选区激光熔化快速成型扫描路径优化算法研究

本文针对选区激光熔化成型过程中所存在的翘曲变形、球化等现象及其成因进行了简要分析,并且结合相关文献,提出了重复扫描和分区扫描相结台的路径生成算法.分区避免了长线扫描,因而可以有效减小翘曲变形,一个层面上重复扫描可以减小层间的内应力,并且可以提高熔化层的表面质量,因而此种扫描路径生成算法可以有效地改善零件的成型质量.     

Process parameter selection for selective laser melting of Ti6Al4V based on temperature distribution simulation and experimental sintering

Considering that the densification level and the attendant quality of selective laser melted Ti6Al4V parts depend strongly on the operating temperature of the melting system, which is mainly controlled by the processing parameters. The processing parameters of selective laser melting were thus investigated in this study to fabricate denser Ti6Al4V parts without post-processes. Temperature distribution calculation was firstly carried out based on a three-dimensional model. It was found that there exists a great temperature gradient from the surface of powder bed to the experimental platform, and the maximum depth of molten powder layer is about 45?μm, very close to the total thickness of powder bed (50?μm) under the condition of laser power of 110?W and scan rate of 0.2?m/s. The Ti6Al4V parts with lower porosity and higher density were then well fabricated by experimental method under the condition of laser power of 110?W and scan rate of 0.2?m/s. The experimental results also indicate that the microstructures exhibit more and more pores and the layer structures are more and more obvious with the increase in the scan rate. Moreover, the microhardness measurement yields different values with increasing scan rate, owing to the increase of α phase and porosity.     

Laser-arc hybrid welding of wrought to selective laser molten stainless steel

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a successful tool-free powder additive technology. The success of this manufacturing process results from the possibility to create complex shape parts, with intrinsic engineered features and good mechanical properties. Joining SLM steel to similar or dissimilar steel can overcome some limitations of the product design like small dimension, undercut profile, and residual stress concentration. In this way, the range of applications of the SLM process can be broadened. In this paper, the hybrid laser welding of selective laser molten stainless steel was investigated. A high-power fiber laser was coupled to an electric arc and austenitic stainless steel wrought and SLM parts were welded together. The power and speed parameters were investigated. The joints were analyzed in terms of weld bead profile, microstructure, microhardness, and tensile test. The efficiency of the welding process was evaluated through the line energy input versus the weld molten area.     

Select laser melting of W–Ni–Fe powders: simulation and experimental study

Using W, Ni, and Fe powders as raw materials, selective laser melting (SLM) technology was considered for fabrication of 90W–7Ni–3Fe parts in one step. The investigation into simulation of temperature field of SLM W–Ni–Fe powder system was highlighted. Effects of processing parameters of scan velocity, laser power, scan interval, and preheating process on temperature field distribution were studied through establishing a 3D model based on finite element analysis theory. The simulation results show that a lower thickness, narrower scan interval, and a slower scan velocity tend to improve the temperature in powder bed. Moreover, the parameter range in which the maximum temperature in powder bed could reach up to the melting point of W (about 3,420°C) was obtained. Experiments on different processing parameters were carried out, and a good agreement with the simulation results could be found.     

选区激光熔化快速成形系统的关键技术

研究激光、铺粉、扫描三个重要选区激光熔化子系统的技术要点。通过计算成形过程所需激光能量,确定激光器的选用。研究表明成形升降台的连续下降精度、铺粉辊的回转偏心量及径向跳动量都对实现最小铺粉厚度控制有着重要影响。结合扫描速度对比试验,分析扫描系统的扫描特征,认为采用快的扫描速度是选区激光熔化工艺的一个重要特点,此外应采用合适的扫描策略克服热变形。在上述研究基础上,采用铜基合金粉末进行三维金属实体成形试验,试验分析表明,成形实体是一个由等轴晶和枝晶组成,相对密度达95%,具有冶金结合组织的金属实体,尺寸精度为±0.5 mm。所获得的成形实体多层断面构造、铺粉、扫描特征等信息可证实部分技术要点分析。     

Selective laser melting W–10 wt.% Cu composite powders

Tungsten–Copper (W–Cu) alloys are promising materials for electrical and thermal applications. However, its forming method still remains limited in conventional powder metallurgy technique which is not suitable for manufacturing parts with intricate shapes. In this work, selective laser melting technology was introduced for fabricating W–10 wt.% Cu alloys parts. The morphological feature of a single molten track was analyzed. The results show that liquid phase sintering with complete melting of the binder (Cu), but nonmelting of the structural metal (W), acts as the main mechanism in this process. The melting conditions of single layers in different processing parameters were investigated. The results show that a moderate melting zone can be acquired from an established process map. Moreover, investigations on multilayers forming show that the final density increases with the decrease of scan speed until it reaches a plateau due to the insufficient rearrangement in liquid phase sintering and the balling effect.     

选择性激光熔化成形TC4钛合金开裂行为及其机理研究

裂纹是选择性激光熔化(Selective laser melting, SLM)成形Ti6-Al-4V(TC4)钛合金过程中最常见、破坏性最大的一种缺陷。采用逐行交替的扫描策略制备TC4钛合金试样,利用扫描电子显微镜及X射线能谱分析等检测方法,研究SLM成形TC4钛合金过程中裂纹的开裂行为及其形成机理。结果表明,SLM成形TC4钛合金所产生的裂纹为冷裂纹,具有典型的穿晶开裂特征。采用逐行交替扫描策略成形的TC4钛合金,其组织为网篮状马氏体组织。SLM成形过程中高温度梯度导致制件内部存在较高的残余应力,抗裂强度较差的马氏体组织在残余应力的作用下而产生裂纹,粗大的裂纹最终分解为较小的裂纹而终止扩展。进一步分析认为,通过调整成形工艺参数,可以改变制件组织,同时削弱残余应力,从而达到减弱或消除裂纹的目的。     

Data mining and statistical inference in selective laser melting

Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing process that builds a complex three-dimensional part, layer-by-layer, using a laser beam to fuse fine metal powder together. The design freedom afforded by SLM comes associated with complexity. As the physical phenomena occur over a broad range of length and time scales, the computational cost of modeling the process is high. At the same time, the large number of parameters that control the quality of a part make experiments expensive. In this paper, we describe ways in which we can use data mining and statistical inference techniques to intelligently combine simulations and experiments to build parts with desired properties. We start with a brief summary of prior work in finding process parameters for high-density parts. We then expand on this work to show how we can improve the approach by using feature selection techniques to identify important variables, data-driven surrogate models to reduce computational costs, improved sampling techniques to cover the design space adequately, and uncertainty analysis for statistical inference. Our results indicate that techniques from data mining and statistics can complement those from physical modeling to provide greater insight into complex processes such as selective laser melting.     

Tribological Property of Selective Laser Melting–Processed 316L Stainless Steel against Filled PEEK under Water Lubrication

Abstract

As a 3D printing technology, selective laser melting has remarkable advantages such as high processing flexibility, high material utilization, and short production cycle. The applications of selective laser melting technology in industry have become quite extensive. There are many tribological studies on selective laser melting materials, but few based on water lubrication (Zhu, et al., Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A, 19(2), pp 95–110). In this article, the tribological properties of 316L stainless steel processed by selective laser melting and traditional methods have been studied under water lubrication. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) filled with carbon fiber (CF)/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/graphite was selected as the counterpart. 316L stainless steel and PEEK are a tribopair commonly used in water hydraulics. This study is of great significance to the application of selective laser melting material of tribopairs in water hydraulics. Friction and wear tests were carried out on a pin-on-disc contact test apparatus under different operating conditions. The friction coefficient, specific wear coefficient, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the worn surface, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of the surface adhesions of the three tribopairs were measured and compared. The results revealed that the friction coefficient of the selective laser melting (SLM) 316L stainless steel was significantly higher than that of traditionally processed (TP) 316L stainless steel, which might be caused by the pores on the surface of SLM 316L stainless steel. Adhesion and cutting on the surface of SLM 316L stainless steel were also more serious, resulting in a higher specific wear coefficient of its counterpart PEEK composite compared to PEEK composite against TP 316L stainless steel.     

In situ monitoring of selective laser melting using plume and spatter signatures by deep belief networks

Critical quality issues such as high porosity, cracks, and delamination are common in current selective laser melting (SLM) manufactured components. This study provides a flexible and integrated method for in situ process monitoring and melted state recognition during the SLM process, and it is useful for process optimization to decrease part quality issues. The part qualities are captured by images obtained from an off-axis setup with a near-infrared (NIR) camera. Plume and spatter signatures are closely related to the melted states and laser energy density, and they are employed for the SLM process monitoring in an adapted deep belief network (DBN) framework. The melted state recognition with the improved DBN and original NIR images requires little signal preprocessing, less parameter selection and feature extraction, obtaining the classification rate 83.40% for five melted states. Compared to the other methods of neural network (NN) and convolutional neural networks (CNN), the proposed DBN approach is identified to be accurate, convenient, and suitable for the SLM process monitoring and part quality recognition.     

The effects of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and solubilization heat treatment on the density,mechanical properties,and microstructure of austenitic stainless steel parts produced by selective laser melting (SLM)

Despite ongoing optimization, selective laser melting (SLM) technology still cannot guarantee the production of completely defect-free components. This wor     

激光选区熔化单道扫描与搭接数值模拟及试验

激光选区熔化（Selective laser melting,SLM）单道扫描的数值模拟,在数值建模时多采用规则实体模拟铺设的粉末层,通过等效定义材料热物理属性模拟铺设粉末层中粉末与气体共存的情况,难以模拟粉末颗粒的随机性而带来的扫描结果的随机性,且难以分析熔池形貌、内部缺陷的微观衍变过程。针对SLM成形过程中激光功率和单道搭接率对扫描单道和单道搭接质量的影响,以316L不锈钢材料为例,建立SLM首层单道扫描与单道搭接数值模拟模型。SLM的铺粉过程在基于离散单元法的EDEM中建立,并得到数值化的粉床几何模型。SLM的单道扫描与搭接的模拟基于有限体积法,在FLUENT中实现,采用两相流模型与熔化/凝固模型捕捉熔池形貌变化过程,得到不同激光功率和扫描搭接率下成形单道与单道搭接的数值模型。最后结合试验表明了在100~300 W激光功率下成形单道表面形貌与缺陷的形成,当激光功率为100~150 W时,单道形貌不规则,且容易形成局部缺陷;在200~300 W功率下,激光功率越大,保证搭接质量的最低搭接率越小,当激光功率为250 W时,应保证单道填充间距不大于0.1 mm。研究成果对SLM工艺参数的调整与优化具有重要的参考价值。     

Electrolytic Plasma Surface Polishing of Complex Components Produced by Selective Laser Melting

The applicability of electrolytic plasma surface polishing to complex components produced by selective laser melting (SLM) is analyzed. By electrolytic plasma polishing by electrolyte spraying, the surface quality of components produced by SLM may be improved. This technology is found to decrease the surface roughness from R_a = 5.6 μm to 1.4 μm. The optimal pressure of the electrolyte jet is 0.02–0.05 MPa. At high pressures, the process becomes unstable. By electrolytic plasma polishing on the basis of electrolyte jets, uniform external and internal surface roughness of components produced by SLM may be ensured.     

Selective Laser Melting of Starbond CoS Powder

Russian Engineering Research - Starbond CoS cobalt–chromium powder is considered for use in selective laser melting (SLM). On a Realizer SLM-50 system, individual tracks are obtained, and...     

Effects of processing parameters on creep behavior of 316L stainless steel produced using selective laser melting

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - The selective laser melting (SLM) method is being increasingly applied in the aerospace and power industries for the production of high temperature...     

Investigation of creep behavior of 316L stainless steel produced by selective laser melting with various processing parameters

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - Creep behavior of 316L stainless steel was experimentally investigated using small punch (SP) specimens produced by the selective laser melting (SLM)...     

激光选区熔化技术及其在个性化医学中的应用

激光选区熔化是一种精密金属增材制造技术,可以成形任意复杂的功能零件。个性化医学用品需要具有个性化的几何外形和良好的生物性能,为了探究激光选区熔化在个性化医学用品中的应用,采用DiMetal系列激光选区熔化设备成形医用金属材料如316L不锈钢、CoCrMo合金、Ti6Al4V,并对医用金属材料成形致密度、成形力学性能和几何结构成形性进行了研究。通过个性化设计和DiMetal系列激光选区熔化设备,设计与制造了个性化牙冠、舌侧正畸托槽、手术模板、全膝置换股骨远端假体、股骨近端假体、颅骨修复体等医学用品。研究证明DiMetal系列激光选区熔化装备、工艺可用于个性化医学用品的快速制造,这为个性化医学用品的快速响应设计与制造提供了一种新的手段。     

Manufacture of the Transceiver Housing for an Active Phased Array Antenna with Built-In Cooling Channels by Selective Laser Melting

Russian Engineering Research - A cooled transceiver housing of an active phased array antenna is produced by 3D printing from aluminum, on the basis of selective laser melting (SLM). The housing...     

Defect Formation Mechanisms in Selective Laser Melting: A Review

Defect formation is a common problem in selective laser melting (SLM). This paper provides a review of defect formation mechanisms in SLM. It summarizes the recent research outcomes on defect findings and classification, analyzes formation mechanisms of the common defects, such as porosities, incomplete fusion holes, and cracks. The paper discusses the effect of the process parameters on defect formation and the impact of defect formation on the mechanical properties of a fabricated part. Based on the discussion, the paper proposes strategies for defect suppression and control in SLM.     

选区激光熔化工艺参数对Ti6Al4V粉末成型性的影响

以Ti6Al4V钛合金粉末为研究对象,在单层扫描和单道扫描实验的基础上,研究SLM工艺参数对Ti6Al4V合金材料成型性的影响,并进行了块体成型实验,通过设计正交试验及观察试样的形貌和致密度分析,最终得到Ti6Al4V合金粉末SLM块体成型的最佳工艺参数为:激光功率400W、搭接率1、扫描速度750mm/min,其致密度可以达到96.17％.