An Application of Searching-in-Tables Algorithm into Fuzzy Backing-up Truck Systems

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＳｉｎｃｅＺＡＤＥＨＬＨ[1 ] ｆｏｕｎｄｅｄｔｈｅｆｕｚｚｙｓｅｔｔｈｅ ｏｒｙ ,ｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｗｏｒｋｉｎｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｈａｓｂｅｅｎｔｏｕｓｅｆｕｚｚｙ ｓｅｔｔｏｓｏｌｖｅｔｈｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｉｎｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｆｉｅｌｄ[2 ] .Ｎｏｗｍａｎｙｇｒｅａｔａｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｍａｄｅｉｎｔｈｉｓｆｉｅｌｄ[3～ 9] .Ｂａｃｋｉｎｇｕｐｔｒｕｃｋｉｓａｃｌａｓｓｉｃａｌｎｏｎｌｉｎｅａｒｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｍａｎｙｗａ…     

Robust H ∞ Control of a Class of Switching Nonlinear Systems with Time-Varying Delay Via T–S Fuzzy Model

This paper considers H _∞ control of a class of switching nonlinear systems with time-varying delays via T–S fuzzy model based on piecewise fuzzy weighting-dependent Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals (PFLKFs). The systems are switching among several nonlinear systems. The Takagi and Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy model is employed to approximate the sub-nonlinear dynamic systems. Thus, with two level functions, namely, crisp switching functions and local fuzzy weighting functions, we introduce a continuous-time switched fuzzy systems, which inherently contain the features of the switched hybrid systems and T–S fuzzy systems. Average dwell-time approach and PFLKFs methods are utilized for the stability analysis and controller design, and with free fuzzy weighting matrix scheme. Switching and control laws are obtained such that the H _∞ performance is satisfied. The conditions of stability and the control laws are given in the form of LMIs which can be obtained by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) that are numerically feasible. A numerical example and the control of an uncertain radio-controlled (R/C) hovercraft with time-varying delay are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.     

Output Feedback H ∞ Stabilization of 2D Discrete Switched Systems in FM LSS Model

This paper investigates the dynamic output feedback H _∞ stabilization problem for a class of discrete-time 2D (two-dimensional) switched systems represented by a model of FM LSS (Fornasini–Marchesini local state space) model. First, sufficient conditions for the exponential stability and weighted H _∞ disturbance attenuation performance of the underlying system are derived via the average dwell time approach. Then, based on the obtained results, dynamic output feedback controller is proposed to guarantee that the resulting closed-loop system is exponentially stable and has a prescribed disturbance attenuation level γ. Finally, two examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Active Shape Model of Combining Pca and Ica： Application to Facial Feature Extraction

Active Shape Model （ASM） is a powerful statistical tool to extract the facial features of a face image under frontal view. It mainly relies on Principle Component Analysis （PCA） to statistically model the variability in the training set of example shapes. Independent Component Analysis （ICA） has been proven to be more efficient to extract face features than PCA. In this paper, we combine the PCA and ICA by the consecutive strategy to form a novel ASM. Firstly, an initial model, which shows the global shape variability in the training set, is generated by the PCA-based ASM. And then, the final shape model, which contains more local characters, is established by the ICA-based ASM. Experimental results verify that the accuracy of facial feature extraction is statistically significantly improved by applying the ICA modes after the PCA modes.     

Wearable Sensors-Enabled Human–Machine Interaction Systems: From Design to Application

In comparison to traditional bulky and rigid electronic devices, the human–machine interaction (HMI) system with flexible and wearable components is an inevitable future trend. To achieve effective, intuitive, and seamless manipulation of high-performance wearable HMI systems, it is important to develop effective strategies for designing material microstructures on flexible sensors and electric devices with excellent mechanical flexibility and stretchability. The real-time acquisition of human physiology and surrounding signals through accurate and flexible sensors is the basis of wearable HMIs. Herein, the construction of a wearable HMI system that utilizes sensors, communication modes, and actuators is reviewed. The mechanisms and strategies for designing various flexible sensors based on different mechanisms are analyzed and discussed. The functional mechanism, material selection, and novel design strategies of each part are summarized in detail. The different communication modes in interactive systems and the manufacturing technology of soft machines are also introduced. Additionally, the most advanced applications of wearable HMI systems in intelligent identification and security, interactive controls for robots, augmented reality, and virtual reality have been highlighted. The review concludes with an overview of the remaining key challenges and several ideas regarding the further improvement of wearable HMI systems.     

Impulsive Control for T-S Fuzzy Model Based Chaotic Systems Consisting of Van der Pol Oscillators Coupled to Linear Oscillators

This paper proposes an impulsive control scheme for chaotic systems consisting of Van der Pol oscillators coupled to linear oscillators （VDPL） based on their Takagi-Sugeno （T-S） fuzzy models. A T-S fuzzy model is utilized to represent the chaotic VDPL system. By using comparison method, a general asymptotical stability criterion by means of linear matrix inequality （LMI） is derived for the T-S fuzzy model of VDPL system with impulsive effects. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

The Integrated Model of Embedded Management Systems and Its Implementation

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｔｈｅｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ,ｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＩｎｔｅｒｎｅｔａｎｄＷｅｂｈａｓｃｒｅａｔｅｄａｓｕｒｇｅｉｎｄｅｍａｎｄｏｆｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓｂｙｂｒｉｎｇｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｏｗｅｒｏｆｎｅｔ ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｉｎｒｅａｃｈｏｆｎｏｎ ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌｅｎｄ ｕｓｅｒｓｅｇ ｍｅｎｔｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓｓｍａｌｌａｎｄｍｉｄ ｓｉｚｅｄｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｅｓ[1 ] .Ｔａｐｐｉｎｇｔｈｉｓｄｅｍａｎｄ ,ｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｅｒｓ“Ｗ…     

Stabilization of Discrete-Time Switched Systems with Input Time Delay and Its Applications in Networked Control Systems

In this paper, we focus on investigating the asymptotic stabilizability of switched systems with input time delay and its applications in networked control systems (NCSs). First, based on an important lemma, a linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based asymptotic stabilizability criterion is established. Stabilizing switched state feedback controllers can be designed by solving a set of LMIs, which can be easily tested with efficient LMI algorithms. Then, for NCSs with communication constraints, the NCS is modelled as a discrete-time switched system with input time delay. Thus, the asymptotic stabilizability criterion of switched system with input delay can be applicable to such NCSs. Finally, an example is given to illustrate our main results. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grants (No. 60704015), a grant of Liuhui Center for Applied Mathematics of Nankai University and Tianjin University in China.     

Robust Fault Estimation and Accommodation for a Class of T–S Fuzzy Systems with Local Nonlinear Models

This paper focuses on the problems of fault estimation and accommodation for a class of T–S fuzzy systems with local nonlinear models and having an external disturbance and sensor and actuator faults, simultaneously. A fuzzy robust fault estimation observer is designed to estimate the system state and sensor and actuator faults. Compared with existing results, the observer not only is robust to the disturbance but also has a wider application range and more freedom for design. To compensate for the effect of faults and to stabilize the closed-loop system, an observer-based fault-tolerant controller is proposed. The separate design of the observer and controller avoids coupling between them. Finally, a simulation is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Delay-Dependent Nonfragile Robust H ∞ Filtering of T–S Fuzzy Time-Delay Systems

The problem of nonfragile robust H _∞ filtering for a class of Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy time-delay systems is investigated in the paper. We design a fuzzy filter which can tolerate some level of the filter gain variations while ensuring both the robust stability and a prescribed H _∞ performance level of the filtering error system. Delay-dependent sufficient conditions for the existence of such filters are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities, and an explicit expression of a desired filter is given.     

A Delay Decomposition Approach to Delay-Dependent Robust Passive Control for Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy Nonlinear Systems

This paper is concerned with the problem of delay-dependent robust passive control for a fuzzy nonlinear system with time-varying delays. A Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model approach is exploited to design a passive control for nonlinear systems with time-varying delay. By decomposing the delay interval into multiple equidistant subintervals, new Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals (LKFs) are constructed on these intervals. Employing these new LKFs, a new robust passive control criterion is proposed in terms of linear matrix inequalities, which is dependent on the size of the time delay. We also design a state feedback controller that guarantees a robustly strictly passive closed-loop system for all admissible uncertainties. Finally, two numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the developed techniques.     

H ∞ and Robust Control of 2-D Systems in FM Second Model

This paper deals with output feedback stabilization and H control problems for two-dimensional (2-D) discrete linear systems without or with parameter uncertainty. The class of systems under investigation is described by the 2-D local state space Fornasini-Marchesini second model. We aim at designing a dynamical output feedback controller to achieve asymptotic stability and H performance for the 2-D system. It is shown that the design of output feedback controller can be recast into a convex optimization problem characterized by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The LMI solution is further extended to solve the robust stabilization problem for 2-D systems subject to norm-bounded uncertainty. The solutions for the H control and robust stabilization are applied to two application examples: thermal process control and robust stabilization of processes in Darboux equation.     

Approximation of the Karhunen–Loève transformation and its application to colour images

Analysis of colour images in the Red, Green and Blue acquisition space and in the intensity and chrominance spaces shows that colour components are closely correlated (Carron, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Savoie, France, 1995; Ocadis, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Grenoble, France, 1985). These have to be decorrelated so that each component of the colour image can be studied separately. The Karhunen–Loève transformation provides optimal decorrelation of these colour data. However, this transformation is related to the colour distribution in the image, i.e. to the statistical properties of the colour image and is therefore dependent on the image under analysis. In order to enjoy the advantages of direct, independent and rapid transformation and the advantages of the Karhunen–Loève properties, this paper presents the study of the approximation of the Karhunen–Loève transformation. The approximation is arrived at through exploitation of the properties of Toeplitz matrices. The search for eigenvectors of a Toeplitz matrix shows that complex or real orthogonal mappings such as the discrete Fourier transform and its decompositions approximate the Karhunen–Loève transformation in the case of first-order Markov processes.     

Application of the inner–outer flexible GMRES-FFT method to the analysis of scattering and radiation by cavity-backed patch antennas and arrays

The finite element-boundary integral (FE-BI) method is applied for the analysis of scattering and radiation by cavity-backed patch antenna and arrays. In this investigation, the FE-BI formulations have been implemented using brick element volumes and it allows for a particular use of the efficient FFT-based iterative solver. The inner–outer flexible GMRES algorithm is applied to solve the equation with a higher convergence speed when compared with the standard GMRES algorithm.     

Combination of Model Checking and Theorem Proving to Verify Embedded Software

1IntroductionFormal methods have attracted more and more atten-tionin the development and verification of high trust-worthy software due toits rigor and precision, whichisbased on mathematics[1 ~4].Formal methods are dividedinto two categories :formal specification andformal ver-ification.Formal verification is based on formal specifi-cation and is used to decide whether a checked systemsupports some given properties . There are two ap-proaches to formal verification: model checking[5]andtheor…     

Discovery of III–V Semiconductors: Physical Properties and Application

Semiconductors - This overview is devoted to the discovery, development of the technology, and investigation of III–V semiconductors performed at the Ioffe Institute, where the first steps in...     

Adaptive Subband Bit and Power Loading Algorithm and its Application to OFDM Based IEEE 802 .16e

1IntroductionRecently,alarge amount of research has beenfocusedonthe high data rate transmissiontechniques over wire-less channels . One of the main requirements on thesetransmissiontechniques is the ability to combat the In-ter-Symbol Interference (ISI) ,a major problemin highdata rate transmission over multipath fading channels .OFDMis one of the promising solutions to this prob-lem[1 ~3 ,12],andrecently IEEE802 .16e[7]alsosuggest-ed using OFDM structure as its physical layer . Thecom…     

Application of Low and Ultra-Low Pressure Reverse Osmosis Membranes to Water Treatment

Ｉｔｉｓｗｅｌｋｎｏｗｎｔｈａｔｒｅｖｅｒｓｅｏｓｍｏｓｉｓ（ＲＯ）ｉｓａｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ－ｄｒｉｖｅｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒｆｌｏｗｉｎｇａｃｒｏｓｓａｓｅｍｉｐｅｒｍｅａｂｌｅｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｓｏｌｕ...     

Modelling and Performance Analysis of Energy Detector Over Weibull–Shadowed Fading Channel with Application to Cooperative Sensing

In this work, we investigate and analyse the performance of the energy detector over Weibull–Shadowed composite fading channel. To this end, we have derived the novel expressions for the probability of detection (PD) and the average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Furthermore, the asymptotic analysis of such performance metrics has been carried out and the simpler and closed-form expressions of the PD and the average AUC have been proposed with maximal ratio combining, equal gain combining, and selection combining diversity schemes. Finally, the derived results have been applied to cooperative system considering erroneous channel between secondary users and a fusion center. The derived expressions are valid for both integer and non-integer values of the multipath and shadowing parameters. The derived analytical results are corroborated by both exact numerical results and Monte-Carlo simulations, and it is shown that the performance of cooperative system not only depends on the parameters of composite fading distribution but also on the erroneous feed-back channel.