干酪成熟初期产生生物胺影响因素的研究

研究了成熟3个星期的干酪产生生物胺的4种影响因素（发酵剂，NaCl，山梨酸钾，水分质量分数），通过氨基酸专用高效液相色谱仪对样品进行了测定。结果表明，发酵剂RA024，NaCl质量分数高，山梨酸钾质量分数在0．2％，水分质量分数低可以抑制生物胺的产生。     

中国地区干酪生物胺风险评估中膳食暴露评估模型的构建

基于对中国地区市售97份干酪样品获得的8种生物胺检测数据,以及2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告中的膳食消费数据,采用Monte Carlo模拟和@Risk软件量化人群干酪生物胺膳食暴露量的变异度和不确定度,构建中国地区干酪生物胺风险评估中膳食暴露评估模型。按不同地区、性别和年龄段差异的人群,分析其干酪生物胺膳食暴露量分布的统计量和90%置信区间。评估结果显示,中国城市人群的干酪生物胺暴露量明显高于同年龄段的农村人群;且城市地区女性暴露量通常高于男性,而农村地区则相反。干酪生物胺膳食暴露概率评估方法相比点评估和简单分布评估方法,能够定量评估结果的变异度和不确定度,评估更为准确。      

我国传统干酪中生物胺含量检测分析

通过反相高效液相色谱法对来自内蒙古、新疆、西藏、云南、北京市场共17种中国传统干酪样品生物胺含量进行了分析。结果表明,反相高效液相色谱法能准确地测定干酪中生物胺含量;在全部干酪样品中,8种生物胺含量大小不一,生物胺总量在1.30～41.27 mg/kg范围内,均低于国家标准规定要求,其中有14个样品的生物胺总量低于10 mg/kg,第10号干酪生物胺含量为41.27 mg/kg,为所有样品中含量最高,其次为第1号样品和第9号样品,分别为18.48 mg/kg和10.35 mg/kg。相关性分析结果显示,色胺与苯乙胺,腐胺与尸胺、酪胺、亚精胺,组胺与精胺,酪胺与精胺之间在0.01水平上具有显著相关性。     

发酵剂对牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中生物胺的影响

乳酸菌产生物胺的能力具有菌株特异性,因此,为了探究不同种类发酵剂对牦牛乳硬质干酪中生物胺形成的影响,该试验利用高效液相色谱对3种不同发酵剂制作的硬质干酪成熟过程中生物胺进行了测定和分析。结果表明,嗜热和嗜温发酵剂牦牛乳硬质干酪中检测出2-苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺,混合发酵剂干酪中检测出腐胺、2-苯乙胺、尸胺和酪胺。各生物胺之间呈现正相关性。3种不同发酵剂干酪在1～6个月成熟过程中,其各生物胺整体呈现增加趋势,嗜热、嗜温和混合发酵剂干酪中总生物胺最高含量分别为(448.3±9.6)、(456.8±58.4)、(293±24.5)mg/kg。组胺和酪胺是2种毒性相对高的生物胺,嗜热发酵剂干酪中组胺和嗜温发酵剂干酪中酪胺最高,其最高含量分别为(20.8±7.9)、(92.9±6.7)mg/kg,混合发酵干酪中未检测出组胺,酪胺含量次之,3种不同发酵剂干酪中组胺、酪胺含量均低于推荐安全剂量50 mg/kg和100 mg/kg。这为合理选择发酵剂和控制干酪中生物胺形成提供了依据。     

我国市售不同类型及品牌腐乳中生物胺含量的分析与比较

为了揭示我国商业腐乳中生物胺存在形式和水平,采用丹磺酰氯柱前衍生结合高效液相色谱法（HPLC）对我国市售的20个品牌白方腐乳和20个品牌红方腐乳中的生物胺含量进行了分析。结果表明,我国市售的腐乳中存在的主要生物胺为酪胺、组胺、腐胺、色胺、β-苯乙胺和尸胺,其平均含量分别为73.7 mg/kg、43.7 mg/kg、38.5 mg/kg、27.7 mg/kg、5.4 mg/kg和5.4 mg/kg;每种生物胺在白方腐乳中的含量均显著高于红方腐乳（P＜0.05）,前者的酪胺、组胺、腐胺、色胺、β-苯乙胺和尸胺的平均含量分别为后者的1.6、1.9、3.4、3.3、2.3和3.0倍;且每种生物胺的水平在同一类型不同品牌腐乳之间均呈现高度差异化。     

处理发酵剂对促熟干酪中生物胺和游离氨基酸的影响

以0、30、60、90 d促熟干酪中生物胺（组胺、色胺、苯乙胺、尸胺、酪胺）和游离氨基酸含量为指标,研究了添加复合处理发酵剂对干酪产生游离氨基酸和生物胺量的影响。结果表明：不同处理发酵剂添加量对各种生物胺产生的影响不同;添加处理发酵剂干酪中生物胺和游离氨基酸含量增加,其含量随着复合处理发酵剂添加量增加而增加。     

高效液相色谱快速测定干酪中5种生物胺的改进方法

利用RP-HPLC、采用荧光／二极管陈列检测器对干酪中生物胺进行测定,并建立了改进的快速分析方法。以三氯乙酸、无水乙醇或甲醇为溶剂提取样品中的生物胺,邻苯二甲醛衍生后乙酸乙酯萃取衍生产物,HPLC分析时甲醇-KH2PO4为流动相等梯度洗脱,流速0．8mL／min,可用紫外检测器检或荧光检测器检测。分析结果确认,三氯乙酸提取是快速、高效的提取方法,二种检测器均能满足生物胺的分析;采用乙酸乙酯对衍生产物的萃取,可有效的解决滤膜对衍生产物的截留问题,同时除去干扰物质。     

冷藏乳制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中生物胺含量的变化

目的:揭示冷藏原料乳制作的干酪成熟过程中生物胺含量变化规律,评价其质量安全性。方法:以冷藏24,48,72 h牦牛乳制作的硬质干酪为研究对象,利用高效液相色谱法对干酪成熟过程中生物胺含量进行测定。结果:在0～6个月成熟过程中,不同冷藏牦牛乳制作的硬质干酪中生物胺含量呈升高趋势。牦牛乳冷藏时间从24 h延长到72 h时,其干酪中总生物胺、2-苯乙胺、尸胺、酪胺和腐胺含量也依次增大。成熟4个月后,冷藏72 h牦牛乳制作的硬质干酪中各生物胺含量明显高于其余两组干酪。成熟6个月时,冷藏72 h原料乳制作的牦牛乳硬质干酪中生物胺总量和酪胺含量分别为(212.94±8.03),(81.04±3.92) mg/kg。结论:随着原料乳冷藏时间和干酪成熟时间的延长,干酪中生物胺含量增多,但是原料乳冷藏时间低于72 h时,其干酪中生物胺含量低于学者建议含量。     

RP-HPLC柱后衍生法检测干酪中6种生物胺

目的:建立干酪中6种生物胺的高效液相色谱-柱后衍生检测方法。方法:采用高氯酸提取干酪中生物胺,以邻苯二甲醛(OPA)为柱后衍生试剂,高效液相色谱-柱后衍生-荧光法检测。采用Agilent Eclipse XDBC18色谱柱;流动相A为乙酸钠-辛烷磺酸钠溶液,流动相B为乙酸钠-辛烷磺酸钠和乙腈混合溶液,流速1.0m L/min,梯度与等度相结合洗脱方式;柱温40℃;荧光探测器激发波长330 nm,发射波长465 nm;衍生剂流量0.3 m L/min,衍生池温度45℃。结果 :采用本洗脱程序,40 min内6种生物胺完全分离;衍生剂OPA质量浓度0.4 mg/m L,流速0.3 m L/min时衍生效果最佳;6种生物胺标准曲线具有良好的线性关系(R20.9982),平行样品相对标准偏差(RSD)3.8%,方法稳定性良好,6种生物胺样品平均回收率89.25%~103.09%。结论:本法样品预处理简便,灵敏度高,重复性好,准确性高,适合检测干酪中的生物胺。     

牦牛乳硬质干酪成熟过程中生物胺与细菌群落结构分析

成熟干酪易产生生物胺,生物胺对人体健康具有影响,因此,为了探究牦牛乳硬质干酪的质量安全性,本实验利用高效液相色谱和高通量测序技术对干酪成熟过程中生物胺和细菌群落结构进行测定和分析。结果表明：牦牛乳硬质干酪中主要生物胺为腐胺、2-苯乙胺、酪胺、组胺和尸胺,在1～6 个月成熟过程中,干酪中各生物胺含量呈现增加趋势。干酪中生物胺含量最高阶段均出现在成熟期5～6 个月。干酪中组胺、酪胺和总生物胺含量分别低于推荐安全剂量50、100 mg/kg和1 000 mg/kg。干酪中游离氨基酸含量与除组胺之外的各生物胺含量、总生物胺含量、成熟时间之间具有显著正相关性（P＜0.01,P＜0.05）,各生物胺含量之间也存在正相关性。不同成熟期干酪包含相同属的微生物,其中链球菌属（Streptococcus）为优势菌属,平均相对丰度为84.63%,明串珠菌属（Leuconostoc）次之,平均相对丰度为6.91%,其他分别为乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、拉乌尔菌属（Raoultella）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）和无分类的肠杆菌科（unclassified_Eunnterobacteriaceae）。不同成熟期干酪中各菌属的相对丰度具有差异。本研究可为评估牦牛乳硬质干酪的质量安全性和生物胺形成机理提供理论依据。     

Formation of biogenic amines by proteolytic enterococci during cheese ripening

Six strains of Enterococcus faecalis and three strains of E faecium were investigated for their proteolytic activity and ability to decarboxylate the amino acids lysine, histidine, tyrosine, ornithine and phenylalanine. All strains tested displayed cell wall‐associated proteolytic activities, and three E faecalis strains displayed additionally extracellular proteolysis. None of the strains tested was able to form putrescine, histamine or cadaverine. Eight strains decarboxylated tyrosine, and two strains of E faecalis and one strain of E faecium formed phenylethylamine. Gouda cheese was produced from milk supplemented with two strains of E faecalis (10⁷ cfu ml⁻¹). Both strains were proteolytic and potent tyramine formers. Final viable counts of 10⁹ cfu g⁻¹ and tyramine concentrations of 477 mg kg⁻¹ were detected after a 12 week ripening period. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Distribution of Biogenic Amines and Polyamines in Cheese

ABSTRACT Biogenic amines and polyamines were measured in unripened cheese and 4 types of ripened cheese. The study included cheeses produced from both pasteurized and raw milks. All amines were lower in unripened than in ripened cheeses. The amine contents varied among different types of ripened cheese, within the same type of cheese, and also within the parts of cheeses. The main amines in ripened cheeses were tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine. The highest concentration of tyramine was found in hard-ripened raw-milk cheeses, while blue cheese had the highest level of cadaverine. Unripened cheeses could be considered as well-tolerated products for histamine- and tyramine-sensitive individuals, whereas the wide variability in biogenic amines makes it difficult to generalize this consideration for all ripened cheeses.     

Biogenic amines in commercially produced Yulu,a Chinese fermented fish sauce

Seven biogenic amines were determined in 35 commercially produced Yulu samples from three provinces of China by pre-column derivatisation with dansyl chloride (Dns-Cl) and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Putrescine, cadaverine, histamine and tyramine were the major biogenic amines (more than 100 mg kg^?1), while tryptamine, spermidine and spermine were regarded as minor biogenic amines (less than 25 mg kg^?1). Twenty samples contained more than 50 mg kg^?1 histamine (the limit for histamine in seafood products as suggested by the Food and Drug Administration). Twenty-one samples contained more than 100 mg kg^?1 tyramine and 10 contained more than 1000 mg kg^?1 total biogenic amines. This study provided data on biogenic amine levels in Chinese fermented fish sauce. The results suggested that biogenic amine content should be monitored in commercially produced Yulu.     

Production of biogenic amines by lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria isolated from dairy products and beer

The aim was to monitor production of eight biogenic amines (BAs) (histamine, tyramine (TYR), tryptamine, putrescine, cadaverine (CAD), phenylethylamine, spermine and spermidine) by selected 81 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains: Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Enterococcus, Pediococcus, Tetragenococcus and Bifidobacterium. The tested LAB and bifidobacteria were isolated from dairy products and beer. The decarboxylase activity of the micro‐organisms was studied in growth medium after cultivation. The activity was monitored by HPLC after the pre‐column derivatisation with dansylchloride. Fifty LAB showed decarboxylase activity. Thirty‐one strains produced low concentrations of CAD (≤10 mg L^?1). Almost 70% of beer isolates generated higher amounts of TYR (≤3000 mg L^?1). Most of the tested LAB demonstrated decarboxylase activity. The above micro‐organisms can contribute to the increase of content of BAs in dairy products or beer and thereby threaten food safety and health of consumers. Production of BAs even by the representatives of some probiotic strains (Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) was detected in this research. This study has also proved that contaminating LAB can act as sources of higher amounts of CAD and TYR in beer.     

Biogenic amines in alcoholic beverages produced in Taiwan

The biogenic amines tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, 2-phenylethylamine, histamine and tryptamine were determined in 13 kinds of alcoholic beverages produced in Taiwan. They were derivatised with dansyl chloride and analysed using a high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Total amine content ranged from 0.23 to 11.4 μg ml^?1 with Charng Chuen liqueur containing the highest level and Mei Kwei Lu the lowest. Tryptamine was found in all samples in amounts between 0.01 and 1.79 μg ml^?1. The levels of the other five amines in the tested samples were 0-7.0 μg ml^?1 for 2-phenylethylamine, 0-3.0 μg ml^?1 for putrescine, 0-2.9 μg ml^?1 for cadaverine, 0-4.5 μg ml^?1 for histamine, and 0-1.4 μg ml^?1 for tyramine. These levels seem unlikely to have adverse effects on human health.     

A Review of Biogenic Amines and Polyamines in Beer

The presence of biogenic amines and polyamines in foods and alcoholic beverages is important from both toxicological and technological points of view. High amounts of these compounds can lead to health problems and accurate methods of determination, as well as knowledge on where the compounds originate and how they can be controlled at the lowest levels, are important in the food and beverage industry. In brewing, the types of amines are dependent on the raw materials in the beverage, as well as the method of brewing, and any microbial contamination that may have occurred during the brewing process or during storage. Studies looking at biogenic amine and polyamine levels in various beers have been carried out by a number of researchers in Europe, Brazil, Canada and Cuba. This paper reviews the work from studies carried out previously and summarizes the values found by the various research groups. Methods of analysis for the amines including HPLC, HPTLC and enzyme immunoassays are reviewed.