光纤激光淬火对凸轮用45钢表面磨损性能的影响

为了提升凸轮表面耐磨性,采用YLS-4000型光纤激光器通过不同的激光功率对基体材料45钢表面进行激光淬火。通过SEM观察激光淬火前后材料表面和界面形貌,金相显微镜观察组织形貌,通过HVS-1000A型显微硬度仪测试了试样表面硬度,并测试了试样的摩擦因数和磨损形貌。结果表明:淬火层界面显微组织为淬火马氏体及少量残余奥氏体,在激光功率1 000~1 800 W时分别获得淬硬层深度为0.3~0.8mm的单道热影响区;淬硬层硬度分布基本均匀,平均硬度约为547~765HV,比基体硬度提高了2~3倍,激光淬火后组织细化和形成大量马氏体是硬度提高的主要原因;在一定激光功率范围内(1 200~1 800 W),激光淬硬层的抗磨损性能比基体有较大的提升,且当激光功率为1 600 W时能获得最佳的磨损性能。     

17-4PH不锈钢离子渗氮工艺研究

研究了17-4PH马氏体沉淀硬化型不锈钢的离子渗氮工艺。结果表明,当离子渗氮温度为500℃,N2:H2=1:3时,17-4PH马氏体不锈钢的渗层表面硬度可达1324 HV0.1,渗氮层深度为0.12mm,基体硬度达到38.3 HRC。     

F51双相不锈钢离子渗氮层的组织与性能

目的提高F51双相不锈钢的硬度以及耐磨性能。方法将F51双相不锈钢进行低温(450℃)和高温(550℃)离子渗氮处理,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察F51双相不锈钢渗氮层的微观组织,利用X射线衍射(XRD)方法对渗氮层沿深度方向相组成的变化进行分析,采用显微硬度计、摩擦磨损实验机分别对渗氮层的显微硬度及耐磨性能进行测试,采用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(LSCM)对磨痕形貌进行观察。结果F51双相不锈钢低温渗氮层主要由N相组成,由表及里为N N+N(少量);高温渗氮层主要由CrN+N相组成,由表及里为CrN+N N+N。高温渗氮层厚度约为低温渗氮层厚度的3倍。低温渗氮样品的平均表面硬度约为基体表面硬度的3.5倍;高温渗氮样品的平均表面硬度约为基体硬度的4倍。基体的摩擦系数约为0.71,低温和高温渗氮处理后样品的摩擦系数大大降低,分别为0.24和0.17。渗氮样品磨痕的宽度和深度较基体显著降低。结论F51双相不锈钢低温渗氮层主要由N相组成,高温渗氮层主要由CrN+N相组成,两种温度渗氮后的样品硬度和耐磨性均得到显著提高。     

激光合金化对304不锈钢表面磨损性能的影响

采用激光合金化技术在304不锈钢表面制备了具有TaC的合金化层。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、显微硬度计及摩擦磨损试验机等研究了激光功率对激光合金化层的物相组成、显微组织、显微硬度及磨损性能的影响。研究表明:合金化层的主要物相组成为TaC、FeNi和Cr_7C_3。在激光功率P=1000 W,扫描速度υ=1.5 mm/s时,合金化层的显微硬度最大,其平均显微硬度为1166.3 HV0.05,约是基体的3.43倍,其耐磨性约为304不锈钢基体的2倍。     

激光气体渗氮工艺对TC4钛合金表面性能的影响

钛合金属于粘性材料,易发生粘着磨损,为提高钛合金件作为摩擦副使用时的寿命,需提高钛合金表面硬度及耐磨性。利用连续激光器在TC4合金表面进行激光气体渗氮,生成金黄色的氮化层。用SEM、EDS、XRD分析试样渗氮层的微观组织、元素分布以及物质组成。结果表明,经激光气体渗氮后在TC4表面生成了以Ti N为增强相的改性层,并且在未渗氮区有黑色粉末状Ti N生成。表层由氮化层、热影响区及母材组成。渗氮层与基材发生冶金结合,结合强度高,不易剥落。随着激光功率的提升,渗氮层厚度及硬度都有所增加。当功率为1 200 W时,钛合金表面渗氮层最高硬度超过1 800 HV0.3,渗氮层厚度也最大。在氮气流量为10 L/min时整个渗氮层中氮元素的含量相对较高。经过激光气体表面渗氮后渗氮层的摩擦系数较基体材料摩擦系数有明显降低,耐磨性更好。     

45Mn钢发动机链板激光淬火表面的组织及力学性能

针对大型船舶发动机链条内外链板之间磨损严重的问题,提出采用激光淬火表面改性技术来提高链板表面力学性能的方法,并对45Mn钢表面进行单道和多道激光淬火试验,分析了其激光淬火后的显微组织和硬度变化规律。结果表明,单道激光淬火后形成了以板条马氏体与细小马氏体为主的相变硬化区。当激光功率为300～900 W、扫描速度为5～20 mm/s时,45Mn钢单道激光淬火后的表面硬度为850～950 HV,有效硬化深度约为0.63 mm,在基本没有改变表面粗糙度的前提下降低磨损体积,为未激光淬火时的45.1%～53.0%。多道搭接激光淬火形成以回火马氏体为主的软化区。经搭接率为30%的多道激光淬火后45Mn钢表面硬度较为平均,回火软化区的宽度为0.68 mm。     

激光功率对17-4PH丝材激光熔覆组织及硬度的影响

目的 研究激光功率对17-4PH不锈钢丝材激光熔覆组织及硬度的影响,以确定最佳激光熔覆功率,为17-4PH不锈钢丝材激光熔覆的应用提供参考.方法 在27SiMn钢活塞杆表面,对17-4PH不锈钢丝材进行了不同激光功率熔覆试验,利用金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜表征不同激光功率熔覆层的微观组织,使用硬度计测量不同激光功率熔覆层和基体的硬度.结果 当激光功率分别为1600、1800、2000、2200 W时,熔覆层的高度由1119μm降低到1006μm,基体的穿透深度和热影响区宽度都随激光功率的增加而增大,熔覆层的组织主要为较短无方向性的板条马氏体.当激光功率为2400、3000 W时,熔覆层的高度、基体的穿透深度和热影响区宽度均随激光功率的增大而增加,最大值分别达到1119、310、638μm,熔覆层的组织主要由具有方向取向的板条马氏体组成,靠近基材的位置由晶粒细小而致密的等轴晶组成,随着激光功率的增加,熔覆层弥散析出的沉淀颗粒越来越多.此外,熔覆层和热影响区的显微硬度均高于基体,随着激光功率的增加,熔覆层的显微硬度明显增大,最高可达479.4HV0.2.结论 综合考虑激光功率对17-4PH不锈钢丝材激光熔覆组织及硬度的影响,2600 W为最佳激光熔覆功率.     

低温离子硬化处理对AISI 420不锈钢组织与性能的影响

研究了低温离子渗氮、离子氮碳共渗和离子渗碳硬化处理对AISI 420马氏体不锈钢的显微组织、表面硬度、耐蚀性、耐磨性的影响。结果表明,离子渗氮、氮碳共渗和离子渗碳处理都可提高马氏体不锈钢的表面硬度;经不同工艺处理后的试样,除500 ℃×4 h渗氮工艺外,其他不锈钢试样表面的耐蚀性均未出现明显降低,当渗氮温度过高（500 ℃）时,由于CrN的析出使得渗氮层的耐蚀性显著下降;磨损试验的结果表明,离子渗碳处理后硬化层的耐磨性最佳。     

3Cr2W8V模具钢激光熔凝＋渗氮复合处理的组织与耐磨性研究

采用横流CO2激光器对3Cr2W8V热作模具钢表面进行激光熔凝处理,然后对激光处理后的试样进行QPQ盐浴渗氮复合处理.用电子显微镜观察了复合处理后3Cr2W8V钢试样的金相组织,并通过划痕硬度试验和磨损试验测试了QPQ盐浴渗氮试样和经激光熔凝处理再进行QPQ盐浴渗氮试样的硬度和耐磨性.结果表明,经过激光熔凝处理的试样具有更好的渗氮效果,在渗氮时间相同的条件下,经激光熔凝处理冉进行QPQ盐浴渗氮复合处理的试样渗氮层更深,划痕硬度和耐磨性较未采用激光处理直接渗氮的试样都有较大幅度地提高,其中划痕硬度平均提高了15.6%,耐磨性平均提高了47.9%.预先激光熔凝再盐浴渗氮的复合处理工艺町以较大幅度地提高工件表面的耐磨性.     

1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢的真空固溶渗氮处理

为了提高表面硬度和耐磨性,对1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢进行真空固溶渗氮处理。采用金相显微镜,X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计和耐磨试验机分析了渗氮层的组织与性能。结果表明,1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢经1 050℃真空固溶渗氮8 h后,获得了由γ′-Fe4N、CrN及含氮奥氏体组成的渗氮层;渗氮层组织致密,表面硬度为900~950 HV,有效渗层深度200μm以上;合金耐磨性得到改善,磨损失重仅为基体合金的1/26。     

渗扩时间比对AISI 316不锈钢渗氮层组织与性能的影响

采用真空两段渗氮工艺,在不同的强渗、扩散时间下对AISI 316不锈钢进行渗氮处理,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、光学显微镜(OM)、显微硬度测试和摩擦磨损试验等分析了渗氮层的组织和性能。结果表明,经过12 h的真空渗氮后,AISI 316不锈钢表面形成了一层由γ′-Fe₄N、ε-Fe_2-3N和CrN等相组成的渗氮层,其表面硬度和耐磨性能相较于基体均有明显的提高。其中,渗扩时间比为1∶1(强渗6 h、扩散6 h)时的渗层厚度约为96 μm,表面硬度约为1069 HV0.5,是基体表面硬度的4.5倍,在20 N载荷下的磨损量约为基体的1/3;渗扩时间比为1∶2(强渗4 h、扩散8 h)时的渗层厚度约为120 μm,ε-Fe_2-3N相衍射峰增强,在20 N载荷下的磨损量约为基体的1/30。延长扩散时间能增加渗氮层厚度,改善表面形貌,进一步提高不锈钢的耐磨性。     

Improvement of corrosion and wear resistances of AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel using plasma nitriding at low temperature

The influence of low temperature plasma nitriding on the wear and corrosion resistance of AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel was investigated. Plasma nitriding experiments were carried out with DC-pulsed plasma in 25% N₂ + 75% H₂ atmosphere at 350 °C, 450 °C and 550 °C for 15 h. The composition, microstructure and hardness of the nitrided samples were examined. The wear resistances of plasma nitrided samples were determined with a ball-on-disc wear tester. The corrosion behaviors of plasma nitrided AISI420 stainless steel were evaluated using anodic polarization tests and salt fog spray tests in the simulated industrial environment.The results show that plasma nitriding produces a relatively thick nitrided layer consisting of a compound layer and an adjacent nitrogen diffusion layer on the AISI 420 stainless steel surface. Plasma nitriding not only increases the surface hardness but also improves the wear resistance of the martensitic stainless steel. Furthermore, the anti-wear property of the steel nitrided at 350 °C is much more excellent than that at 550 °C. In addition, the corrosion resistance of AISI420 martensitic stainless steel is considerably improved by 350 °C low temperature plasma nitriding. The improved corrosion resistance is considered to be related to the combined effect of the solid solution of Cr and the high chemical stable phases of ?-Fe₃N and α_N formed on the martensitic stainless steel surface during 350 °C low temperature plasma nitriding. However, plasma nitriding carried out at 450 °C or 550 °C reduces the corrosion resistance of samples, because of the formation of CrN and leading to the depletion of Cr in the solid solution phase of the nitrided layer.     

Corrosion properties of plasma nitrided AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel in 3.5% NaCl and 1% HCl aqueous solutions

Samples of an AISI 410 martensitic stainless steel were plasma nitrided at a temperature of 420 °C, 460 °C or 500 °C for 20 h. The composition, microstructure and hardness of the nitrided samples were characterised using a variety of analytical techniques. In particular, the corrosion properties of the untreated and plasma nitrided samples were evaluated using anodic polarisation tests in 3.5% NaCl solution and immersion tests in 1% HCl acidic water solution. The results showed that plasma nitriding produced a relatively thick nitrided case consisting of a compound layer and a nitrogen diffusion layer on the 410 stainless steel surface. Plasma nitriding not only increased the surface hardness but also improved the corrosion resistance of the martensitic stainless steel. In the immersion test, nitrided samples showed lower weight loss and lower corrosion rate than untreated one. In the electrochemical corrosion tests, the nitrided samples showed higher corrosion potentials, higher pitting potentials and greatly reduced current densities. The improved corrosion resistance was believed to be related to the iron nitride compound layer formed on the martensitic stainless steel surface during plasma nitriding, which protected the underlying metal from corrosive attack under the testing conditions.     

液压柱塞泵用30CrMoV9钢的调质与气体渗氮工艺

为提高液压柱塞泵用30CrMoV9钢的综合性能及表面的耐磨性和抗疲劳性,对30CrMoV9钢的调质工艺及粗加工后的气体渗氮工艺进行了研究,对调质硬度、渗氮层深度、渗氮后的显微组织、渗氮层硬度等进行了测试。结果表明,经900 ℃淬火及630～640 ℃的回火处理后,30CrMoV9钢可满足硬度在28~35 HRC的要求;调质态30CrMoV9钢进行气体渗氮处理后,表面平均硬度可达750 HV0.5以上,可有效提高零件的接触疲劳强度。     

The corrosion and corrosion-wear behaviour of plasma nitrided 17-4PH precipitation hardening stainless steel

Plasma surface nitriding of 17-4 PH martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steels was conducted at 350 °C, 420 °C and 500 °C for 10 h using a DC plasma nitriding unit, and the surface properties of the plasma surface engineered samples were systematically evaluated. Experimental results have shown that the surface properties of the plasma nitrided layers in terms of hardness, wear resistance, corrosion behaviour and corrosion-wear resistance are highly process condition dependent, and it is feasible to provide considerable improvement in wear, corrosion and corrosion-wear resistance of 17-4PH steel using optimised plasma treatment conditions. All three treatments can effectively improve the surface hardness and the sliding wear resistance under unlubricated conditions; high temperature (420 °C and 500 °C) treated materials revealed improved corrosion and corrosion-wear properties due to the formation of surface compound layers.     

304 不锈钢低温离子渗氮及氮碳共渗处理

目的研究304不锈钢离子渗氮层和氮碳共渗层的组织、硬度及耐磨、耐蚀性能,并考察渗层的磨损机理。方法利用离子渗氮及氮碳共渗工艺在304不锈钢表面获得硬化层,利用XRD,OM及共聚焦显微镜、显微硬度仪、电化学测试仪,分析处理前后渗层的组织、相结构及渗层的硬度及耐磨耐蚀性能。结果 304不锈钢氮碳共渗和渗氮层主要为S相层,在相同工艺条件下,氮碳共渗工艺获得的渗层为γN+γC的复合渗层,且厚度大于单一渗氮层。渗氮层和氮碳共渗层硬度约为基体硬度的3.5倍。在干滑动摩擦条件下,氮碳共渗层比渗氮层具有更好的耐磨性能;渗氮层的磨损机理为磨粒磨损的犁沟效应和断裂,氮碳共渗层的磨损机理为磨粒磨损的犁沟和微切削。电化学测试表明,渗氮层和氮碳共渗层的耐蚀性能均优于基体。结论 304不锈钢在420℃进行离子渗氮和氮碳共渗处理后,硬度和耐磨性能可大幅提高,且氮碳共渗处理效果更佳。     

马氏体不锈钢不同渗氮方法对比试验

采用离子渗氮、液体渗氮及气体渗氮对耐蚀耐热马氏体型热稳定不锈钢1Cr12Ni2WMoVNb进行表面改性,研究了不同渗氮方法下不锈钢的硬度、组织形貌、物相变化及脆性,并对3种渗氮方法下不锈钢的耐蚀性及耐高温磨损性能进行了比较。结果表明:3种渗氮方法均可大幅度提高不锈钢的表面硬度,且不同渗氮处理后不锈钢的渗层组织结构大致相同,但表面物相有所差异,离子渗氮后的表面物相主要为Fe₄N及少量CrN相,液体渗氮后为Fe₃O₄及ε相,气体渗氮后为Fe₃O₄、Fe₄N及少量ε相;3种渗氮方法均可提高不锈钢的耐磨损性能,特别是在500~600 ℃下的高温耐磨性得到了大幅提升,但不锈钢渗氮后的耐蚀性均有所降低。     

Effects of Temperature on Microstructure and Wear of Salt Bath Nitrided 17-4PH Stainless Steel

Salt bath nitriding of 17-4 PH martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steels was conducted at 610, 630, and 650?°C for 2?h using a complex salt bath heat-treatment, and the properties of the nitrided surface were systematically evaluated. Experimental results revealed that the microstructure and phase constituents of the nitrided surface alloy are highly process condition dependent. When 17-4PH stainless steel was subjected to complex salt bathing nitriding, the main phase of the nitrided layer was expanded martensite (????), expanded austenite (??_N), CrN, Fe₄N, and (Fe,Cr) _x O _y . In the sample nitrided above 610?°C, the expanded martensite transformed into expanded austenite. But in the sample nitrided at 650?°C, the expanded austenite decomposed into ??_N and CrN. The decomposed ??_N then disassembled into CrN and alpha again. The nitrided layer depth thickened intensively with the increasing nitriding temperature. The activation energy of nitriding in this salt bath was 125?±?5?kJ/mol.     

Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel by Plasma Nitriding at Low Temperature

A series of experiments were carried out to study the influence of low temperature plasma nitriding on the mechanical properties of AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel. Plasma nitriding experiments were carried out for 15 h at 350℃ by means of DC- pulsed plasma in 25%N2＋ 75%H2 atmosphere. The microstructure, phase composition, and residual stresses profiles of the nitrided layers were determined by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The microhardness profiles of the nitridied surfaces were also studied. The fatigue life, sliding wear, and erosion wear loss of the untreated specimens and plasma nitriding specimens were determined on the basis of a rotating bending fatigue tester, a ball-on-disc wear tester, and a solid particle erosion tester. The results show that the 350℃ nitrided surface is dominated by c-Fe3N and ON, which is supersaturated nitrogen solid solution. They have high hardness and chemical stabilities. So the low temperature plasma nitriding not only increases the surface hardness values but also improves the wear and erosion resistance. In addition, the fatigue limit of AISI 420 steel can also be improved by plasma nitriding at 350℃ because plasma nitriding produces residual compressive stress inside the modified layer.