冷喷涂制备防腐涂层研究现状

针对海洋环境中各类钢铁构件日益严重的腐蚀现状,鉴于传统热喷涂技术无法解决涂层孔隙率高、热应力大等缺陷,冷喷涂技术制备防腐涂层受到国内外越来越多学者的关注。在分析大量文献的基础上,对冷喷涂制备防腐涂层的研究现状进行了分类和总结。首先,对比传统热喷涂技术特点,指出冷喷涂技术制备金属涂层、复合涂层以及非金属防腐涂层的优势和可行性,同时从电化学腐蚀角度揭示金属涂层和复合涂层的防腐机理,并简述了前人对非金属涂层防腐机理的各种合理分析。其次,从涂层孔隙率、电化学性质(包括自腐蚀电位、腐蚀电流等)以及特定应用环境下的腐蚀试验等防腐性能表征入手,归纳了冷喷涂制备的金属涂层、非金属涂层以及复合涂层等研究成果,并发现冷喷涂制备防腐涂层技术正在逐渐走向成熟,相对于金属和复合涂层,非金属涂层正在从实验室研发阶段向工业应用过渡。最后,分析了冷喷涂制备防腐涂层当前存在的主要问题和应用前景。     

WC-Co复合粉末的原位合成及于硬质合金涂层制备中的应用

目的为解决超细/纳米WC-Co热喷涂时易于脱碳等瓶颈问题,制备具有高的硬度、断裂韧性、耐磨性和表面质量等优异综合性能的超细及纳米结构硬质合金涂层,并推广其在工业领域中的应用。方法以原位合成技术批量制备的超细/纳米WC-Co复合粉末为原料,利用团聚造粒技术制备得到具有高球形度和致密性,并保持原有超细/纳米结构的喷涂喂料粉末,利用超音速火焰喷涂工艺制备低脱碳、高致密的超细结构WC基涂层。结果降低喂料粉末孔隙度可有效减少涂层中W2C等脱碳相的含量,在优化工艺下制备的超细结构WC基涂层的硬度达到1450HV0.3以上,韧性相对于常规微米结构涂层提高40%以上,在两种载荷和磨料条件下均表现出更高的耐磨性。结论利用原位反应技术批量合成的超细/纳米WC-Co复合粉制备的硬质合金涂层具有优良的综合性能,可应用于对涂层的硬度、耐磨性、强韧性配合和表面质量有较高要求的工况。     

冷喷涂设备及冷喷涂技术应用研究进展

冷喷涂技术相比于传统热喷涂技术有许多优势,例如喷涂温度低,涂层氧含量低,孔隙率低,在喷涂过程中不易发生氧化、烧损、相变等现象,这使得传统喷涂技术难以制备的氧敏感、热敏感、非晶、纳米材料涂层成为可能。从冷喷涂技术原理出发,介绍了各类冷喷涂设备及冷喷涂涂层的沉积机理,详细阐述了冷喷涂涂层结合机理和结合方式(机械咬合、物理结合、冶金结合、化学结合),介绍了各类冷喷涂装备(高压和低压冷喷涂系统、真空冷喷涂系统、激光辅助冷喷涂系统、静电辅助冷喷涂系统、脉冲气体冷喷涂系统和激波风洞冷喷涂系统)及其研究现状。综述了近几年冷喷涂技术在防腐涂层、耐磨涂层、生物医用、抗菌涂层、电子工业、功能涂层、修复与再制造等领域的研究和应用现状,最后对冷喷涂技术的应用和发展前景进行了展望。     

铜基自润滑涂层的研究进展

相比于传统的润滑油、润滑脂,固体润滑剂能够满足极端条件下的润滑要求.向铜基体中掺入固体润滑剂、合适的增强相颗粒,能形成铜基自润滑复合涂层,可以显著提高铜基涂层的减摩耐磨性.在国内外铜基自润滑复合涂层已有研究的基础上,首先综述了铜基自润滑复合涂层的材料体系,即常用固体润滑剂和增强相的适用范围及其作用机理.润滑性能与强度配合协调的问题是铜基自润滑涂层的一个研究关键.然后介绍了制备铜基自润滑复合涂层的传统"热"技术,如粉末冶金、激光熔覆、热喷涂等,但都具有一定的局限性.对比发现,"低温"条件下进行的冷喷涂技术,在制备铜基自润滑涂层方面具有传统涂层制备技术不可替代的优势,可有效克服"热"技术问题,拥有极大的潜在应用价值.要获得厚度大、结合强度高、自润滑性能好且能适应复杂严苛服役环境的涂层,面临着巨大挑战,所以急需研发多润滑相/增强相新型涂层,或尝试冷喷涂复合加工技术.     

爆炸喷涂技术的现状及应用

介绍了爆炸喷涂技术的原理、特点、设备及应用领域。爆炸喷涂是热喷涂领域国内外公认的高新技术,与其它热喷涂方法相比,具有涂层结合强度高、孔隙率低、硬度高、耐磨性好等优异的性能。爆炸喷涂作为一种制备优质涂层的工艺,在现代工业的各个领域得到越来越广泛的应用。     

冷喷涂制备金属涂层及其在增材制造应用中的研究进展

冷喷涂由于具有粉末加热温度低、涂层中氧含量及孔隙率较常规热喷涂涂层显著降低等特点,而广泛应用于制备各种类型的涂层或块体材料。近年来,冷喷涂设备及工艺的改善使其在增材制造和零件修复方面也具有极大的应用前景。综述了冷喷涂制备高性能软质相金属和硬质相金属/非金属涂层的研究进展,重点围绕原始颗粒结构、冷喷涂工艺参数、添加第二相和后处理手段对涂层制备及性能优化的效果进行总结,并对冷喷涂制备复合涂层的结合机理进行了阐述,包括软质相颗粒形成单一涂层和添加硬质相颗粒复合涂层的结合机理,且涂层中颗粒之间的结合主要为机械结合、物理结合、冶金结合和化学结合中的一种或多种结合形式。同时,介绍了冷喷涂技术在增材制造领域和零件修复方面的研究进展和存在的问题。最后,分析总结了冷喷涂的应用前景和存在的问题。     

冷喷涂沉积纳米结构涂层研究进展

纳米结构涂层因具有良好的耐磨性、耐高温、光催化活性及仿生性能等性能,在材料表面改性方面具有重要的应用价值。冷喷涂作为一种低温沉积技术可避免晶粒粗化,保持纳米结构涂层的特性。概述了冷喷涂的工作原理及沉积机理,介绍了影响冷喷涂沉积纳米结构涂层的主要工艺参数和冷喷涂辅助技术;分别从热障涂层、耐磨涂层、光催化涂层、仿生涂层方面阐述了冷喷涂沉积纳米结构涂层的研究进展。并对冷喷涂纳米结构涂层的发展前景进行了展望。     

再生WC-Co复合粉及高耐磨性硬质合金涂层的制备

以WC-6Co废旧硬质合金块体和Co_3O_4粉末为原料,采用氧化-还原碳化法制备再生WC-12Co复合粉,将复合粉经过造粒和热处理制备再生热喷涂喂料,进而采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)制备再生WC-Co硬质合金涂层,比较再生硬质合金涂层和商业购买热喷涂喂料制备涂层的显微组织、耐磨性及其机制。结果表明:当配碳量为16.70%(质量分数)时,再生复合粉的碳含量适中;制备的再生热喷涂喂料由WC和Co相组成,热喷喂料球形度好,粒径分布均匀,平均粒径为23μm;再生WC-12Co硬质合金涂层的结构致密,WC晶粒尺寸分布均匀。与商业化热喷涂粉制备涂层显微组织和性能相比,再生涂层的磨粒磨损性能明显优于商业喷涂粉制备涂层的,其根本原因是两者的磨损机制不同。     

激光复合热喷涂技术制备陶瓷基涂层研究现状

当下我国航空航天、轨道交通、海洋钻探等先进制造业取得了迅猛发展,装备关键零部件面临高温、重载、强蚀等极端复杂的表界面问题,迫切需要开发新型表面涂层技术和先进材料体系解决工业界面临的困境。激光复合热喷涂技术具有热喷涂和激光熔覆2种工艺的优点,在制备低缺陷–强结合–高性能陶瓷基复合涂层方面具有独特优势,可以显著提升装备零部件表面的耐磨、耐蚀和抗氧化等性能。首先从涂层的组织形貌、腐蚀、抗氧化及抗热震性能方面阐述了激光重熔对等离子喷涂YSZ陶瓷涂层的影响机制。其次梳理了激光重熔工艺对等离子喷涂Al₂O₃基陶瓷涂层在显微结构、硬度、耐磨和抗热震性能方面的研究成果;总结了激光重熔对以Co-WC和NiCr-Cr₃C₂为典型材料体系的陶瓷/金属复合涂层结构和性能的影响;总结了激光重熔/原位辅助冷喷涂陶瓷基涂层(B4C/Ti+Al等)和原位辅助等离子喷涂陶瓷基涂层(WC基等)的组织和性能特点。最后指出,探寻更多涂层材料体系、研发激光复合热喷涂新技术和实现成形工艺自主智能优化等是激光复合热喷涂陶瓷基涂层技术未来的重点发...     

热喷涂制备 TiO2 光催化涂层研究进展

TiO2光催化剂因其利用可持续的太阳光进行光催化反应,在环境保护、医疗卫生等领域具有潜在的应用价值,近年来引起了研究者的广泛关注。目前,颗粒状TiO2催化剂获得了一定的实际应用,但在液相中使用后需要回收,不仅增加了工艺的复杂性,而且提高了设备等成本的投入。负载型催化剂和涂层技术是将TiO2固定在载体上,可有效避免颗粒状催化剂难回收的问题。在众多涂层制备技术中,热喷涂技术可快速高效大面积地制备TiO2光催化涂层,且涂层机械性能优异,喷涂成本低廉,因而使TiO2的工业化制备和应用更具前景。综述了近年来国内外制备TiO2涂层常用的传统热喷涂技术、改进后的液相热喷涂技术和冷喷涂技术,并论述了影响TiO2光催化性能的材料相组分、涂层结构和元素掺杂等因素,总结了相应的性能改进措施,指出了目前TiO2光催化涂层的应用研究存在的问题和研究方向。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.