Effect of oilseed protein concentrates and exogenous amino acids on the dialysability of iron and zinc

Iron deficiency anaemia and zinc deficiency have been persistent public health problems worldwide. Both deficiencies are attributed to poor bioavailability of minerals. The investigation was undertaken to study the effect of oilseed protein concentrates and exogenous amino acids on the dialysability of iron and zinc. Corn flour matrices with 10–20 g protein/100 g were formulated using groundnut and sesame protein concentrates. Dialysability of iron and zinc in natural and mineral fortified matrices was analysed. The effect of exogenous cysteine, histidine, glycine and lysine on mineral dialysability was analysed in groundnut and sesame protein concentrates. Dialysability of iron was enhanced with increasing protein concentration in matrices with groundnut protein but decreased in matrices with sesame protein. Dialysability of zinc increased with increasing protein concentration with both the protein concentrates. Among the amino acids, histidine enhanced dialysability of iron in natural groundnut and sesame protein concentrates, glycine in fortified groundnut and lysine in fortified sesame protein concentrates to a considerable extent. Dialysability of zinc was enhanced in natural groundnut, natural and fortified sesame protein concentrates by all amino acids. Amino acids definitely promotes the dialysability of iron and zinc, but its enhancing ability is highly specific to the food matrix.     

Protein concentrates from pea and faba bean,obtained using waste effluents of potato processing plant or sweet whey

Protein concentrates were obtained on the laboratory scale from pea and faba bean, using waste effluents of potato, whey or water for protein extraction. The concentrates were analysed in order to determine their content of basic components and anti-nutritive substances. It was found that the concentrates obtained with waste effluents of potato were characterized by higher protein content than those obtained with whey. On the other hand, amino acid content was similar in all concentrates. Phytic phosphorus content and activity of trypsin inhibitors in the protein concentrates should not constitute any danger for animals and human beings.     

Influence of processing on composition and antinutritional factors of chickpea protein concentrates produced by isoelectric precipitation and ultrafiltration

The effect of chickpea processing (i.e. defatting, isoelectric precipitation vs ultrafiltration/diafiltration) on the composition, protein recovery and antinutritional factors of protein concentrates was studied for two varieties (Mylese and Xena). Defatting did not affect significantly the content of antinutritional factors in the flours. However, production of concentrates from defatted flours by isoelectric precipitation resulted in higher phosphorous and phenolic contents compared to the concentrates produced by the same process using the full fat flours as starting material, while trypsin inhibitor content was not affected. When processed by ultrafiltration/diafiltration, protein concentrates produced from defatted flour showed a slightly lower trypsin inhibitor content than the ones produced from full fat flours in most cases, while the inverse was true for the phosphorous content, and for the phenolic content; this effect was a function of chickpea variety. Overall, UF pH 9/DF pH 6 resulted in concentrates with the lowest phosphorous content, while isoelectric precipitation and UF pH 9/DF pH 9 resulted in concentrates with lower phenolic content compared to the ones produced by UF pH 9/DF pH 6; for both processes the trypsin inhibitor content of the concentrates remained high.Industrial relevanceChickpea production is one of the major agricultural sectors of significant importance to Canada. Although chickpeas are grown in Canada for export, very little is exported in the value-added or processed form. Development of new extraction technologies and value-added products such as the ones presented in this paper is of interest for Canada since it would have a significant impact on the growth of the industry domestically, thus, creating opportunities to strengthen rural development in Canada. Successful implementation of these technologies would make interested Canadian companies viable competitors in the global plant protein production industry and would put Canada in a good position to enjoy a large share of this market both locally and internationally.More specifically, we are the first research group to compare the use of isoelectric precipitation and ultrafiltration/diafiltration for the production of chickpea protein concentrates from full fat and defatted flours of Kabuli and Desi chickpea variety, and to quantify the effect of these processes on the composition and on the antinutritional factors (i.e. phytic acid, total phenolics and trypsin inhibitors) of the resulting concentrates. Overall, it was observed that isoelectric precipitation was effective to an extent in producing concentrates with low phosphorous and phenolic contents. UF pH 9/DF pH 9 was also effective to an extent in producing concentrates with low phenolic content, while UF pH 9/DF pH 6 was more efficient in producing concentrates with low phosphorous content. High-quality chickpea protein concentrates with improved nutritional properties and good functional properties could beneficially be combined with other protein sources, such as soy protein, or be used in the formulation of foods, such as meat analogues, dairy, and bakery products.     

Rice bran proteins: Properties and food uses

Rice bran, a good source of protein and fat, is at present underutilized as a food material. The potential of producing rice bran at the global level is 27.3 million t. The presence of enzyme lipase in rice bran causes rapid deterioration of oil to free fatty acids and glycerol. Various stabilization techniques involving heat treatment, low‐temperature storage, chemical treatment, control of relative humidity during storage, and simultaneous milling and extraction were evolved to inactivate lipase. Multiple forms of rice bran lipase have been identified. Fractional classification of proteins reveals a high percentage of albumins and globulins. Proteins can be extracted from full‐fat or defatted rice bran by alkaline extraction and acid or heat precipitation. Extraction procedures influence the protein content of concentrates, which ranged from 19.4 to 76.1% in concentrates from full‐fat rice bran and 17.5 to 85.0% in concentrates from defatted rice bran. The PER of rice bran ranges from 1.59 to 2.04 and that of protein concentrates from 1.99 to 2.19. Available lysine contents of protein concentrates ranged from 54 to 58.8%. The essential amino acid profiles of protein concentrates indicate that threonine and isoleucine are limiting amino acids. Various functional properties of rice bran protein concentrates have also been investigated that are known to be influenced by drying technique and stabilization treatment of rice bran. Rice bran has been used in food as full‐fat rice bran, defatted rice bran, and in the form of rice bran oil and protein concentrates. Full‐fat and defatted rice bran have been used in bakery products, breakfast cereals, wafers, as a protein supplement, binder ingredients for meats and sausages, and as a beverage base. Incorporation of protein concentrates have been studied in bread, beverages, confections, and weaning foods.     

l-Histidine enhances stability of hemoglobin concentrates by coordinating with free iron

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of l-histidine on the stability of porcine hemoglobin concentrates during storage. The results indicated that the addition of l-histidine increased the oxyhemoglobin content and a* values but decreased the methemoglobin content and free iron content (P < 0.05) during storage. The addition of iron cation decreased both the oxyhemoglobin content and a* values but increased both the methemoglobin content and free iron concentration (P < 0.05). CD spectra revealed that the free iron content induced the transformation of the hemoglobin secondary structure from an α-helix (close structure) to a β-pleated, β-turn, and random coil arrangement (loose structure), while l-histidine weakened this behavior of the free iron. Infrared spectra demonstrated that the l-histidine coordinated with the free iron (Fe^2 + or Fe^3 +) to give the corresponding complex at 25 °C and pH 7.3. Therefore, l-histidine enhanced the stability of hemoglobin concentrates by coordinating with free iron.     

The food value of protein concentrates made from secondary raw oil sources--oil cakes and groats from corn germ, tomato seeds, safflower and flax

Protein concentrates from oil cake of tomato seeds and corn bud, and groats of safflower and flax were studied for the content of the main food substances: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, mineral substances, as well as for the fatty acid lipid spectrum, amino acid composition of proteins and the level of available lysine. In experiments on rats given rations containing protein concentrates from oil raw materials (calorific value 5.9 and 18%) as the only source of protein, the NPUtr coefficient and Dtr were determined. The maximum anabolic effectiveness was recorded with the rations containing 9% of all proteins. NPUtr value of the concentrates from oil raw materials was lower as compared to that of casein. Dtr of the concentrates fluctuated from 73 to 93%, and it was maximal when the protein level was 18%. All the protein concentrates from oil raw materials are promising for human nutrition.     

Food protein from green plant leaves

The paper is concerned with the isolation of food protein from clover and lucern leaves in a soluble non-denaturated state. The protein concentrates are white or light-cream-coloured and contain 74 and 82% of protein, 11.5 and 7.9% of carbohydrates, and 800 and 1000mg calcium/kg, respectively. The concentrates are water-soluble at pH over 6.0 and include fractions 1 and 2 of leaf protein. The content of essential amino acids in the clover and lucern proteins is 42–43% and the protein in vitro digestibility is as high as 90% relative to the major milk-casein one.     

六种梨浓缩汁贮藏期间色泽稳定性相关指标研究

通过测定六种梨浓缩汁色泽稳定性相关指标的变化趋势,对六种梨浓缩汁4℃贮藏过程中的色泽稳定性进行了研究。结果表明：褐变度和总色差值逐渐升高,还原糖含量变化不明显,氨基态氮呈下降趋势,可溶性酚和可溶性蛋白含量逐渐减少,pH 值变化不明显。六种梨浓缩汁之间色泽及相关指标差异明显,砀山酥梨、库尔勒香梨、莱阳茌梨浓缩汁褐变较重,中香梨、黄金梨、秋梨浓缩汁褐变较轻。库尔勒香梨浓缩汁可溶性酚类含量较高;中香梨浓缩汁可溶性蛋白含量较高;砀山酥梨浓缩汁pH 值最高(在4.9 以上),莱阳茌梨浓缩汁pH 值最低(在4.4～4.5 之间);六种浓缩汁5- 羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)的含量变化为：砀山酥梨、莱阳茌梨在第四个月出现峰值,其余品种在第三个月出现峰值。     

Production and characterization of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) protein-enriched products obtained at pilot plant scale

Sunflower protein concentrates with different content of phenolic compounds were produced at pilot plant scale from the by-product of oil manufacturing. The products obtained were characterized, and their physicochemical properties (i.e. surface hydrophobicity, thermal stability, and polypeptide composition) were evaluated at different storage conditions. All the procedures evaluated resulted in sunflower protein concentrates with high protein solubility (>60%) but with different chemical composition, color, and physicochemical properties. The products exhibited intense coloration and antioxidant properties due to their residual phenolic compounds content. The addition of an isoelectric precipitation step increased the protein content and the removal of phenolic compounds. The resulting concentrates exhibited high protein digestibility in vitro, even in the presence of phenolic compounds, and maintained high protein solubility for at least 6 months of storage. During this period, only structural changes in proteins were observed, as evidenced by their surface hydrophobicity. The results demonstrate that it is feasible to produce sunflower protein concentrates with high solubility on a pilot plant scale, using sunflower oilcake as starting material.     

Effect of processing methods and protein content of the concentrate on the properties of milk protein concentrate with 80% protein

In recent years, a large increase in the production of milk protein concentrates (MPC) has occurred. However, compared with other types of milk powders, few studies exist on the effect of key processing parameters on powder properties. In particular, it is important to understand if key processing parameters contribute to the poor solubility observed during storage of high-protein MPC powders. Ultrafiltration (UF) and diafiltration (DF) are processing steps needed to reduce the lactose content of concentrates in the preparation of MPC with a protein content of 80% (MPC80). Evaporation is sometimes used to increase the TS content of concentrates before spray drying, and some indications exist that inclusion of this processing step may affect protein properties. In this study, MPC80 powders were manufactured by 2 types of concentration methods: membrane filtration with and without the inclusion of an evaporation step. Different concentration methods could affect the mineral content of MPC powders, as soluble salts can permeate the UF membrane, whereas no mineral loss occurs during evaporation, although a shift in calcium equilibrium toward insoluble forms may occur at high protein concentration levels. It is more desirable from an energy efficiency perspective to use higher total solids in concentrates before drying, but concerns exist about whether a higher protein content would negatively affect powder functionality. Thus, MPC80 powders were also manufactured from concentrates that had 3 different final protein concentrations (19, 21, and 23%; made from 1 UF retentate using batch recirculation evaporation, a similar concentration method). After manufacture, powders were stored for 6 mo at 30°C to help understand changes in MPC80 properties that might occur during shelf-life. Solubility and foaming properties were determined at various time points during high-temperature powder storage. Inclusion of an evaporation step, as a concentration method, resulted in MPC80 that had higher ash, total calcium, and bound calcium (of rehydrated powder) contents compared to concentration with only membrane filtration. Concentration method did not significantly affect the bulk (tapped) density, solubility, or foaming properties of the MPC powders. Powder produced from concentrate with 23% protein content exhibited a higher bulk density and powder particle size than powder produced from concentrate that had 19% protein. The solubility of MPC80 powder was not influenced by the protein content of the concentrate. The solubility of all powders significantly decreased during storage at 30°C. Higher protein concentrations in concentrates resulted in rehydrated powders that had higher viscosities (even when tested at a constant protein concentration). The protein content of the concentrate did not significantly affect foaming properties. Significant changes in the mineral content are used commercially to improve MPC80 solubility. However, although the concentration method did produce a small change in the total calcium content of experimental MPC80 samples, this modification was not sufficiently large enough (<7%) to influence powder solubility.     

超滤法生产大豆浓缩蛋白

采用商业聚砜平板膜生产大豆浓缩蛋白。脱脂豆粕和水按一定比例混合 ,pH8 0室温下搅拌 40min ,离心 ,上清液经超滤、冷冻干燥 ,得到大豆浓缩蛋白。蛋白质含量由 5 2 % (干基 )提高到 72 % (干基 )。蛋白质的回收率达到 90 %以上。根据浓差极化模型得到间歇式超滤浓缩蛋白质时的理论极限蛋白质含量。     

Air Classification of Peas (Pisum sativum) Varying Widely in Protein Content

Four samples of field peas, ranging in protein content from 14.5–28.5% (dry, dehulled seed basis), were pin milled and air classified yielding protein concentrates and starch concentrates containing 33.6–60.2 and 3.8–11.3% protein, respectively. The protein content of the dehulled peas were negatively correlated with their starch content (49.7–59.8%), lipid content (3.0–4.1%) and cell wall material (CWM) content (7.1–9.6%). The % protein in all air classified fractions was positively correlated to % protein in the dehulled peas, whereas, lipid and CWM content was negatively correlated. Air classification at lower air flows (smaller cut sizes) resulted in protein and starch fractions containing higher levels of protein. Starch separation efficiency and protein separation efficiency generally increased with increasing protein content.     

Different protein sources in concentrate feed for dairy cows affect cheese-making properties and yield

Soybean meal (SBM) is a commonly used protein source in feed. Yeast microbial protein could be used as a substitute for SBM, but its effect on cheese-making properties and yield is not known. Norwegian Red dairy cows (n = 48) in early or mid lactation were divided in 3 groups and fed a ration consisting of grass silage and concentrate, where the concentrates were barley based but with different additional protein sources. These were: completely barley based with no additional protein source (BAR), additional protein from SBM, or additional protein from yeast (Cyberlindnera jadinii; YEA). The SBM and YEA concentrates had a higher protein content than the barley concentrate. Four batches of cheese were made from pooled milk from each of the 3 groups of dairy cows. Milk samples were collected 5 times during the experiment. Milk from cows fed BAR concentrate showed inferior cheese-making properties (lower casein content, longer renneting time, lower content of phosphorus, and lower cheese yield) compared with SBM and YEA concentrates. Overall, SBM or YEA bulk milk had similar cheese-making properties, but when investigating individual milk samples, YEA milk showed better coagulation properties.     

Influence of extraction methods on functional properties of protein concentrates prepared from South African bambara groundnut landraces

Functional properties of protein concentrates prepared from three bambara groundnut landraces using acid precipitation and salt solubilisation methods were evaluated. The protein content of bambara grains (26–27%) was similar for the three landraces. The acid precipitation gave a much higher yield of protein concentrates (52%), which were also high in protein (79%) compared to the salt solubilisation method (yield: 25%, protein content: 57%). Functional properties of proteins were more influenced by the methods of preparation rather than the landraces. Protein concentrate prepared by salt solubilisation method showed higher emulsifying (63–66%), foaming (53–57%), water (1.4–2.0 mg mL^?1) and oil absorption properties (2.2–2.6 mg mL^?1) than the acid‐precipitated concentrates (53–57%, 63–66%, 2.0–2.7 mg mL^?1, 1.4–1.7 mg mL^?1). The foaming capacity and stability of all the protein concentrates decreased with increasing pH from 3 to 8. Salt solubilisation may be the most appropriate method for the enhanced functionality and utilisation of bambara groundnuts’ protein concentrates.     

Properties of casein concentrates containing various levels of beta‐casein

Microfiltration (MF) of milk was used to produce casein (CN) concentrates (80% protein) with reduced whey protein levels. By varying temperature of MF, we altered the proportion of β‐CN to αs‐CN in CN concentrates and compared them to milk protein concentrate (MPC). Casein content as a % of protein was approximately 90% for CN concentrates and approximately 80% for MPC. Smaller micelles and weaker rennet gels were observed for CN concentrates with low β‐CN level. Foam stability and yield stress values were higher for CN concentrates with a high β‐CN level. Modified CN concentrates can be produced by altering the proportions of individual CNs.     

Estimation of the protein content of US imports of milk protein concentrates

Recent declines in milk prices in the United States have sparked renewed concern that imports of milk protein concentrates (MPC) are increasingly entering the United States with very low tariff rates and is having an adverse impact on the US dairy industry. Milk protein concentrates are used in the United States in many different products, including the starter culture of cheese, or in nonstandard cheeses such as baker's cheese, ricotta, Feta and Hispanic cheese, processed cheese foods, and nutritional products. One of the difficult aspects of trying to assess the impact of MPC imports on the US dairy industry is to quantify the protein content of these imports. The protein content of MPC imports typically ranges from 40 to 88%. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology that can be used to estimate the protein content of MPC on a country by country basis. Such an estimate would not only provide information regarding the quantity of protein entering the United States, but would also provide a profile of low- and high-value MPC importers. This is critical for market analysis, since it is the lower valued MPC imports that more directly displaces US-produced skim milk powder.     

Rapeseed protein fractions. I. Preparation of a detoxified lipid-protein concentrate from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by a water-ethanol extraction method

Lipid-protein concentrates, i.e. lipid-rich protein concentrates, were prepared from rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.) by an extraction technique using aqueous ethanol as solvent. After three washings in hot water, the lipid-protein concentrate contained less than 0.4 mg/g of organic aglucons or not more than 5% of the content of organic aglucons in raw rapeseeds. After defatting, this protein concentrate contained only 0.04 mg/g of organic aglucons. The protein content of the preparation was 48% (N × 6.25) while the fat content was 31%.     

Protein and lipid oxidation in Longissimus dorsi and dry cured loin from Iberian pigs as affected by crossbreeding and diet

Lipid and protein oxidation in Longissimus dorsi (LD) and dry-cured loins from pigs with different genetic (pure Iberian (IBP), Iberian female × Duroc male (IB × D) and Duroc female × Iberian male (D × IB)) and feeding backgrounds (free rearing on acorn and pasture (MON), concentrates high in oleic acid and supplemented with 250 ppm of vitamin E(HOVE) and control concentrates (CON)) were investigated. Diet influenced the fatty acids profile from PL and α- and γ-tocopherol contents of LD. IBP–MON pigs showed the lowest malonaldehyde (MDA) values at 200 min of iron induced muscle oxidation. Dry-cured loins from IBP–HOVE pigs had significantly (p < 0.05) higher values of TBARS than those from the other batches. Neither the diet nor crossbreeding affected hexanal counts in dry-cured loins. Protein carbonyl content showed a similar trend to that observed for MDA values in LD, suggesting a protective role of tocopherol against lipid and protein oxidation. The positive and significant correlations between iron induced lipid oxidation in LD (200 min) and carbonyl content in LD and dry-cured loin (R²: 0.55 and R²: 0.52, respectively, p < 0.01) support the relationship between lipid and protein oxidation.     

Extrusion-enzyme liquefaction as a method for producing sorghum protein concentrates

A novel method was developed for concentrating proteins from sorghum flour utilizing a combination of extrusion and α-amylase treatment for starch liquefaction. A central composite design was used to optimize in-barrel moisture content (MC), enzyme concentration during extrusion (E1) and post-extrusion enzyme concentration (E2) in order to produce sorghum protein concentrates with high protein content (PC) and in vitro protein digestibility (D). Extrusion-enzyme liquefaction yielded concentrates with higher protein yield (82 db%) and digestibility (66%) than batch liquefaction alone because extrusion promoted starch and protein degradation. The optimum conditions for developing a sorghum protein concentrate with both high yield and digestibility were 32% MC, no E1, and 2.5% E2. The sorghum protein concentrate developed in this study can augment the nutritional value of gluten-free foods for individuals suffering from celiac disease and other forms of gluten and wheat intolerance.     

Influence of skimmed milk concentrate replacement by dry dairy products in a low fat set‐type yoghurt model system. I: Use of whey protein concentrates,milk protein concentrates and skimmed milk powder

Ten commercial samples of dry dairy products used for protein fortification in a low fat yoghurt model system at industrial scale were studied. The products employed were whey protein concentratres, milk protein concentrates, skimmed milk concentrates and skimmed milk powder which originated from different countries. The gross chemical composition of these dried products were determined, including polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and isoelectric focusing of the proteins, and minerals such as Na, Ca, K and Mg. Yoghurts were formulated using a skim milk concentrated as a milk base enriched with different dry dairy products up to a 43 g kg⁻¹ protein content. Replacement percentage of skim milk concentrated by dry dairy products in the mix was between 1.49 and 3.77%. Yoghurts enriched with milk protein concentrates did not show significantly different viscosity (35.12 Pa s) and syneresis index (591.4 g kg⁻¹) than the two control yoghurts obtained only from skimmed milk concentrates (35.6 Pa s and 565.7 g kg⁻¹) and skimmed milk powder (32.77 Pa s and 551.5 g kg⁻¹), respectively. Yoghurt fortified with the whey protein concentrates, however, was less firm (22.59 Pa s) and had less syneresis index (216 g kg⁻¹) than control yoghurts. Therefore, whey protein concentrates may be useful for drinking yoghurt production. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry