微注射成形制品质量影响因素分析

在不同工艺条件下进行聚合物和粉末微注射成形试验,制得微米级的聚丙烯和二氧化锆陶瓷微结构,微型腔采用感应耦合等离子深槽刻蚀技术在硅模具镶块上加工。分析微注射成形工艺及硅模具对微结构的填充、尺寸精度及表面质量的影响。不合理的工艺参数容易导致微结构出现填充不足、表面粗糙、气孔等缺陷,提高模具温度和注射压力以及注射前模具抽真空有利于微型腔的填充,模具抽真空还可以改善微结构件的表面质量。深槽刻蚀后的硅模具表面粗糙度为0.31 μm,填充完好的聚丙烯微结构及陶瓷微结构素坯表面粗糙度不再受注射工艺参数的影响,其值近似于刻蚀后的硅模具,亚微米级粉末的使用可以明显改善烧结后陶瓷微结构的表面粗糙度。     

Ti(C,N )基金属陶瓷粉末注射成形技术研究概述

概述了Ti(C，N)基金属陶瓷粉末注射成形的粉末特性、粘结剂体系、喂料制备、注射成形、脱脂技术、烧结与致密化；分析表明：粉末注射成形技术在制备复杂几何形状、均匀组织结构和高性能高精度近净成形Ti(C，N)基金属陶瓷材料产品方面具有独特的技术优势和发展潜力。     

不同粉末对Fe—Ni合金注射成形工艺过程的影响

研究了两种不同粒度和形貌的羰基铁粉对Fe-Ni合金注射成形工艺过程的影响。结果表明：球形度好、粒度小的粉末的混合、制粒、注射成形工艺性能以及其喂料流变性能都好于球形度差、粒度大的粉末,且前者最终产品力学性能也好于后者。     

Mold surface roughness effects on cavity filling of polymer melt in micro injection molding

Micro injection molding presents many challenges in the injection-molding community. When the dimensions of the part (and thus the cavity of the mold) are small, micro-scale factors such as mold surface roughness may play an important role in the filling of polymer melt. This paper investigates the effects of mold surface roughness on cavity filling of polymer melt in micro injection molding. A disk insert, which has two halves with different surface roughness but with the same roughness mean lines, was used in the investigations. The ratio of flow area of the rougher half with the total flow area of the molded part is used to evaluate the significance of surface roughness effect. The experimental results revealed that mold surface roughness does resist the cavity filling of polymer melt in micro injection molding. For the limited range of injection rate investigated, it is not significant on the surface roughness effects. The increase of mold temperature will decrease surface roughness effects. The change of melt temperature within the range allowed by the process is insignificant for surface roughness effects.     

Powder injection molding 440C stainless steel

In this work, the processing steps for producing 440C stainless steel parts by means of powder injection molding technique were investigated. The molded specimens were debinded by solvent debinding followed by thermal debinding methods and were sintered under vacuum atmosphere. Effective densification took place in the temperature range 1,230–1,240°C in the sintering. After heat treatment, specimens sintered at 1,240°C for 30 min had the tensile strength of 876.3 MPa, the hardness of 57.7 HRC. Pitting mainly occurred in injection molding 440C stainless steel specimens in NaCl solution. The content of carbon has serious effect on the shape retention. Some methods, such as preventing from oxidation, are presented to avoid the as-sintered specimens from deformation.     

金属粉末注射成形W-Ni-Fe喂料粘度模型研究

使用非牛顿流体幂律模型和 Cross模型 ,对 W- Ni- Fe高比重合金粉末喂料熔体的实验测得流变数据进行回归分析、曲线拟合 ,得出各自的拟合常数 ,并对拟合结果进行了比较 ,为金属粉末注射成形分析模拟软件提供了实用的数据。     

微结构模芯的精密磨削及其在微注塑成形中应用

针对微结构聚合物元器件的批量化生产与制造效率低等问题,采用精密修整成V形尖端的金刚石砂轮,在自润滑性和脱模性良好的钛硅碳陶瓷模芯表面加工制造出形状精度可控的V沟槽阵列结构,然后利用微注塑成形工艺将模芯表面的V沟槽阵列结构一次成形复制到聚合物表面,高效注塑成形制造出倒V形阵列结构的聚合物工件。分析了微模芯的表面加工质量与形状精度,研究了熔体温度、注射速度、保压压力、保压时间等微注塑成形工艺参数对微结构聚合物注塑成形角度偏差和填充率的影响。实验结果表明：通过微细磨削加工技术和微注塑成形工艺可以高效率、高精度地制造出规则整齐的微结构注塑工件,注射速度对微成形角度偏差的影响最大,保压压力对微成形填充率的影响最大,微结构模芯的微细磨削形状精度值为4.05 μm,微成形的最小角度偏差和最大填充率分别为1.47°和99.30%。     

Effects of machined cavity texture on ejection force in micro injection molding

The friction force developed in the demolding phase of the micro injection molding process is mainly determined by mold surface finish, which affects the tribological phenomena occurring at the polymer–tool interface. In this work, the effects on the ejection force of two cavity surfaces machined with different technologies (viz. micro milling and micro electro discharge machining), but with similar value of Ra, were investigated. The relations between different surface topography parameters and the ejection force were then analyzed, in order to identify the parameters that most appropriately describe the friction at the polymer–tool interface. The experimental results showed the strong interactions between the mold surface texture and the micro injection molding process parameters that promote the replication, such as mold temperature and holding pressure. The different machining technologies generated two mold textures that have a similar value of Ra, but their influence on friction can be properly described only using several other surface topography parameters.     

金属注射成形的数值模拟和高效算法

金属注射烧结成形的注射模拟不同于普通的塑料注射工艺。注入模具的是金属粉末和塑性流动剂构成的均匀混合喂料。除流动本构显著不同外，注射结果的匀质性分析是一项重要内容。混合理论的应用和高效显式算法的开发与研究，是解决这一问题的关键。对模拟结果与试验结果进行了比较和对照，验证了该方法的有效性。     

Studies on size accuracy of microgear wheels produced by powder injection molding of zirconia feedstocks

Two-component micropowder injection molding allows two different materials and, hence, two different functions to be integrated in one microdevice. This requires both components to be matched precisely. Therefore, high dimensional accuracy is essential in the successful development of a two-component micropart. This paper is about studies of the accuracy of the diameters of the inner hole of a gear wheel to be used as the first component of a shaft-to-collar connection. Diameters were measured in two defined directions, oriented 90° relative to each other. Items discussed are the size accuracy of green bodies and sintered specimens as well as the effects of different gating concepts. Sometimes, the inner hole is eccentric, depending on the gating concept employed. It was shown that a point-shaped gate can exert pressure on the feedstock nearby, thus causing deformation and reducing the diameter in these areas compared to the diameter in areas far from the gating system. The results also show that the eccentricity of the inner hole after sintering differs from that measured on green bodies, which is an indication of anisotropy in sintering. Moreover, the types of powder were seen to have an effect.     

Influence of Surface Finishing on the Tribological Behavior of Self-Lubricating Iron-Based Composites

Recently, we presented the tribological evaluation of self-lubricating sintered steels produced by taking advantage of the powder injection molding process, the recently introduced plasma-assisted debinding and sintering process, and the in situ formation of solid lubricant particles. This new processing route promotes the in situ generation of nanostructured turbostratic graphite particles during silicon carbide dissociation. In this work, we present the influence of surface finishing on the tribological behavior of self-lubricating composites sintered at 1150°C with (3 and 5 wt%) and without SiC additions. We discuss the effects of the surface topography (R_a) on the friction coefficient and wear rates of specimens and counterbodies. The tribological behavior was analyzed using linear reciprocating sliding tests (constant load of 7 N, 60-min duration). It was shown that the reduction in surface roughness increased both the friction coefficients and wear rates of specimens and counterbodies, probably due to plastic deformation and consequent graphite reservoir sealing. Chemical analyses of the wear scars using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed a tribolayer that was composed predominantly of carbon and oxygen. Analyses of the wear scars showed traces of plastic deformation on both samples and counterbodies and the predominance of abrasion as the main wear mechanism.     

高相对密度钨球注射成形过程中的喷射现象

针对金属粉末注射成形过程中喷射所引起的气穴、不良流动等缺陷,对高相对密度钨球合金制品进行了注射成形试验,发现钨球注射成形初期存在喷射现象,喂料一进入型腔即发生剧烈扭曲变形。通过多种成形工艺参数的组合,并且根据非牛顿流体的剪切变稀特性,采用高速高压成形工艺使得注射过程在瞬间完成,从而消除喷射对金属粉末制品的影响。同时,采用Moldflow MPI软件对其成形过程进行仿真,结果表明基于欧拉法的传统模流仿真软件无法模拟喷射现象,从而提出采用拉格朗日法对喷射成形过程进行建模和仿真的构想。将上述喷射现象的研究结果与高相对密度钨球的实际生产现状相结合,提出在定模板的模具分形面一侧开排气道增强其排气能力,和采用高速高压注射成形工艺解决喷射所造成的质量问题。     

T300/AG80复合材料U形结构件成型残余应力的有限元模拟

利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立T300碳纤维增强AG80环氧树脂(T300/AG80)复合材料U形薄壁结构件模型,研究了热压固化成型过程中的应力和回弹变形量(同步模拟脱模)变化以及脱模后的残余应力分布,通过小孔试验法对残余应力模拟结果进行了验证.结果表明:成型过程中,U形结构件侧壁和底面的应力和回弹变形量均随时间延长而...     

激光烧结快速成型铺粉辊筒运动分析

研究固体粉末激光选择性烧结快速成型的铺粉装置中辊筒的运动轨迹,及烧结粉末在辊筒的推动作用下的流动过程,从理论上推导出粉末流动的剪切面的位置。阐述铺粉过程中辊筒逆向滚动对提高粉末层密度的有利效应,为能够烧结出高质量制品提供了理论依据。     

Investigation into fabrication of microslot arrays by electrochemical micromachining

Maskless electrochemical micromachining (EMM) is a prominent and unique surface texturing method to fabricate the arrays of microslots. This article investigates the generation of microslot arrays using maskless EMM method. The developed prototype maskless EMM setup consists of EMM cell, power supply connections, electrode holding devices and constricted vertical cross flow electrolyte system for the fabrication of microslot arrays economically. One textured cathode tool with SU-8 2150 mask is used to produce 22 microslot arrays. Influences of EMM process parameters including voltage, electrolyte concentration, inter electrode gap, flow rate and machining time on the machining performance that is, width overcut, depth and surface roughness (R_a) of microslot arrays are investigated. For lower width overcut, controlled depth, and lower surface roughness, machining with lower voltage, lower electrolyte concentration, lower inter electrode gap, higher flow rate and lower machining time are recommended. From the analysis, it is observed that the best machining conditions including inter electrode gap of 50?μm, applied voltage of 6 V, electrolyte concentration of 20?g L^?1, flow rate of 5.35 m³ hr^?1 and machining time of 1?min fabricate regular microslot array with mean width overcut of 24.321?μm, mean machining depth of 10.7?μm and mean surface roughness of 0.0101?μm.     

Studies on the fabrication of tool steel components with micro-features by PIM

Fabrication of structures with fine features has been a challenge and has required sophisticated equipment. In the current work, the use of a cost-effective method, PIM (powder injection molding) was evaluated to fabricate structures with fine features such as sharp edges with dimension in microns. The selected component consisted of micro features of two steps having a cross-section dimension of 0.6×0.07 mm and 0.6×0.06 mm. In order to achieve good mechanical properties coupled with wear resistance, an M2 tool steel material was selected. The mould tip region with two-step micro features was fabricated using into multi-mould pieces to ensure the edge sharpness of the two-step micro features in the mould cavity and to create an air vent to release the entrapped gas at the moulding stage. The moulded samples were first debound and then sintered at different temperatures. The results of actual sintering at 1,244, 1,252, 1,260, and 1,280°C were analyzed, since transition to liquid phase sintering occurs in this region. Visual observation, microstructural analysis and hardness distribution were carried out on the samples sintering at different temperatures. Incomplete sintering occurred at 1,244°C while at 1,252°C distortion of the samples was identified. Sintering at 1,260°C yielded parts with good integrity and strength and a further increase of sintering temperature deteriorated the characteristics. Five samples were chosen randomly from three batches of 100 pieces for a pilot production scale. Their dimensional flatness was measured and the result showed that flatness less than ±0.3% can be achieved under optimized sintering temperature of 1,260°C?±?0.3°C. This means that the M2 tool steel component with micro features can be possibly produced by PIM process in mass production.     

阵列式微流道的粉末微注射成形技术

作为一种近净成形技术,粉末微注射成形具有低成本、高精度、高效率的特点,在成形微小型复杂形状的零件方面优势突出。文中详述了粉末微注射成形制备工艺,采用纳米级粉末材料,通过优化成形参数,成功制备了满足实际使用要求的阵列式微流道零件,成形精度误差低,不超过1.5%,降低成本50%以上。此粉末微注射成形制备阵列式微流道技术对电子机械领域微小型电子元器件的设计和制造具有重要的借鉴意义。     

A finite element model of thermal evolution in laser micro sintering

Laser micro sintering (LMS) is a promising technique for micro-additive manufacturing. During LMS of metallic powder, the material property variation and the heat input energy profile are important to understand physical phenomena involved. This paper presents a finite element temperature distribution profile in LMS of nickel powder on 304 stainless steel substrate. The simulation considered the transition of powder-to-dense sub-model which involves effective thermal conductivity, volumetric enthalpy, and absorptance change; and a moving volumetric Gaussian distribution heat source sub-model. It is found that, for a specified cross section, the mechanism of preheating the nickel powder changes for the heat source from previous laser-irradiated substrate region to molten nickel as the laser beam approaches, while the center of molten pool slice is slightly shifted toward the reverse direction of laser scanning when the laser moves away due to the thermal accumulation effect. Simulated sintered widths showed very good agreement with experimental measurement, and relative prediction errors are below 16 % within the process window.     

Microstructure grooves with a width of less than 50 μm cut with ground hard metal micro end mills

Mechanical microengineering is an easy and cheap way to fabricate microstructures; for example, molds for injection molding or hot embossing. Restrictions remain in the selection of materials and in the minimum structure size. Especially for cutting microstructures in steel, these limitations included the lack of available small tools and the poor surface quality. We discovered that microstructures can be cut in both brass and stainless steel workpieces by using ground hard metal micro end mills. The minimum groove width achieved is less than 50 μm for cutting brass and about 100 μm for cutting stainless steel. Burrs are removed by a subsequent diamond-cutting step or electrochemical polishing, respectively. Our results represent the first step toward a microstructured, resistant, and cheap mold made of steel, which is then used for mass production of plastic microstructures.     

数字化微喷射用玻璃基组合微喷嘴设计及实验

为提高液滴微喷射的喷效率和粉体微喷射的喷射方向性,选用普通硼硅酸盐毛细管和石英玻璃管为原材料,基于稳定的拉制和锻制工艺,设计并制作了直列式组合微喷嘴和同轴式组合微喷嘴.在基于微流体数字化的微喷射实验平台上,利用4×2直列式组合微喷嘴单次喷射得到了形状规则、圆整,大小均匀,无卫星液滴的液滴阵列,液滴平均直径为180 μm;相对于单微喷嘴,直列式组合喷嘴提高了单次微喷射的效率.另外,进行了粉体微喷射实验,相对于单微喷嘴,同轴式组合微喷嘴在相同驱动条件下,出射角由33°减小至10°,成形粉线的宽度由450 μm降低至300 μm.结果表明,同轴式组合微喷嘴中的辅助喷嘴有效地约束了主喷嘴出射的粉体流动,粉体喷射的方向性有显著提高.