindⅢ(以下简称为SV)基因,连接至p ET-28a-GFP载体上,构建重组质粒p ET-28a-GFP-SV,转化感受态E.coli BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达后,经DEAE阴离子交换层析、Cu2+金属螯合层析、Q阴离子交换层析3步纯化,BCA法测定纯化产物的蛋白浓度,ELISA法检测B型肉毒毒素轻链蛋白(Bo NT/BL)活性。结果构建的质粒p ET-28a-GFP-SV经双酶切及测序鉴定证明构建正确,表达的GFP-SV融合蛋白相对分子量约40 000,主要以可溶形式存在,蛋白浓度为18.4μg/μl,纯度可达70%以上。利用该融合蛋白的荧光强弱变化可测定Bo NT/BL活性大小,同时也可测定其抗体中和活性大小。结论制备的含有SV的特异性绿色荧光融合蛋白在E.coli中获得了高效表达,为后续各型肉毒毒素活性检测及抗体中和毒素活性检测奠定了基础。     

肉毒素联合药物在我国整形美容方面应用进展

A型肉毒毒素是一种神经毒素,目前在临床上应用广泛,因其易制备和保存,作用机制相对比较清楚,随着临床应用的陆续开展,其优点及缺点逐渐暴露,因此应用A型肉毒毒素联合其他药物治疗某些疾病越来越广泛,尤其是在整形美容方面,获得了良好的治疗效果,但多数临床试验均为国外进行,现就我国A型肉毒毒素联合药物在整形美容方面应用进展做一综...     

运用统计学优化A型肉毒毒素的SDS-PAGE染脱色方法

目的运用统计学优化A型肉毒毒素的SDS-PAGE染色和脱色方法,以便生产检定中实现数字化、标准化操作。方法以Photoshop软件对电泳凝胶扫描图采样的背景灰度值、强带灰度值和弱带灰度值作为评价指标,以不同的脱色液为实验因素,按配对设计安排实验,对实验结果进行脱色方法的统计学分析,根据配对设计分析结果,按裂区设计安排第二步实验,对实验结果进行染色和脱色方法的以统计学为主的综合分析评价。结果综合分析显示,电泳凝胶直接由考马斯亮蓝R250-磷酸-乙醇染色液加热至60℃染色2 h,0.5 mol/L KCl结合冰醋酸-甲醇脱色可获得良好效果。结论得到一种具有一定创新性的A型肉毒毒素的SDS-PAGE染脱色方法,该方法具有背景脱色浅淡均匀,条带清晰,染色和脱色液不挥发因而重复性好的优点,能够满足A型肉毒毒素生产检定的需要。     

肉毒毒素及其疫苗研究进展

肉毒毒素是目前已知毒性最强的毒素,是引起食物中毒的常见细菌毒素之一,也是重要的生物战剂之一。本文对肉毒毒素的结构、作用机制及其疫苗的研制进行了综述。     

A、B、E、F型肉毒抗毒素的制备与检定

目的　制备马抗肉毒 (Botulinum)A、B、E、F型抗毒素。方法　菌种经过复苏分离与检定后 ,采用产毒培养、酸沉、盐析及脱毒等步骤 ,制备肉毒A、B、E、F四型类毒素 (Toxoid)和试验毒素 (Testtoxin) ,免疫健康马匹。结果　各型血浆效价均超过 2 0 0 0年版《中国生物制品规程》中对于抗毒素的要求 ,B型与F型的效价均超过 2倍以上 ,A型与E型也达到较好的应答水平。结论　已成功制备四型肉毒抗毒素。     

治疗用A型肉毒结晶毒素的研制及实验动物模型的建立

A型肉毒梭菌结晶毒素是以酸等电点沉淀,磷酸盐提取,核糖核酸酶处理,DEAE-A_(50)离子交换层析,硫酸铵外液透析制备的。毒力强,性能稳定,冻干制品宜于长期保存。经生化学、免疫学试验表明,毒素系神经毒素和血凝素的复合体,纯度高达2.5～2.6×10~7LD_(50)(小白鼠)/mgpr。给实验动物—恒河猴眼外肌注射能致人工斜视再给猴同眼的拮抗肌注射毒素,斜视得以矫正。可望成为一种治疗眼、面等神经、肌肉痉挛性疾病的安全,有效制剂。     

Detection of VAMP Proteolysis by Tetanus and Botulinum Neurotoxin Type B In Vivo with a Cleavage-Specific Antibody

Tetanus and Botulinum type B neurotoxins are bacterial metalloproteases that specifically cleave the vesicle-associated membrane protein VAMP at an identical peptide bond, resulting in inhibition of neuroexocytosis. The minute amounts of these neurotoxins commonly used in experimental animals are not detectable, nor is detection of their VAMP substrate sensitive enough. The immune detection of the cleaved substrate is much more sensitive, as we have previously shown for botulinum neurotoxin type A. Here, we describe the production in rabbit of a polyclonal antibody raised versus a peptide encompassing the 13 residues C-terminal with respect to the neurotoxin cleavage site. The antibody was affinity purified and found to recognize, with high specificity and selectivity, the novel N-terminus of VAMP that becomes exposed after cleavage by tetanus toxin and botulinum toxin type B. This antibody recognizes the neoepitope not only in native and denatured VAMP but also in cultured neurons and in neurons in vivo in neurotoxin-treated mice or rats, suggesting the great potential of this novel tool to elucidate tetanus and botulinum B toxin activity in vivo.     

肉毒毒素的应用现状

肉毒毒素是肉毒杆菌在生长繁殖中产生的一种神经毒素。注入肌肉后，能迅速与突触前胆碱能神经终板结合，减少周围运动神经末梢和神经肌肉接头处乙酰胆碱的释放，抑制细胞外乙酰胆碱，造成肌肉松弛和麻痹。20世纪70年代末肉毒毒素被开发并逐步应用于临床，以治疗某些神经肌肉疾思。目前，肉毒毒素已经用于眼科、神经科、康复科、消化科及皮肤科(多汗症、美容)等领域50余种病症的治疗，取得了诸多成果。本文就肉毒毒素在临床医疗、医学美容、生物农药等方面的应用情况进行了概述。     

An Integrated Pharmacophore/Docking/3D-QSAR Approach to Screening a Large Library of Products in Search of Future Botulinum Neurotoxin A Inhibitors

Botulinum toxins are neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. This toxin can be lethal for humans as a cause of botulism; however, in small doses, the same toxin is used to treat different conditions. Even if the therapeutic doses are effective and safe, the adverse reactions could be local and could unmask a subclinical impairment of neuromuscular transmissions. There are not many cases of adverse events in the literature; however, it is possible that sometimes they do not occur as they are transient and, if they do occur, there is no possibility of a cure other than to wait for the pharmacological effect to end. Inhibition of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) effects is a strategy for treating botulism as it can provide an effective post-exposure remedy. In this paper, 13,592,287 compounds were screened through a pharmacophore filter, a 3D-QSAR model, and a virtual screening; then, the compounds with the best affinity were selected. Molecular dynamics simulation studies on the first four compounds predicted to be the most active were conducted to verify that the poses foreseen by the docking were stable. This approach allowed us to identify compounds with a calculated inhibitory activity in the range of 316–500 nM.     

Special Delivery: Potential Mechanisms of Botulinum Neurotoxin Uptake and Trafficking within Motor Nerve Terminals

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are highly potent, neuroparalytic protein toxins that block the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons and autonomic synapses. The unparalleled toxicity of BoNTs results from the highly specific and localized cleavage of presynaptic proteins required for nerve transmission. Currently, the only pharmacotherapy for botulism is prophylaxis with antitoxin, which becomes progressively less effective as symptoms develop. Treatment for symptomatic botulism is limited to supportive care and artificial ventilation until respiratory function spontaneously recovers, which can take weeks or longer. Mechanistic insights into intracellular toxin behavior have progressed significantly since it was shown that toxins exploit synaptic endocytosis for entry into the nerve terminal, but fundamental questions about host-toxin interactions remain unanswered. Chief among these are mechanisms by which BoNT is internalized into neurons and trafficked to sites of molecular toxicity. Elucidating how receptor-bound toxin is internalized and conditions under which the toxin light chain engages with target SNARE proteins is critical for understanding the dynamics of intoxication and identifying novel therapeutics. Here, we discuss the implications of newly discovered modes of synaptic vesicle recycling on BoNT uptake and intraneuronal trafficking.     

Resolution of Two Steps in Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A1 Light Chain Localization to the Intracellular Plasma Membrane

Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) is the most potent protein toxin to humans. BoNT/A light chain (LC/A) cleavage of the membrane-bound SNAP-25 has been well-characterized, but how LC/A traffics to the plasma membrane to target SNAP-25 is unknown. Of the eight BoNT/A subtypes (A1–A8), LC/A3 has a unique short duration of action and low potency that correlate to the intracellular steady state of LC/A, where LC/A1 is associated with the plasma membrane and LC/A3 is present in the cytosol. Steady-state and live imaging of LC/A3-A1 chimeras identified a two-step process where the LC/A N terminus bound intracellular vesicles, which facilitated an internal α-helical-rich domain to mediate LC/A plasma membrane association. The propensity of LC/A variants for membrane association correlated with enhanced BoNT/A potency. Understanding the basis for light chain intracellular localization provides insight to mechanisms underlying BoNT/A potency, which can be extended to applications as a human therapy.     

Partial protection against Botulinum B neurotoxin-induced blocking of exocytosis by a potent inhibitor of its metallopeptidase activity

Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause botulism, which is characterized by a flaccid paralysis, through inhibition of acetylcholine release by peripheral cholinergic nerve terminals. This is due to the zinc metallopeptidase activity of the neurotoxin, cleaving one component (synaptobrevin for BoNT/B) of the exocytosis machinery. Yet, there are no specific agents able to control the peptidase-related effects of BoNT/B. We recently developed the first compounds to inhibit this enzymatic activity in the nanomolar range. Here we report that two of our best inhibitors prevent the BoNT/B-induced cleavage of native synaptobrevin on synaptic vesicles, and partially inhibit the suppression of [3H]noradrenaline release from synaptosomes that is caused by BoNT/B. These results were obtained at micromolar concentrations, consistent with the measured inhibitory potency of these inhibitors on the native toxin. These compounds provide a new way to possibly prevent and/or to control the neurotoxin effects of botulinum.     

重组人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂改构体质控方法的建立

目的建立重组人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tissue type plasminogen activator,tPA)改构体(TNK-tPA)的质控方法。方法采用气泡法测定TNK-tPA原液的生物学活性,非还原SDS-PAGE和RP-HPLC法测定其纯度,还原型SDS-PAGE确定其相对分子质量,HPLC-SEC法测定其单链含量,胰酶裂解法分析其肽图,Edman降解法测定其N-末端氨基酸序列,毛细管等电聚焦电泳法测定其等电点,Lowrry法测定其蛋白质含量,地高辛法测定其外源DNA残留量。按《中国药典》三部(2005版)要求,对TNK-tPA成品进行鉴别试验及外观、pH值、水分含量、无菌、装量、异常毒性等检测。结果 3批TNK-tPA原液的生物学活性为(2.09～2.16)×106U/ml,比活性均大于3.5×105U/mg,因此确定TNK-tPA原液的比活性不得低于3.0×105U/mg。3批TNK-tPA原液的非还原型SDS-PAGE纯度均大于98.0%,RP-HPLC纯度均大于97.0%;经还原型SDS-PAGE分析可见两条带,相对分子质量分别为68 000和35 000;样品原液的单链含量为75.7%;3批TNK-tPA原液的肽图酶切图谱与理化参考品一致;TNK-tPA原液的N-末端氨基酸序列、等电点、蛋白质含量、外源DNA残留量及成品的鉴别试验结果、外观、pH值、水分含量、无菌、装量、异常毒性等均符合《中国药典》三部(2005版)要求。结论建立的质控方法可保证产品安全、有效、质量可控,可用于TNK-tPA产品的常规检定。     

Three‐Dimensional Database Mining Identifies a Unique Chemotype that Unites Structurally Diverse Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A Inhibitors in a Three‐Zone Pharmacophore

A search query consisting of two aromatic centers and two cationic centers was defined based on previously identified small molecule inhibitors of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A light chain (BoNT/A LC) and used to mine the National Cancer Institute Open Repository. Ten small molecule hits were identified, and upon testing, three demonstrated inhibitory activity. Of these, one was structurally unique, possessing a rigid diazachrysene scaffold. The steric limitations of the diazachrysene imposed a separation between the overlaps of previously identified inhibitors, revealing an extended binding mode. As a result, the pharmacophore for BoNT/A LC inhibition has been modified to encompass three zones. To demonstrate the utility of this model, a novel three‐zone inhibitor was mined and its activity was confirmed.     

重组人源抗狂犬病病毒单克隆抗体的质控方法及质量标准的建立

目的建立重组人源抗狂犬病病毒单克隆抗体(rhRMcAb)的质控方法和质量标准。方法采用小鼠中和试验(MNT)和快速荧光灶抑制试验(RFFIT)分别测定6批rhRMcAb样品的中和活性;还原、非还原SDS-PAGE检测rhRMcAb样品的纯度;还原烷基化胰蛋白酶酶切和反相高效液相色谱法分析rhRMcAb的肽图;焦谷氨酸肽酶去除N-端焦谷氨酸封闭后,氨基酸序列分析仪测定rhRMcAb的N-端氨基酸序列;表面等离子共振法(Surface plasmon resonance,SPR)测定rhRMcAb与狂犬病病毒糖蛋白的亲和常数;按《中国药典》三部(2005版)要求检测rhRMcAb的各项其他指标,并建立其质量标准。结果采用MNT和RFFIT2种方法检测6批rhRMcAb的中和活性,批间活性基本一致;3批rhRMcAb原液的还原SDS-PAGE纯度大于99.0%,非还原SDS-PAGE除抗体主带外,在高、低相对分子质量处分别存在一些次带;3批原液样品的肽图图谱与理化测定对照品一致;N-端氨基酸序列与理论序列一致;结合狂犬病病毒糖蛋白抗原的亲和常数为1.86×108/M;其他各项指标均符合《中国药典》三部(2005版)要求;建立的质量标准中,中和活性应不低于500IU/mg,SDS-PAGE及HPLC纯度应不低于98.0%。结论已建立了rhRMcAb的质控方法和质量标准,可用于rhRMcAb产品的检定。