肉源乳酸菌抑菌特性分析

为了筛选有抑菌活性的乳酸菌并分析其抑菌的物质基础,利用牛津杯琼脂扩散法,分析了19株从牧区风干肉制品中分离得到的肉源乳酸菌发酵上清液对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌能力,同时从中分别选取对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑制能力有显著差异的乳酸菌各3株,对其上清液中的抑菌物质基础和抑菌能力影响因素进行了分析。结果表明19株乳酸菌中菌株F19对大肠杆菌的抑菌活性最强,抑菌圈直径为(15.07±0.55) mm,而F11发酵上清液对大肠杆菌完全没有抑制效果,菌株F16对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性最强,抑菌圈直径为(14.47±0.38) mm,而F6、F2发酵上清液对金黄色葡萄球菌完全没有抑制效果;抑菌的物质基础分析表明,酸性环境在抑菌过程中占主导地位,细菌素与过氧化氢发挥协同作用;对其发酵上清液进行不同pH以及不同温度处理后发现,其抑菌活性在pH<5.0时随pH的降低而显著增强(P<0.05),当pH分别升高至5.0、6.0、7.0时试验乳酸菌发酵上清液均不具有抑菌能力,F18发酵上清液分别在60、80、100、121 ℃热处理一定时间后其抑菌能力与对照组相比仍然无明显差异(P>0.05),F11发酵上清液在100 ℃热处理30 min后抑菌能力显著减弱(P<0.05),其余实验菌株发酵上清液温度达到60 ℃以上,抑菌能力随热处理温度提高而显著(P<0.05)下降。本研究发现了乳酸菌发酵上清液的抑菌效果具有特异性,抑菌物质主要是酸性物质,其次是细菌素和过氧化氢;抑菌能力受pH和温度影响,同时具有特异性。研究结果可为优质菌种资源开发提供理论指导与技术支持。     

抗食品腐败真菌的乳酸菌筛选、复配及混合发酵工艺优化

应用化学防腐剂控制食品中腐败微生物,防腐剂残留对人体具有一定的潜在性危害。本文筛选抗食品腐败真菌的乳酸菌,并对其进行复配及混合发酵以提高其发酵液抗真菌活性。通过24孔板双层琼脂法及分级抑菌浓度法从多株乳酸菌和丙酸杆菌中筛选抗真菌较强的菌株并确定混合菌最优组合。通过Plackett-Burman试验,最陡爬坡试验,对其发酵工艺进行优化,用96孔板酶标仪法测其发酵上清液的抗真菌活性。结果表明:最优混合菌组合为植物乳杆菌L9和费氏丙酸杆菌D5;发酵培养基优化配方:葡萄糖55 g/L,碳酸钙6.7 g/L,酵母浸粉14.8 g/L,磷酸氢二钾 0.25 g/L,硫酸锰 0.1 g/L,乙酸钠 5.0 g/L,柠檬酸铵 2.0 g/L,接种比例为5:1（D5:L9）,发酵温度为37 ℃。对筛选出的L9和D5在优化后的发酵培养基进行混合发酵验证,其发酵液抗真菌活性可高达47.07 AU。     

甘南传统牦牛酸奶来源抗氧化性乳酸发酵菌株的筛选

为寻找甘南传统牦牛酸奶中具有优良发酵与抗氧化性能的乳酸菌,对分离纯化的菌株以H_2O_2耐受力、耐酸、耐胆盐和凝乳发酵性进行初步筛选,再以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)、羟基(·OH)自由基和超氧阴离子(O_2~-·)的清除率筛选抗氧化能力强的菌株。结果表明,所筛选出的6株乳酸菌中,菌株M5的发酵性能与抗氧化活性最强,生理生化及分子生物学特征鉴定结果为副干酪乳杆菌。该菌株凝乳发酵时间为6. 2 h;上清液对DPPH和羟自由基清除率分别为47. 8%和54. 4%;无细胞提取物对超氧阴离子的清除率为49. 9%。酵母存活细胞模型验证,其无细胞提取物、发酵上清液、完整细胞对酿酒酵母的存活率分别提高了95. 3%、130%和28. 5%。试验所筛选出的副干酪乳杆菌M5的发酵及抗氧化能力强,具有进一步开发利用价值。     

西藏地区发酵牛乳中产细菌素乳酸菌的筛选及鉴定

从西藏地区藏族传统发酵乳中分离乳酸菌,采用生理生化特性和16S基因序列同源性分析对其进行鉴定,通过双层琼脂平板扩散法筛选具有抑菌活性的菌株。结果表明,共分离37株乳酸菌,其中,乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)35株、明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)2株;35株乳酸杆菌为Lactobacillus casei 16株、Lactobacillus paracasei 7株、Lactobacillus plantarum 4株、Lactobacillus fermentum 2株、L.delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus 2株、Lactobacillus helveti-cus 1株、Lactobacillus diolivorans 3株;7株L.casei和L.paracasei的发酵上清液对3株细菌指示菌表现出明显抑制作用,所有菌株对真菌无抑菌活性;在排除有机酸、H2O2等的干扰和经蛋白酶K处理后,初步确定7株乳酸菌发酵上清液中的抑菌物质为细菌素。     

抑制阪崎肠杆菌的乳酸菌筛选及其抗菌物质特性研究

目的 从酸菜和大弹涂鱼肠道中分离可产抑制阪崎肠杆菌活性的乳酸菌,并对抑菌物质的特性和抑菌机制进行研究,为其在食品保鲜中的应用奠定基础。方法 利用抑菌圈实验从分离所得的多株乳酸菌中筛选具有抑制阪崎肠杆菌活性的菌株并鉴定,排除酸及过氧化氢的影响后,分析其抑菌产物的特性。分离纯化抑菌物质,并初步探讨抑菌机制。结果 筛选得到一株抑菌效果最好的乳酸菌SA3,经鉴定为发酵黏液乳杆菌(Limosilactobacillus fermentum),其上清液对阪崎肠杆菌抑菌圈直径达到16.94 mm。上清液具有蛋白特性和热稳定性,以乙酸乙酯粗提出的抑菌物质对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、白色念珠菌、大肠埃希氏菌等致病菌表现出较强抑菌活性。其抑菌机制为乳酸菌所产抑菌物质可破坏阪崎肠杆菌的细胞壁及内容物。结论 本研究分离到的发酵黏液乳杆菌SA3有望应用于乳制品中阪崎肠杆菌的生物防腐。     

几株乳酸菌与降血糖相关的性能研究

选用从陕、甘、宁等地区传统乳酸菌发酵食品中筛选的18株乳酸菌,通过对其与降血糖相关的性能,即:对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶抑制性、对自由基DPPH和O~(2-)的清除能力、对菌株还原能力等五个方面的研究,结果表明:18株乳酸菌的菌悬液对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率总体高于发酵上清液和细胞破碎上清,其中乳双歧杆菌1号菌株的菌悬液对α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率在所有菌株中最高为37.48%。其余四个方面均是发酵上清液作用较强,乳双歧杆菌1号发酵上清液对α-淀粉酶抑制抑制率、还原能力和对O~(2-)清除率在所有菌株中均最高,其中抑制率为33.85%,还原浓度为105.25μmol/L,清除率为34.18%。保加利亚乳杆菌1号发酵上清液对DPPH清除率在所有菌株中最高为82.92%。     

如皋长寿村人群肠道抗氧化乳酸菌筛选

为获得能应用于功能性食品的高抗氧化性能乳酸菌,测定了30株分离自江苏如皋长寿村人群肠道中的乳酸菌发酵液清除自由基能力和还原能力,并对初步获得的4株抗氧化性能较好的菌株发酵不同组分清除自由基能力、还原能力及抗氧化酶活性进行了测定。结果表明:4株菌发酵液抗氧化性能不等同于其各组分抗氧化性能总和,且发酵上清液抗氧化性能显著高于其菌体和胞内提取物。获得综合抗氧化性能较好的2株菌L10和L13,两株菌发酵上清液对羟自由基清除率分别为56.4%和64.8%,对DPPH自由基清除率分别为51.8%和53.5%;两株菌发酵上清液还原活性A700nm分别为2.523和2.540;两株菌发酵上清液T-SOD活性分别为32.802U/mL和33.825U/mL,GSH-Px活性分别为37.273U/mL和45.012U/mL。两株菌经鉴定分别为发酵乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌。     

抑制馒头中腐败霉菌活性乳酸菌的筛选及其应用

采用稀释涂布平板法从发霉馒头中分离主要腐败霉菌,并通过形态观察及分子生物学技术对其进行鉴定。以分离得到的腐败霉菌为指示菌,从实验室保藏乳酸菌中筛选抑菌效果较好的乳酸菌,对其发酵上清液中抑菌物质的理化特性进行分析,并将其应用于馒头的防腐。结果表明,分离到两株主要腐败霉菌,经鉴定分别为扩展青霉（Penicillium expansum）和黄曲霉（Aspergillus flavus）。筛选到一株具有较强抑制霉菌活性的植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）LP-1,其发酵上清液对温度、过氧化氢酶、胰蛋白酶和蛋白酶K处理均不敏感,在pH为3～4时有较好的抑菌活性,初步推测L. plantarum LP-1代谢产生的有机酸为主要抑菌物质。利用L. plantarum LP-1发酵制备酸面团,酸面团添加量为40%时,防霉效果与0.5 g/kg脱氢乙酸钠相当,37 ℃防霉效期可达4 d。     

一株黄曲霉拮抗细菌F1的筛选、鉴定及其抑菌特性

为获得能有效抑制食品原料中黄曲霉生长的生防细菌,本研究以乳酸菌发酵制品和香辛料为筛菌出发样品,通过菌株分离、初筛和复筛,从黑胡椒中筛选到一株对黄曲霉有强烈抑制作用的菌株F1。依据菌株的形态特征、培养特征、生理生化特征结合16S rDNA基因序列分析、系统发育树构建来鉴定菌株,最终确定菌株F1为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens(保藏编号:CGMCC No.10942),与已商品化的生防菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42的亲缘关系最为接近。菌株F1的发酵上清液经过超滤处理以及蛋白酶酶解试验和稳定性试验,结果显示,菌株F1的抑菌成分为分子量30 ku~100 ku的蛋白类物质;在100℃处理30 min后仍能保持87.43%的抑菌活性;在pH值3.0~10.0范围内其相对抗菌活性均在70%以上。研究表明,从黑胡椒中分离到的解淀粉芽孢杆菌F1能够通过代谢产生稳定性较强的抗菌蛋白而达到拮抗黄曲霉的目的,在食品领域具有一定的应用前景。     

糟醉鱼中高抗氧化活性乳酸菌的筛选与鉴定

该文从自然糟醉鱼中筛选出具有高抗氧化活性的乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria, LAB)菌株,通过菌落形态观察、生理生化试验及16S rDNA序列同源性分析,从自然发酵糟醉鱼中分离出3株乳酸菌：L1、L5和L6。结果表明,3株乳酸菌均为耐久肠球菌,其中L1菌株的抗氧化活性最好。L1菌株细胞培养上清液的抗脂质过氧化率为77.05%,维生素E当量为0.69 g/L。在NaCl含量为6%(质量分数)时,L1菌株的OD₆₀₀值超过0.6;在24 h内,L1菌株可使MRS肉汤培养基pH值从7.4下降至4.7。实验表明,相比自然发酵的糟醉鱼,L1菌株接种发酵的糟醉鱼色泽更鲜亮,香气更纯正。L1菌株能有效地抑制脂质的过度氧化,对糟醉鱼的工业化生产有一定的指导意义。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the