热处理对超声喷丸TC4疲劳性能的影响

对TC4进行超声喷丸（USSP）处理得到表面梯度结构,并于350 ℃分别进行60、120、180和240 min热处理。采用光学显微镜（OM）表征其微观组织,X射线衍射仪（XRD）测得残余应力场分布;通过扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）分别对其疲劳断口形貌、裂纹源组织进行表征。结果表明,超声喷丸处理引入的残余应力场,随热处理时间的延长,残余应力特征参数值（σ_srs、σ_mrs、Z_m和Z₀）逐渐降低。原始试样疲劳裂纹从表层萌生,超声喷丸试样疲劳裂纹以单一裂纹源形式从次表层萌生,超声喷丸+热处理试样以多源裂纹形式从次表层萌生。     

用于乏核燃料后处理的商用 Zr702 在沸腾硝酸溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂行为

研究了商用Zr702在沸腾硝酸中应用于乏核燃料后处理工业的应力腐蚀开裂（SCC）行为和应力腐蚀敏感性（I_SCC）。使用独立设计的慢应变率拉伸（SSRT）系统在沸腾的硝酸中获得应变率为10^-5 s^-1的Zr702的应力-应变曲线。进行微观表征以及数值分析以量化Zr702的SCC行为。结果表明,随着HNO₃浓度的增加,Zr702的I_SCC由5%明显增加到26.67%。商用Zr702在沸腾HNO₃溶液中力学性能的急剧下降归因于试样表面的解理断裂,并且解理裂纹的深度随着HNO₃浓度的增加而增加。最后,提出了预测商业Zr702在沸腾HNO₃溶液中SCC行为的模型和方程。HNO₃浓度、I_SCC、断裂应力（σ_SCC）和解理裂纹深度（d_cc）之间的定量关系可以使用高阶回归方程来描述和预测。     

搅拌针长度对搅拌摩擦搭接焊铝合金/钢异种材料接头组织性能的影响

通过搅拌摩擦搭接焊接6061铝合金/QP980钢异种材料,讨论了搅拌针长度（1.5和2.1 mm）对焊接接头组织和性能的影响。结果表明,6061铝合金/QP980钢搅拌摩擦搭接焊接头分为3层结构：上层为铝合金层,中间层为Fe、Al及金属间化合物混合层状结构,下层为钢层。其中,当搅拌针长2.1 mm时,铝合金层含有散落的钢碎片。在中间层检测到2种金属间化合物,靠近Al的深灰色层为Fe₄Al₁₃相,靠近钢的是Fe₂Al₅相。随着搅拌针长度的增加,接头的失效载荷从4 kN降低到3 kN。短探针焊接的接头在接合界面处断裂,而长探针焊接的接头在铝和钢的混合区断裂。孔洞缺陷和钢碎片是导致断裂位置发生变化的主要原因。此外,嵌入铝基体中的铁屑在变形过程中起应力集中和裂纹萌生的作用,降低了接头的力学性能。     

基于内聚力模型的 γ-TiAl合金中 γ/γ 界面裂纹扩展的多尺度模型

通过建立多尺度模型预测γ-TiAl合金中裂纹的扩展行为。利用分子动力学（MD）建立了真孪晶（TT）γ/γ界面模型,得到了界面内聚力区域（CZM）的本构参数;采用Voronoi方法生成了多晶γ-TiAl合金介观模型,将CZM本构参数耦合到该模型中,得到了对应的不含缺陷、含钝裂纹和钝裂纹+中心空洞缺陷的临界应力断裂云图,利用几何相似性平均了多晶模型和整体裂纹拉伸关系曲线并分析了γ-TiAl合金的损伤机理;根据连续介质假说建立了宏观有限元模型（FEM）,通过对紧凑拉伸试样模拟给出了力-位移曲线并得到了材料的断裂韧性。最后,将宏观有限元模拟得到的裂纹扩展行为与实验结果进行比较,验证了该模型的有效性。结果表明：在晶粒数比例相同的情况下,缺陷对整个近γ结构的强度有着显著的敏感性,同时该多尺度方法可以有效地连接不同尺度并预测裂纹的扩展。     

耐腐蚀性能和拉伸性能提升的 α 型钛合金设计

通过2个电子参数（结合次数Bo_t和d轨道能级Md_t）提出了新设计的α型钛（α-Ti）合金。新设计合金Ti-5Al-4Zr-3.6Sn、改性合金Ti-5Al-3Sn-1.9Zr和参考合金Ti-5Al-2.5Sn具有相同的Bo_t值（3.847）以及不同的Md_t值（2.430,2.426,2.422）。测试了3种α-Ti合金的极限抗拉伸强度（σ_UTS）、断裂应变（?_f）和热盐腐蚀性能。3种α-Ti合金均采用冷坩埚悬浮熔炼技术进行制备。结果表明,3种合金样品均具有均匀的微观结构。在3种α-Ti合金中测量到的α单相晶粒尺寸约为600 μm。Ti-5Al-4Zr-3.6Sn合金的σ_UTS和?_f值为801 MPa和16%,Ti-5Al-3Sn-1.9Zr合金的σ_UTS和?_f值为708 MPa和15%,Ti-5Al-2.5Sn合金的σ_UTS和?_f值为603 MPa和15%。热盐腐蚀测试进行28.8 ks后显示Ti-5Al-4Zr-3.6Sn、Ti-5Al-3Sn-1.9Zr和Ti-5Al-2.5Sn合金的失重率为2.61%、2.83%和3.10%。σ_UTS、?_f和耐热盐腐蚀结果表明,新设计合金Ti-5Al-4Zr-3.6Sn是一种有实际应用潜力的钛合金材料。     

Ti 元素对B4C/Al复合材料力学性能的改善作用研究

B₄C/Al复合材料是目前最理想的中子吸收材料,广泛用于乏燃料储存。本文利用液态搅拌法制备B₄C/Al复合材料,通过添加Ti元素,探讨了界面反应对材料的界面结构和力学性能的影响。研究发现,Ti元素通过参与界面反应,改变了界面结构,在B₄C颗粒表面形成了紧密结合的纳米TiB₂界面层;Ti的添加消除了界面微裂纹、微孔、分离等缺陷。随着界面反应程度的加强,材料强度提高,尤其反应脱落的纳米TiB₂颗粒作为原位第二强化相进一步增强基体。B₄C/Al复合材料断裂过程表现为韧窝延性断裂;TiB₂界面层增强了B₄C颗粒与基体的结合,断裂行为从B₄C-Al界面脱落转变为B₄C颗粒断裂;但过渡的界面反应会形成微韧窝,引起材料延伸率下降。     

Al2O3陶瓷/AgCuTi/GH99高温合金的钎焊接头力学性能

采用AgCuTi钎料对Al₂O₃陶瓷与GH99高温合金进行了钎焊连接,研究了工艺参数(连接温度、保温时间)的变化对接头力学性能的影响,并分析了不同参数下接头的断裂位置,结果表明：保温5min时,在不同的连接温度下进行钎焊,随着连接温度的升高,接头的抗剪强度先增后减,在900℃时取得最大值,为127.24MPa,连接温度较低时,主要断裂于Al₂O₃/钎料侧,随着温度的升高,接头TiNi₃反应层增厚,因此还有部分断裂于TiNi₃反应层/钎料界面;在连接温度为900℃时,随着保温时间的延长,接头的抗剪强度逐渐降低,保温时间较短时,主要要断裂于Al₂O₃/钎料界面,保温时间过长,TiNi₃反应层延伸入钎料中部且厚度大大增加,在该反应层中产生微裂纹,造成接头强度大大降低,此时部分断裂于钎料中部及TiNi₃反应层中。     

钢/铝层状复合板的拉伸力学性能与界面失效过程EI北大核心CSCD

采用准静态拉伸实验研究钢/铝复合板在1×10^(-4)~1×10^(-2)s^(-1)应变速率范围的拉伸力学性能与变形行为,通过扫描电镜表征分析复合界面的组织演变与失效机理。结果表明:钢/铝轧制复合界面生成厚度约8μm、含有少量金属间化合物Fe_(2)Al_(5)和Fe_(4)Al_(13)的过渡层。复合板的强度与钢、铝层之间满足混合法则,界面具有强化作用但易产生微裂纹,界面断裂失效和基层应变硬化导致应力-应变曲线波动。高应变速率加载使界面层急剧断裂,曲线波动程度增大,但断口的界面分离程度减小。准静态拉伸过程,钢/铝界面最先萌生裂纹,层间附加应力引起界面裂纹长大并扩展至铝层内部,钢层随后颈缩导致复合板断裂失效。提高钢/铝界面的结合强度可以改善层状复合板的变形协调性和力学性能。     

铝/钢爆炸复合板界面的韧化作用

研究双金属复合板韧化时 ,可利用纯铝作为界面层 ,以铝的力学性能数据分析界面的开裂 ,可得出定量分析结果。研究表明 ,垂直界面疲劳裂纹导致的分层开裂为低周疲劳。裂纹进入下一层材料 ,转向主应力面 ,是疲劳裂纹再萌生过程。低周疲劳裂纹扩展和转入下层时裂纹再萌生的能量即为对外韧化的贡献。     

简单退火和多重热处理对激光熔覆成形Ti-5321合金断裂韧性的影响

为满足航空航天领域对快速制备高强韧复杂钛合金零件的需求,采用激光熔覆成形新型高强韧Ti-5321（Ti-5Al-3Mo-3V-2Zr-2Cr-1Nb-1Fe）合金,具有成形快、效率高、成形构件性能良好等优势。通过对Ti-5321合金进行简单退火和多重热处理（β相区固熔缓冷加时效,BASCA）,揭示了其显微组织的演变规律,并探究不同组织对断裂韧性的影响。结果表明：简单退火后,合金呈细长针片状α交织成的网篮组织,其抗拉伸强度为1102 MPa,断裂韧性为68.1 MPa·m^1/2。经BASCA热处理后,细长针片状α相全部转变为粗大的片层α相和超细针状α相,且合金的抗拉伸强度提高至1309 MPa,而断裂韧性降低至45.5 MPa·m^1/2。BASCA热处理能够提高合金强度,但会降低合金韧性。这是由于网篮组织中细长的针片状α相能够大大增加裂纹扩展阻力,增大裂纹扩展路径曲折程度,从而提高合金的韧性。而BASCA热处理组织中大片层α相具有一定的方向性,裂纹只有在穿过不同β晶粒的大片层α相时才会发生偏转;且裂纹扩展主要发生在超细针状α相中,而超细针状α相尺寸过于细小,不能阻碍裂纹的发展或使裂纹偏转,因此经BASCA热处理后合金的韧性变差。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.