后生元和类生元的研究进展

随着益生菌领域研究的不断深入,近年来后生元（postbiotics）及类生元（paraprobiotics）成分受到业界的广泛关注。后生元是益生菌在无细胞的上清液中分泌的代谢产物的复杂混合物;类生元是益生菌的灭活微生物细胞或粗细胞提取物。后生元及类生元具有一定的益生作用,该文从概念、生物活性及其在食品及相关医药产品的应用等方面对后生元及类生元进行介绍。     

后生元的制备方法及其应用

人体微生物组对人体短期和长期的健康都至关重要。微生物组和免疫系统的早期发育息息相关,并决定了成年期的免疫功能、肠道微生物组和整体健康状况。近年来益生菌类产品数量激增,这些产品宣称能影响人体不同部位微生物组的组成和功能,从而改善人体健康。这些产品的类型主要包括益生菌、益生元、合生制剂以及后生元等。随着人们对微生物与健康研究越来越密切,后生元一词在许多文献和产品在出现频繁。人们开始总结后生元的定义及其包含的成分。基于国内外研究的现状,将后生元定义为对宿主健康有益的遗传背景明确的灭活微生物和/或菌体成分,包括或不包括菌体代谢产物的制品;化学合成的成分以及病毒/噬菌体及其产物除外。本文综述了后生元的定义,并对后生元的灭活方式进行总结,还探讨了后生元对宿主-微生物的作用中起到的影响,及在食品行业的应用发展,为后生元在今后食品行业中的发展提供参考。     

后生元在肠道健康中的研究进展

后生元是指对宿主起有益作用的灭活菌或菌体成分。相对于益生菌来说,后生元既具有益生菌调节肠道健康的益生功能,同时又有良好的安全性、且成本相对低廉,是一种可替代益生菌安全有效的潜在肠道调节佐剂。本文对后生元的组成成分、对人体健康的益生作用及其在肠道健康方面的应用研究现状进行了阐述,对后生元改善儿童轮状病毒肠炎、炎症性肠病、肠应激综合征、结直肠癌以及新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的肠道健康等相关研究进行了归纳总结,以期为其通过肠-肺轴,肠-脑轴等多器官轴的生物活性作用在预防相关疾病方面的实际应用提供参考。     

后生元的研究进展

益生菌是对宿主健康有益的活性微生物,后生元是对宿主健康有益的无生命微生物和/或其成分.文章结合近年来对后生元的研究成果,综述了后生元在调节免疫、缓减过敏症状、调节胃肠道功能、抗氧化、抗炎症,以及降血糖、预防龋齿、抗肿瘤、降血压等方面的功能特性,同时概述了其可能的作用机制.与活菌相比,后生元具有安全、稳定、易于储运等优势...     

乳酸菌代谢低聚果糖/菊粉途径及机理的研究进展

合生元又称合生素,指益生元与益生菌结合使用的生物制剂（微生态制剂）,近年来,越来越多研究表明合生元具有多种益处,益生元和益生菌的选择对其最终效果起着至关重要的作用。低聚果糖和菊粉是合生元中常见的益生元,可被肠道内的乳酸菌选择性吸收,通过促进益生菌增殖的方式来改善机体健康。本文综述了乳酸菌对低聚果糖和菊粉的代谢差异及代谢途径,并从分子水平阐述水解酶、转运系统、调控蛋白的作用机制,以期为探明乳酸菌调控低聚果糖和菊粉的代谢网络提供依据;同时总结了近年来低聚果糖/菊粉合生元的应用,为益生元与益生菌的进一步联用提供参考。     

潜在益生乳酸菌分离和鉴定研究进展

利用益生菌提高人类健康水平是当前营养健康领域最具前景的方向之一。乳酸菌是食品中常用的益生菌,迄今为止,联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）和世界卫生组织（WHO）推荐仅从人的胃肠道分离的乳酸菌可在食品中使用。而越来越多的研究从食品来源中分离出具有益生功能的菌株以扩大益生菌的选择范围。随着分子生物学和检测分析等技术的发展,基质辅助激光解吸电离-飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF MS）、全基因组测序、实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（RT-FQ-PCR）等技术可以鉴定到亚种及菌株水平上的益生菌。鉴于分离鉴定技术是益生菌安全规范应用的先决条件,该文综述了近年来针对潜在益生乳酸菌有效分离和鉴定技术的研究进展,以期为我国益生乳酸菌自主开发利用提供借鉴。     

益生菌和益生元在功能性食品中的应用现状及展望

阐述了肠道为机体提供能量的功能及其重要性,肠道内的微生态系统与人体免疫和人体健康的重要关系.根据肠道中菌群的类别,着重介绍了肠道内益生菌的分类、功能及增加肠道益生菌的两种途径,这两种途径分别是进食含活性益生菌的食品和摄取益生元类的非活菌食品.根据这两种不同的增加肠道内益生菌的途径,调节肠道健康的功能性食品可分为两类,一类为添加益生菌的功能性食品,另一类是添加益生元的功能性食品.根据全球不同国家和地区的现状,本文对益生菌和益生元在各国功能食品中的应用情况进行分析、介绍和举例说明,发现虽然各国和地区在益生菌或益生元的使用量及使用领域存在较大差异,但益生菌和益生元的市场都呈现良好的增长趋势,最后本文展望了益生菌和益生元的在功能性食品中应用的发展趋势.     

益生菌/益生元对婴幼儿健康作用的研究进展

婴幼儿免疫系统发育不完全,抵抗力低,易患多种疾病,如腹泻、便秘、过敏性疾病等。目前益生菌/益生元调节肠道微生物菌群平衡,促进肠道健康功能已被临床试验证实,而在婴幼儿免疫功能、过敏性疾病方面预防与治疗方面观点不一。对益生菌/益生元在婴幼儿健康作用进行综述,阐明了婴幼儿常见疾病发病机理与治疗机制,为益生菌/益生元的实际应用提供些许参考。     

益生菌微胶囊技术及其在乳制品中的应用

益生菌具有多种对人体健康有益的生理功能,但是其对加工、贮存和胃肠道消化过程中的不利环境极为敏感,导致功能活性丧失,从而影响对人体益生功效的发挥。微胶囊技术可以作为一种保护益生菌的物理屏障,减少益生菌的损伤,使其到达特定位置释放并发挥作用。此外,益生菌与益生元/功能营养成分等的共包封也会增强益生菌的抗逆性。本综述对益生菌进行了简要介绍,重点总结了包封益生菌的微胶囊技术,并介绍了含有益生菌或益生元/营养物质的共包封系统的最新进展及其在乳制品当中的应用和发展趋势,为开发新型益生菌食品提供理论支持和参考。     

益生菌科学研究十大热点及行业发展建议

近年来,益生菌的益生功效被不断证实,益生菌与人体健康的研究受到全球关注。为聚焦当前益生菌科学的研究热点,对益生菌研究领域亟需破解的关键共性问题做出基本判断,本文基于前期对2001-2020年期间益生菌领域相关文献的统计分析,系统阐述了益生菌与人体消化道健康、免疫调节、代谢综合征、肠-X轴、膳食互作、后生元/类生元、新兴技术、食用安全以及精准益生菌和新一代益生菌的十大研究热点,并从工业技术、基础研究、标准法规、科普宣传4个方面给出相应的行业发展建议,以期为我国益生菌领域科学研究和行业发展提供参考。     

The future of functional food: Emerging technologies application on prebiotics,probiotics and postbiotics

This review was the first to gather literature about the effect of emerging technologies on probiotic, prebiotic, and postbiotic products. Applying emerging technologies to probiotic products can increase probiotic survival and improve probiotic properties (cholesterol attachment, adhesion to Caco-2 cells, increase angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities, and decrease systolic blood pressure). Furthermore, it can optimize the fermentation process, produce or maintain compounds of interest (bacteriocin, oligosaccharides, peptides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids), improve bioactivity (vitamin, aglycones, calcium), and sensory characteristics. Applying emerging technologies to prebiotic products did not result in prebiotic degradation. Still, it contributed to higher concentrations of bioactive compounds (citric and ascorbic acids, anthocyanin, polyphenols, flavonoids) and health properties (antioxidant activity and inhibition of ACE, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase). Emerging technologies may also be applied to obtain postbiotics with increased health effects. In this way, current studies suggest that emerging food processing technologies enhance the efficiency of probiotics and prebiotics in food. The information provided may help food industries to choose a more suitable technology to process their products and provide a basis for the most used process parameters. Furthermore, the current gaps are discussed. Emerging technologies may be used to process food products resulting in increased probiotic functionality, prebiotic stability, and higher concentrations of bioactive compounds. In addition, they can be used to obtain postbiotic products with improved health effects compared to the conventional heat treatment.     

后生元的研究进展

后生元指益生菌在发酵过程中产生的对健康有益的生物活性化合物（包括益生菌代谢物、细胞组分,或它们的混合物）,如短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids, SCFA)、色胺、肽、磷壁酸、肽聚糖、多糖、有机酸和脂质等。通过重点对后生元的产生途径、生产菌、生物活性、潜在作用机制以及其在食品中的应用前景概述表明,与益生菌相比,后生元具有化学结构清晰、安全剂量高、保质期长等优点;后生元具有抗炎、抑菌、免疫调节、抗氧化、抗肥胖、抗高血压、降血脂、保肝、促进伤口愈合等生物活性,在开发新型健康功能食品方面具有广阔前景,但其生理作用确切的机制尚未完全阐明。     

食品中后生元的研发和应用研究进展

后生元概念将原本混乱的灭活益生菌概念进行了统一,引起了更广泛的关注。目前,可制备后生元的菌株仍以传统益生菌为主,但随着下一代益生菌研究的深入,符合后生元概念的菌株也不断更新。首先,介绍了后生元最主要的健康功效是改善肠道健康,包括缓解肠道炎症、改善肠道菌群、缓解便秘等。其次,阐释了后生元还能够作用于其他组织,发挥改善代谢异常、维护口腔健康等功能。功效因子的揭示是阐明后生元多样化功能的关键。传统认为功效组分主要是细菌结构组分,如胞外多糖、肽聚糖等,然而近年来的研究证实短链脂肪酸、胞内蛋白、氨基酸代谢物等也发挥了重要的作用,后生元也被认为是多种功效组分的集合体。这也意味着它能够同时激活多类别的细胞表面受体,引发协同效应或交叉反应,从而发挥更直接、更广泛的生物活性作用。最后阐述了,从产业化角度,后生元有安全性更高、储运更方便、作用更直接等独特的优势,在功能性膳食补充剂、食品品质改良剂、防腐剂等方面具有很好的应用前景。但是,在产业转化过程中也出现了一些问题和困难,主要集中在后生元功效循证并不充分,配套的安全评估方法、定性定量检测方法欠缺、法律法规缺乏支撑等方面。     

Probiotics,prebiotics, and microencapsulation: A review

The development of a suitable technology for the production of probiotics is a key research for industrial production, which should take into account the viability and the stability of the organisms involved. Microbial criteria, stress tolerance during processing, and storage of the product constitute the basis for the production of probiotics. Generally, the bacteria belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been used as probiotics. Based on their positive qualities, probiotic bacteria are widely used in the production of food. Interest in the incorporation of the probiotic bacteria into other products apart from dairy products has been increasing and represents a great challenge. The recognition of dose delivery systems for probiotic bacteria has also resulted in research efforts aimed at developing probiotic food outside the dairy sector. Producing probiotic juices has been considered more in the recent years, due to an increased concern in personal health of consumers. This review focuses on probiotics, prebiotics, and the microencapsulation of living cells.     

益生菌干酪成熟过程中微生态变化的研究进展

随着人们健康意识及对益生菌产品需求的增强,有关益生菌干酪的研究和加工也不断增多。益生菌干酪在成熟过程中,由于受到益生菌的作用,干酪会发生一系列复杂的微生态理化反应,从而影响到产品的风味、质构、安全性和功能性等特性。本文重点综述了益生菌干酪在成熟过程中微生态变化的研究进展,包括益生菌在干酪基质中的存活、益生菌干酪在益生菌作用下发生的理化特性变化以及组学方法在益生菌干酪中的应用等,以期为提升干酪加工技术水平、推动益生菌干酪产品的研制以及促进我国干酪产业的发展提供参考。     

Recommendations for the viability assessment of probiotics as concentrated cultures and in food matrices

Due to the fact that probiotic cells need to be alive when they are consumed, culture-based analysis (plate count) is critical in ascertaining the quality (numbers of viable cells) of probiotic products. Since probiotic cells are typically stressed, due to various factors related to their production, processing and formulation, the standard methodology for total plate counts tends to underestimate the cell numbers of these products. Furthermore, products such as microencapsulated cultures require modifications in the release and sampling procedure in order to correctly estimate viable counts. This review examines the enumeration of probiotic bacteria in the following commercial products: powders, microencapsulated cultures, frozen concentrates, capsules, foods and beverages. The parameters which are specifically examined include: sample preparation (rehydration, thawing), dilutions (homogenization, media) and plating (media, incubation) procedures. Recommendations are provided for each of these analytical steps to improve the accuracy of the analysis. Although the recommendations specifically target the analysis of probiotics, many will apply to the analysis of commercial lactic starter cultures used in food fermentations as well.     

乳酸菌合成共轭亚油酸及其应用研究进展

共轭亚油酸(conjugated linoleic acid,CLA)是一种具有多种生理活性的功能性脂肪酸,在食品、保健品中具有广阔的应用前景。然而,天然来源的CLA含量很低,不能满足人类需求。乳酸菌可以合成CLA,且广泛用于食品加工领域,利用乳酸菌开发富含CLA的功能食品是当今的研究热点。为推动CLA功能食品的研究开发,该文对合成共轭亚油酸乳酸菌的研究进展、合成共轭亚油酸乳酸菌的益生性研究以及将产CLA乳酸菌应用到食品和饲料中的研究现状进行综述,并对利用乳酸菌合成CLA进而应用于功能食品进行展望。     

Where to Look into the Puzzle of Polyphenols and Health? The Postbiotics and Gut Microbiota Associated with Human Metabotypes

The full consensus on the role of dietary polyphenols as human‐health‐promoting compounds remains elusive. The two‐way interaction between polyphenols and gut microbiota (GM) (i.e., modulation of GM by polyphenols and their catabolism by the GM) is determinant in polyphenols’ effects. The identification of human metabotypes associated with a differential gut microbial metabolism of polyphenols has opened new research scenarios to explain the inter‐individual variability upon polyphenols consumption. The metabotypes unequivocally identified so far are those involved in the metabolism of isoflavones (equol and(or) O‐desmethylangolesin producers versus non‐producers) and ellagic acid (urolithin metabotypes, including producers of only urolithin‐A (UM‐A), producers of urolithin‐A, isourolithin‐A, and urolithin‐B (UM‐B), and non‐producers (UM‐0)). In addition, the microbial metabolites (phenolic‐derived postbiotics) such as equol, urolithins, valerolactones, enterolactone, and enterodiol, and 8‐prenylnaringenin, among others, can exert differential health effects. The knowledge is updated and position is taken here on i) the two‐way interaction between GM and polyphenols, ii) the evidence between phenolic‐derived postbiotics and health, iii) the role of metabotypes as biomarkers of GM and the clustering of individuals depending on their metabotypes (metabotyping) to explain polyphenols’ effects, and iv) the gut microbial metabolism of catecholamines to illustrate the intersection between personalized nutrition and precision medicine.     

Effect of encapsulation methods and materials on the survival and viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus: A review

Consumption of probiotics is an area of research that has rapidly expanded in the last years. Lactobacilli are one of the most important probiotic bacteria owing to their beneficial impacts on human health. The most important challenge is the survival of probiotics against several conditions during processing, as well as harsh environments during gastrointestinal digestion. As an alternative to the preservation of probiotic bacteria, different encapsulation processes have been proved. Several methods and materials are currently used for probiotic encapsulation, which influences the survivability of probiotics. Thus, this review aims to understand and summarise the effects of the methods and materials used in the encapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus, and its consequences on their survival and viability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Among several studies reported, the alginate capsules obtained by external ionic gelation through extrusion and chitosan coating showed the highest encapsulation yield of 99.33%. Lastly, future research directions on the topic are suggested.