两种分散剂交互作用Al2O3悬浮液稳定性的研究

通过沉降试验、Zeta电位测量、烧结体残余气孔率测量，研究了PAA—NH4、阿拉伯树胶、PAA—NH4＋阿拉伯树胶3种分散剂对氧化铝悬浮液稳定性的影响。结果表明，PAA—NH4、阿拉伯树胶、PAA—NH；＋阿拉伯树胶3种分散剂的最佳添加量和最佳pH值分别为1．0％和PH9、0．8％和pH值对其分散性几乎没有影响、0．4％＋0．2％和pH9；3种分散剂的分散效果由大到小为PAA—NH4＋阿拉伯树胶、PAA—NH4、阿拉伯树胶。两种分散剂交互分散有利于提高悬浮液的稳定性，使氧化铝悬浮液的沉降相体积分数降低了3％左右。分散剂的添加号降低了26．7％．     

不同种分散剂对氧化铝悬浮液沉降性能的研究

采用PAA—NH4、阿拉伯树胶、硅溶胶3种分散剂分别制备了氧化铝悬浮液。通过悬浮液的沉降试验、测量Zeta电位和烧结体残余气孔率考查了分散剂的种类对氧化铝悬浮液沉降性能的影响。结果表明,PAA～NH4、阿拉伯树胶、硅溶胶3种分散剂的最佳添加量和最佳pH值分别为1．0％和pH9、0．8％和pH值对其分散性几乎没有影响、14％和pHll;3种分散剂的分散效果由大到小为PAA—NH4、阿拉伯树胶、硅溶胶。     

纳米Si3N4与TiC7N3混合悬浮液性质研究

通过Zeta电势分析仪测定了纳米TiC7N3和Si3N4悬浮液在不同pH值下的颗粒表面电势,分析了两种异相颗粒间的静电引力与斥力的作用。结果表明：在不加分散剂的条件下,只靠调节pH值改变颗粒表面电位和电势能的方法,无法阻止异相悬浮液颗粒的凝聚;向两种悬浮液中加入阴离子型聚电解质PMAA-NH4,使悬浮液的pH=9．6,可以有效减小异相颗粒的团聚,获得均匀的纳米Si3N4与TiC7N3混合悬浮液。     

纳米CeO2在水相介质中的分散性能研究

通过对纳米CeO2悬浮液体系中颗粒的表面电性进行测定,采用无机电解质类分散剂(SHP)和非离子型表面活性剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)对纳米CeO2粉体进行了分散实验,研究了超声分散时间及表面活性剂浓度对纳米CeO2粉体在水相介质中分散性能的影响.结果表明,随超声时间的增加,纳米CeO2粉体的分散性增强;随分散剂浓度的增加,纳米CeO2粉体的分散性呈先增后减的变化规律.纳米CeO2粉体在水相介质中的分散工艺为:超声时间20min,浓度为2.0%的SHP.     

纳米Fe3 O4 磁性液体的稳定性研究

采用化学共沉淀法制备Fe3O4磁性粉体,采用球磨分散法将磁性粉体分散于水溶液中,制得稳定分散的纳米Fe3O4磁性液体。实验中用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对纳米粉体进行表面处理和分散,主要研究球磨时间、溶液pH值和表面活性剂的用量对Fe3O4磁性液体稳定性的影响,从理论上对纳米粒子在水溶液中的分散稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:球磨时间、分散剂种类和用量以及溶液的pH值对磁性液体的稳定性有很重要的影响;在酸性条件下,球磨时间为4~5 h,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵用量为Fe3O4粉体用量的8%时,制得的磁性液体分散稳定性效果较好;表面活性剂在粒子表面起到了保护作用,抑制了粒子团聚长大,同时在溶液中还起到了分散作用,使得磁性液体具有较好的稳定性。     

共沉淀法制备纳米CuO/Al2O3复合粉体

以NH4 HCO3为沉淀剂、CuSO4和NH4Al(SO4)2为母液,采用共沉淀法制备CuO/Al2O3复合粉体,用激光粒度分析仪、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪等研究了母液浓度、沉淀剂浓度、反应温度、pH值等工艺条件对粒径和粒度分布的影响.结果表明:通过控制反应条件,可获得粉体粒径较小、分布较窄的纳米CuO/Al2O3复合粉体;最佳工艺参数为反应温度55℃,pH值为7,CuSO4浓度为0.095 mol/L,NH4Al(SO4)2质量浓度为1.67 g/L,NH4HCO3浓度为1.52 mol/L,得到的纳米复合粉体的粒径在60 nm左右.     

球磨分散对纳米α-Al_2O_3悬浮液的性能影响

采用正交球磨分散方法对纳米α-Al2O3粉体进行了分散试验,系统地研究了球磨时间、球料比和球磨机转速对纳米α-Al2O3粉体在水相介质中分散性能的影响,对超声分散和球磨分散后纳米α-Al2O3悬浮液的粒径进行了测量和对比分析。结果表明,纳米α-Al2O3粉体在水相介质中的悬浮率随球磨分散各因素水平的增加而增加。其中球磨时间影响力最小,悬浮率随球料比增加而上升的趋势明显,随球磨机转速增加的趋势呈减缓。在选定的因素水平下,纳米α-Al2O3粉体在水相介质中的最优工艺条件为:球磨时间9 h、球料比15:1、球磨机转速500 r/min。     

氮化硅基陶瓷刀具材料力学性能和显微结构的研究

研究了混料介质、超声分散、烧结助剂以及纳米第二相颗粒对自增韧氮化硅陶瓷刀具材料的显微结构和力学性能的影响。结果发现:加入5%Y_2O_3+5%La_2O_3+5%CeO_2烧结助剂的Si_3N_4粉体,以水作为混料介质并对混合浆料进行超声分散处理后,在温度为1700~1800℃下、保温40min、压力30MPa条件下热压烧结,材料的综合力学性能较好,抗弯强度可达1002·1Mpa,断裂韧性达8·2MPa·m1/2,硬度13·56GPa。SEM试验表明材料的显微组织结构均匀,β-Si_3N_4呈现长棒状交错排列;添加纳米TiC7N3第二相颗粒的氮化硅基陶瓷刀具材料后,β-Si_3N_4的长径比明显减小,晶界中嵌入了第二相粒子,材料的抗弯强度有所降低,但硬度和韧性则有所升高。     

水基Fe_3O_4磁流变体的制备与密封性验证

本文研究一种新的水基Fe_3O_4磁流变体制备方法。该方法以Fe_3O_4颗粒和水基悬浮液混合制备而成。本文研究了所制备水基Fe_3O_4磁流变体长期密封状态下的稳定性和最高使用温度。并自制磁场密封装置,在考虑高温密封的情况下,验证所制备水基Fe_3O_4磁流变体的密封性能。结果显示,该水基Fe_3O_4磁流变体具有良好的密封性能,其最大密封能力达60kPa。     

极压条件下水基纳米液压液抗磨减摩特性

采用分子模拟方法,研究不同压力、剪切速度、纳米颗粒浓度、温度条件下水基纳米液压液在动力学模型中的流动特性、承载能力和抗磨减摩特性。结果表明:纳米流体承载能力随纳米颗粒浓度的增加而增大;随着负载的增加,基础流体和纳米流体均会发生固化现象,但是纳米流体的过渡压力大于基础流体;壁面间摩擦力在一定范围内会随着纳米颗粒浓度的增大而减小,但过大的纳米颗粒浓度将导致摩擦加剧;纳米流体温度过高将导致壁面间摩擦力急剧升高;水基纳米液压液抗磨减摩机理主要在于纳米颗粒将滑动摩擦转化为滚动摩擦。     

氮化硅陶瓷磨削温度与表面变质层的仿真与实验

为了揭示氮化硅陶瓷磨削温度分布规律以及其对表面成形的影响,首先,建立氮化硅陶瓷纳米级切削的分子动力学模型;其次,研究切削过程中切削参数对切削温度的影响,以及加工过程中切削表面变质层的形成过程;最后,对 K 型热电偶测温和表面能谱分析的仿真与实验结果进行对比分析.结果表明:随着金刚石磨粒切削深度和切削速度的增加,原子晶格发生变形和非晶相变过程中时释放的能量增多,从而使切削温度升高;切削高温会引起氮化硅陶瓷发生非晶相变现象,非晶态原子重新与已加工表面断裂的原子键结合形成表面变质层;分子动力学仿真模型可以用来预测氮化硅陶瓷材料实际磨削加工中磨削温度变化情况,对生产加工具有参考价值.     

Comparison of the fretting wear of 100Cr6/100Cr6, Si3N4/Si3N4 and Si3N4/100Cr6 contacts in lubricated and dry conditions

The fretting wear behaviour of bearing steel against bearing steel, silicon nitride against silicon nitride, and silicon nitride against bearing steel, was investigated under lubricated and dry conditions. Amplitudes in the intermediate 5 to 50 μm range, and test durations from 10 to 360 min, were studied. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were employed to determine the detailed nature of the friction and wear processes. In the silicon nitride against silicon nitride contact, brittle fracture of Si₃N₄ grains, and tribochemical reaction creating an amorphous layer on the mechanically damaged surface, were found. The main mechanism of fretting wear in the case of bearing steel against bearing steel contact was delamination. In the silicon nitride against bearing steel contact, chemical reactions predominated.     

A sample holder for soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy of liquids in transmission mode

A novel sample holder for soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy of liquids in transmission mode based on sample cells with x-ray transparent silicon nitride membranes is introduced. The sample holder allows for a reliable preparation of ultrathin liquid films with an adjustable thickness in the nm-μm range. This enables measurements of high quality x-ray absorption spectra of liquids in transmission mode, as will be shown for the example of liquid H(2)O, aqueous solutions of 3d-transition metal ions and alcohol-water mixtures. The fine structure of the x-ray absorption spectra is not affected by the sample thickness. No effects of the silicon nitride membranes were observed in the spectra. It is shown how an inhomogeneous thickness of the sample affects the spectra and how this can be avoided.     

Study on the grinding behavior of laser-structured grinding in silicon nitride ceramic

Silicon nitride ceramics are extremely difficult and time-consuming to be machined with conventional methods, such as turning and grinding. Laser-assisted machining has been a field of extensive research during the past decade, as it is a promising solution to enhance the machinability of many difficult-to-cut materials, including silicon nitride ceramics. To enhance the processing precision of silicon nitride ceramic grinding, in this work, a method of laser structuring the surface of silicon nitride is proposed. The laser process allows to precisely control the dimensions of the generated features. Therefore, different patterns with equal silicon nitride surface area are produced in order to study the influence of the pattern geometry on the grinding behavior of the silicon nitride. Grinding performance of the structured silicon nitride is tested. The influences of grinding parameters, such as wheel speed and feed rate, are analyzed for their effects on the grinding force, surface roughness. It is found that the procedure of laser-structured silicon nitride has a strong influence on the grinding results. The grooves obtained by laser-structured silicon nitride are favorable for the flow of coolant, and the cracks generated inside the grooves weak the material locally. The laser-structured silicon nitride generally allows for a reduction of grinding forces by up to 63%, and it can effectively reduce the wear of the tool.     

Evaluation of Hot Pressed Silicon Nitride as a Rolling Bearing Material

A series of tests has been conducted to evaluate the suitability of silicon nitride as a bearing material for rolling contact applications. The ability of silicon nitride to be lubricated by some conventional lubricants was found to be satisfactory. This was determined by wettability studies, lubricant film thickness and traction coefficient measurements on the optical EHD rig and friction coefficient measurements by the pin-on-disk method. The abrasive wear coefficient, measured on a lopping machine using 600 grit SiC abrasive, was found to be high compared to other ceramics. It was also dependent on the composition of the silicon nitride. Comparative rolling contact fatigue tests on steel and silicon nitride flat washers were conducted using steel rollers and balls. A high wear rate leading to grooving in the rolling track on silicon nitride was observed. The spalling resistance of silicon nitride was found to be higher than that of steel under the test conditions used. Surface interactions in the Si₃N₄-M50 steel contacts, detrimental to the life of the steel rolling elements, were recognized. Attempts were made to reduce the severity of these interactions and prolong the life of bearings containing ceramic elements.     

离子束增强沉积薄膜的摩擦磨损行为与结构分析

采用离子束增强沉积（IBED）技术在不锈钢1Cr18Ni9Ti衬底表面生长氮化钛薄膜以及氮离子注入,进行了干滑动摩擦磨损试验与组织结构电镜分析,表明增强沉积膜较离子注入具有更高耐磨性能。     

Materials failure mechanisms of hybrid ball bearings with silicon nitride balls

A modified Shell four-ball apparatus was used to determine failure mechanisms and estimate time to failure of hybrid ball bearings using silicon nitride and zirconia balls. The machine was set up to hold a hybrid bearing containing three ceramic balls, instead of the usual 14 in order to increase contact pressure. Five kinds of silicon nitride ceramics, which differed in terms of surface roughness, porosity as well as the amount and chemical composition of additives were investigated. The goal of this study was to establish a quality criterion for silicon nitride for industrial use in hybrid ball bearings. Lifetime and failure mechanisms varied between the five bearings with silicon nitride balls and a dependance was found on the porosity and chemical composition of the materials, whereas surface roughness did not seem to influence their performance.     

Hot pressed silicon nitride as a rolling bearing material—a preliminary assessment

A simple, accelerated service-simulation test has been used to compare hotpressed silicon nitride in a preliminary manner with other materials under conditions of heavily loaded, lubricated, unlubricated and elevated temperature rolling contact. Under unlubricated ambient temperature conditions, hot-pressed silicon nitride was the best commercially available wear resistant material tested. Use of a solid lubricant eliminated the wear experienced at elevated temperature. Hot-pressed silicon nitride was not an effective rolling bearing material under heavily loaded lubricated conditions.     

Microstructure, toughness and flexural strength of self-reinforced silicon nitride ceramics doped with yttrium oxide and ytterbium oxide

Self-reinforced silicon nitride ceramics with additions of either yttrium oxide or ytterbium oxide have been investigated at room temperature after various processing heat treatments. Devitrification of the intergranular phase in these materials is very sensitive to the heat treatment used during processing and does not necessarily improve their strength and toughness. Hot-pressed ceramics without a subsequent devitrification heat treatment were the strongest. The ytterbium oxide-doped silicon nitride ceramics were consistently tougher, but less strong, than the yttrium oxide-doped silicon nitride ceramics. In all the ceramics examined, the fracture toughness showed evidence for R -curve behaviour. This was most significant in pressureless sintered ytterbium oxide-doped silicon nitride ceramics. A number of toughening mechanisms, including crack deflection, bridging, and fibre-like grain pull-out, were observed during microstructural analysis of the ceramics. In common with other silicon nitride-based ceramics, thin amorphous films were found at the grain boundaries in each of the ceramics examined. Arrays of dislocations left in the elongated silicon nitride grains after processing were found to belong to the {101¯0}<0001> primary slip system.     

Ceramic Response to High Speed Grinding

Material response was investigated with respect to normal grinding forces, surface roughness, and removal mechanisms in grinding of alumina, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and zircona with a resin-bond 160 μm grit diamond wheel at the grinding speeds of upto 160 m/s. The results reveal that the normal grinding forces decreased significantly with an increase in grinding speed; they also increased substantially with an increase in a complex relation of the ceramic hardness and toughness. High speed grinding produced a reduction in surface roughness for silicon carbide and alumina but gave no improvement for zirconia and silicon nitride. Also the surface roughness in high speed grinding was found to be material-dependent that the ground silicon nitride exhibited much smoother than the other ground ceramics. The influence of grinding speed on material removal mechanisms was analyzed in terms of grinding geometry and ceramic material properties.