基于CFD数值模拟下的蒸汽喷射器性能预测

建立了蒸汽喷射器热力学模型,并验证了该模型性能及结构计算的可靠性。并针对实际情况中,对该模型进行了动态模拟。结果显示：当工作流体的温度升高时,工质流体的质量流量都会增加,引射系数存在峰值,峰值所对应温度为热力学模型设定温度值;当引射流体的温度升高时,其质量流量也会随之增大,而工作流体的质量流量则较稳定,因此引射流体温度与压力的升高可以改善喷射器的性能;当背压升高时,在一定压力范围内,工质流体的质量流量都趋于稳定,而当背压超过热力学模型设定背压值时,引射流体的质量流量便随背压的升高而急剧下降,喷射器性能严重恶化,故认为该压力值为喷射器的临界背压。本文研究结果对喷射器的设计计算具有一定的指导作用。 关键词：蒸汽喷射器;热力学模型;数值模拟;引射系数     

CFD modelling and experimental investigation of an ejector refrigeration system using methanol as the working fluid

This paper presents results of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis and experimental investigation of an ejector refrigeration system using methanol as the working fluid. The CFD modelling was used to investigate the effect of the relative position of the primary nozzle exit within the mixing chamber on the performance of the ejector. The results of the CFD were used to obtain the optimum geometry of the ejector, which was then used to design, construct and test a small‐scale experimental ejector refrigeration system. Methanol was used as the working fluid, as it has the advantage of being an ‘environmentally friendly’ refrigerant that does not contribute to global warming and ozone layer depletion. In addition, use of methanol allows the ejector refrigeration system to produce cooling at temperatures below the freezing point of the water, which of course would not be possible with a water ejector refrigeration system. CFD results showed that positioning the nozzle exit at least 0.21 length of the mixing chamber throat's diameter upstream of the entrance of the mixing chamber gave better performance than pushing it into the mixing chamber. Experimental values of coefficient of performance (COP) between 0.2 and 0.4 were obtained at operating conditions achievable using low‐grade heat such as solar energy and waste heat. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

喷嘴可调式蒸汽喷射器的性能计算

基于气体动力学函数法,建立了的喷嘴可调式蒸汽喷射器的变工况性能计算模型。应用该模型得到了喷射器压缩蒸汽压力变化时,不同喷嘴喉口面积下喷射器性能的变化规律,为研究喷嘴可调式喷射器的变工况性能提供依据。结果表明:减小喷嘴喉口面积,喷射器的最佳工作点具有较高的喷射系数,同时该点的压缩蒸汽压力、压缩蒸汽温度较低;喷射器压缩蒸汽流量随喷嘴喉口面积减小而降低。     

Evaluation of notional nozzle approaches for CFD simulations of free-shear under-expanded hydrogen jets

Several approaches are usually applied for modelling the source of high pressure under-expanded jets, ranging from the computationally expensive resolution of the jet's shock structure to simple formulae (pseudo-source or notional nozzle approaches). However, the assumptions made in each approach introduce inaccuracies in the CFD calculations. The objective of this work was twofold; to compare and evaluate the performance of both selected notional nozzle approaches and turbulence models with experimental results of free-shear high momentum H₂ round jets. The experimental data covered horizontal H₂ releases issuing from small nozzles (0.25–1 mm diameter). Three two-equation turbulence models were chosen for the simulations, the popular standard k-ε, the Shear Stress Transport (SST) and the baseline (BSL) k-ω model together with five notional nozzle approaches. The numerical results were presented in a systematic way in order to make general conclusions on the performance of both the approaches and models.     

船用真空海水淡化装置液_汽引射器的数值模拟及试验研究

根据一维引射特性方程估算理想的用于船舶真空海水淡化装置的引射器参数,然后用数值计算和试验的方法对液-汽引射器的工作特性进行了研究。结果表明:随着工作流体压力的增大引射系数增大,一定程度后对引射系数的贡献不再显著;引射流体压力越大引射系数越大,但考虑到海水在低温下蒸发的要求引射流体压力不宜过高,工程中需综合考虑;喷嘴直径与接收室直径之比为0.4324时,引射器性能最佳。     

新型可调式喷射器性能的计算与分析

提出在喷射器喷嘴内插入喷针来调节喷射器工作参数的方案,建立了可调武喷射器性能计算模型,分析了喷嘴截面积变化对喷射系数、气体压力、气体流量等参数的影响。结果表明,通过对喷射器喉口面积的调节,可以实现把出口流量控制在一个稳定的区域内,从而减小喷射器入口参数对出口参数以至整个系统的影响。可调式喷嘴可拓宽喷射器的有效工作范围。     

喷射制冷系统关键部件的数值分析

建立喷射制冷系统中可调喷嘴喷射器的数学模型,采用数值模拟方法对可调式喷射器与固定结构喷射器的流场进行对比分析,并计算调节锥在不同位置的可调式喷射器内部流场的变化。结果显示,可调式喷射器在喷嘴出口处的速度提高3.5%,真空度提高65.3%,喷射系数提高47.6%;调节锥进入喷嘴可达到更低的轴线压力,喷射器出口轴线流速降低8.9%。     

Performance testing of a novel ejector refrigerator for various controlled conditions

The paper presents the experimental results of a novel ejector refrigerator that was designed to be suitable for an air‐conditioning application using vacuum tube solar collectors for vapour generation. The primary flow of the ejector is controlled using a spindle in order to provide fine tuning for ejector operation as heat input changes with solar radiation. Water, the most environmentally friendly substance is used as the working fluid. The performance of the ejector was tested for a range of controlled primary flows, boiler temperatures, condensation capacities using different primary nozzles with different lengths. The effect of the operating conditions and nozzle length on the performance of the ejector was analyzed. It was found that in the tested boiler temperature range of 84–96°C the maximum cooling capacity (4.01 kW) of the ejector with short nozzle is much higher than that of the ejector with long nozzle (2.9 kW) on the spindle position of 21 mm. However, the ejector with long nozzle has increased COP when the boiler temperature is below 88°C and has higher critical back pressure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Computational analysis of a variable ejector flow

The present study addresses a variable ejector which can improve the ejector efficiency and control the re-circulation ratio under a fixed operating pressure ratio. The variable ejector is a facility to obtain specific recirculation ratio under a given operating pressure ratio by varying the ejector throat area ratio. The numerical simulations are carried out to provide an understanding of the flow characteristics inside the variable ejector. The sonic and supersonic nozzles are adopted as primary driving nozzles in the ejector system, and a movable cone cylinder, inserted into a conventional ejector-diffuser system, is used to change the ejector throat area ratio. The numerical simulations are based on a fully implicit finite volume scheme of the compressible, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The results show that the variable ejector can control the recirculation ratio at a fixed operating pressure ratio.     

蒸汽喷射器内二维流场的数值模拟研究

通过求解二维N-S方程．对以水蒸气为工质的喷射器内复杂的流场进行数值模拟。分析比较了四种不同的湍流模型，Chen-Kim修正的k-ε模型用于数值模拟，分析了工作参数及喷射器结构对喷射器内部的流场及出口激波的形成的影响，得出了喷射器设计的优化方案。     

2种结构喷油嘴的流体动力学(CFD)计算及试验研究

为了满足越来越严格的排放法规和经济性要求,改善柴油机混合气均匀性是有效的措施之一.特别是对于每缸2气门喷油器偏置结构的发动机,燃烧系统开发的一项重要内容是提高喷油嘴各孔流量的均匀性.应用FIRE软件,对无压力室及小压力室2种不同结构的6孔喷油器进行了三维流体动力学（CFD）计算,小压力室结构在流量系数和各喷孔流量的均匀性方面都明显优于无压力室结构.对2种结构的喷油嘴进行了试验对比,小压力室喷油器由于提高了混合气的质量,经济性优于无压力室喷油器.在HC排放量上,无压力室喷油器有很明显的优势。     

超音速多喷嘴引射器式反循环钻头研究

目前，由于各勘探队伍实力的壮大，为了提高钻进效率，高风压大排量空压机普遍被采用，现有反循环钻头无法满足要求，造成反循环不彻底，阻碍了高风压大排量空压机应用，为此，通过改进钻头喷嘴流道形状，将拉瓦尔喷管引入钻头设计中，使喷嘴出口处形成超音速流动，以增强卷吸效果，使反循环更加彻底。     

高压气体引射器的试验研究和仿真

以一个高压气体引射器试验台为基础，开展了一系列高压引射试验，研究高背压条件下引射器的工作特性。同时，利用计算流体力学方法对引射器引射，混合过程进行了详细的研究。系列试验表明引射系数对引射气流的压力变化不敏感，但高背压的确对引射气流和被引射气流在混合管内的混合，扩散和流动产生影响。数值仿真克服了试验设备的限制，并显示了引射流动的详细情况。数值仿真结果表明：在一定的工况下，总存在一个最佳面积比和最佳相对位置以对应最大引射系数(即使引射器达到最大工作效率)，而其物理表现为引射器喉管壁面压力最低。正是它们之间的内在关系决定了气体引射器的工作特性。     

太阳能喷射式制冷系统性能的实验研究

对太阳能喷射式制冷系统进行了实验研究,采用电加热模拟太阳能辐射的方法,研究了冷凝器、发生器和蒸发器温度对制冷系统COP的影响,给出了太阳能喷射式制冷系统制冷能力与COP随时刻的变化关系。系统在80℃热源条件下,全天提供16℃的冷水,系统最大制冷量为0.43 kW。     

Experimental and CFD study on the effect of jet position on reactant dispersion performance

This paper reports the effect of jet position on the acid dispersion in a neutralization process. Experiments were carried out in a continuous stirred reactor and the effect of jet nozzle position on non-reactive dye dispersion at seven layouts was studied. Consequently, the neutralization reaction mixing was carried out at the best and worst positions. The results reveal that the ways that flow pushes the acid inside the tank are quite different and the neutralization performance can significantly be affected by the jet position. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling was carried out in order to analyze the experimental observations.     

蒸汽喷射器流动参数与性能的数值分析

通过二维流动数值计算，分析了以水蒸气为工质的喷射器内工作流体压力、引射流体压力及出口压力对喷射系数的影响；探讨了各工作参数变化对喷射系数产生影响的原因，以及激波产生的条件、激波的位置、强度，产生引射流体雍塞的条件等。结果表明：喷射器存在临界的出口压力pd，当喷射器出口压力大于pd时，喷射器的喷射系数随出口压力升高而降低；当喷射器出口压力小于pd时，喷射器的喷射系数将保持不变。在计算模拟的制冷工况范围内，工作流体压力升高，引起喷射系数降低，pd升高；而引射流体压力升高时，喷射系数与pd都升高。     

Experimental investigation on starting process of supersonic single-stage air ejector

This paper deals with experimental study of flow field of starting process in two-dimensional, single-stage supersonic ejector on different air total pressure. Schlieren pictures of flow field were taken, static pressure distribu-tions on side wall were measured. The obtained results show that, on critical pressure, the starting main shock waves in ejector oscillated back and forth between the second throat and the middle section of the mixing chamber, it causes the pressure in the second half of the mixing chamber acutely fluctuated .When the working pressure of the active flow is higher than the critical starting pressure, ejector starts normally and the inner flow-field of the mixing chamber keeps stable and the shock waves in the second throat have a certain degree of oscillation . After ejector starts, the operating pressure of the active flow may be lower than the starting pressure .     

太阳能喷射式制冷系统的模拟

介绍了结构简单、工作可靠的太阳能喷射式制冷系统的原理和工作过程,给出了一个模拟计算。采用Ｒ１３４ａ为制冷剂,在发生器温度９０℃、冷凝器温度２０～３８℃和蒸发器温度 ６～１４℃时,对系统效率进行了模拟计算。结果表明,该系统具有一定的可行性。本文还对理想状况下水作为制冷剂的系统效率进行了讨论。     

基于数值模拟的汽油机喷嘴结构优化CFD分析

以5WY-2817A汽油机喷嘴为研究对象,旨在提高该汽油机喷嘴流动特性,利用UG软件对喷嘴进行实体建模,通过喷雾稳态试验对模拟计算提供边界条件。利用AVL-FIRE软件进行喷嘴稳流三维数值计算,研究了不同压力室高度、喷孔分布直径和阀座锥角对喷孔处压力与速度的影响关系。研究结果表明,压力室高度0.2mm,喷孔分布直径1.4mm,阀座锥角43°时喷孔处燃油流动特性最佳。该结构优化可作为改善喷嘴雾化性能的最佳方案。     

Cryogenic cavitating flow in 2D laval nozzle

Cavitation is one of the troublesome problems in rocket turbo pumps, and since most of high-efficiency rocket propellants are cryogenic fluids, so called "thermodynamic effect" becomes more evident than in water. In the present study, numerical and experimental study of liquid nitrogen cavitation in 2D Laval nozzle was carried out, so that the influence of thermodynamic effect was examined. It was revealed that temperature and cavitation have strong inter-relationship with each other in thermo-sensitive cryogenic fluids.