热腐蚀和盐雾腐蚀影响氮化物涂层冲蚀行为的机制

金属氮化物涂层是目前重点关注的航空发动机压气机抗冲蚀涂层体系。为了兼顾热物理化学环境和应力环境的影响,进行涂层的腐蚀-冲蚀耦合行为研究十分重要。本研究对比了TiN/Ti涂层与TiN/ZrN涂层的原始状态、热腐蚀后和盐雾腐蚀后的冲蚀行为。结果表明,对于TiN/Ti涂层,在涂层的缺陷处盐雾腐蚀时形成点蚀坑,这是发生冲蚀的薄弱环节,盐雾腐蚀后TiN/Ti涂层的抗冲蚀能力及结合力低于原始涂层和热腐蚀后的涂层。对于TiN/ZrN涂层,热腐蚀过程中液滴表面形成疏松的腐蚀产物和氧化物,使其在冲蚀时更容易脱落,热腐蚀过程中产生的层间热应力削弱了涂层的结合力。热腐蚀涂层冲蚀后呈现严重的螺旋状剥落,热腐蚀后TiN/ZrN涂层的抗冲蚀能力及结合力低于原始涂层和盐雾腐蚀后涂层。     

空间燃料电池金属钛表面复合涂层制备与性能研究

金属 Ti 因其密度小（仅为不锈钢的 0.6 倍）和比强度高等特点,是轻量化空间燃料电池金属板材料的首要选择,但其在弱酸性环境中长时间工作容易被腐蚀。为了改善金属 Ti 双极板耐蚀性,采用多弧离子镀技术在金属 Ti 表面制备了由 Ti 过渡层及 TiN 表层构成的 Ti / TiN 复合涂层,研究制备工艺参数对 Ti / TiN 复合涂层微观结构及力学、电化学性能的影响规律。利用场发射扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析涂层的微观形貌,利用 X 射线衍射仪分析涂层的相组成,利用纳米压痕仪评价涂层的力学性能,利用电化学工作站评价涂层在模拟质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）阴极工作环境下的耐蚀性。结果表明：制备工艺参数优化后的 Ti / TiN 复合涂层具有优异的表面质量和良好的耐蚀性,腐蚀电流密度为 6.383 μA / cm² ,是金属 Ti 腐蚀电流密度的 0.6 倍,Ti / TiN 复合涂层显著提高了金属 Ti 的耐蚀性,可为空间燃料电池金属双极板表面改性提供技术支持。     

超高频脉冲电流作用下纳米Al2O3颗粒对Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金微弧氧化涂层的影响

目的 进一步提高Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金微弧氧化涂层的耐腐蚀性能。方法 采用超高频微弧氧化技术在含有Al2O3纳米颗粒的溶液中制备了微弧氧化涂层。利用扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对微弧氧化涂层的表面形貌、截面形貌、成分和晶体结构进行分析。利用极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试了涂层的耐腐蚀性能。结果 频率由0.5 kHz提升至20 kHz后,涂层表面放电孔洞面积由0.07~24.4 μm²降低至0.08~6.3 μm²,涂层的孔隙率由6.47%减小至3.35%。Al2O3纳米颗粒的添加使超高频涂层表面形成大量自封闭孔洞结构,进而进一步降低了涂层表面的孔径面积(0.1~ 4.63 μm²)和孔隙率(0.97%)。极化试验表明,提高频率至20 kHz,涂层的自腐蚀电流密度由4.7×10^‒6 A/cm²降低至4.7×10^‒7 A/cm² ,添加 Al2O3纳米颗粒,涂层的自腐蚀电流密度进一步降低至1.7×10^‒7 A/cm²,表明其耐蚀性能显著提高。阻抗谱显示,20 kHz-Al涂层具有最大的阻抗,说明该工艺可有效提高微弧氧化涂层的耐蚀性能。 结论 超高频可有效降低放电孔洞尺寸,提高微弧氧化涂层的致密性,改善涂层的耐腐蚀性能。超高频与Al2O3纳米粒子的协同作用使涂层表面形成自封闭孔洞结构,进一步提高微弧氧化涂层的致密性和耐腐蚀性能。     

离子注入对TC4钛合金TiN/Ti涂层结合力和抗砂尘冲蚀性能的影响

目的通过离子注入提高TiN/Ti涂层的结合力和抗冲蚀性能。方法先采用金属蒸气真空弧(MEVVA)离子源在TC4基体上分别注入四种离子(Mo、Ti、Nb、Co),再用磁过滤真空阴极弧(FCVA)技术制备TiN/Ti涂层。采用非球面测量仪、AFM、XRD和纳米压痕仪,对四种离子注入的TC4基体表面粗糙度、表面形貌、物相结构、纳米硬度和弹性模量进行表征,采用划痕仪测量涂层的结合力,采用涂层冲蚀考核平台对不同试样进行砂尘冲蚀性能试验。结果经过Mo、Ti、Nb离子注入的TiN/Ti涂层的结合力和抗冲蚀性能都有提高,其中Mo离子注入的TiN/Ti涂层的结合力达71 N、耐冲蚀时间为80 min,与未离子注入涂层相比,分别增加31.5%和77.8%,而平均冲蚀率降低39.5%,仅为0.0078mg/g。Co离子注入的TiN/Ti涂层的结合力仅为40 N,平均冲蚀率增大了19.0%,达0.0433 mg/g,其抗砂尘冲蚀性能明显下降。结论离子注入涂层的抗砂尘冲蚀性能与结合力密切相关,随着结合力的增大,TiN/Ti涂层的平均冲蚀率减小,其耐冲蚀时间增加,选择合适的离子注入可提高TiN/Ti涂层的抗冲蚀性能。     

不同热处理TiN/Ti多层涂层冲蚀损伤特征与机理

目的 通过研究分析不同热处理TiN/Ti多层涂层在冲蚀作用下的损伤特征,揭示不同热处理TiN/Ti多层涂层冲蚀损伤的机理。方法 采用磁过滤阴极真空弧沉积技术在TC4钛合金表面制备TiN/Ti多层涂层,利用热处理炉对试样进行不同的热处理(300℃/40 min,空冷;400℃/40 min,空冷;300℃/40 min,空冷+300℃/40 min,空冷),采用划痕仪、显微硬度计、扫描电镜、能谱仪等设备对热处理试样涂层的结合力、显微硬度、涂层损伤形貌特征、元素分布等进行表征,并在冲蚀试验平台上通过砂尘冲蚀性能试验(速度130m/s,角度45°)进行验证。结果 TiN/Ti多层涂层在低温(≤400℃)下经短时间热处理后,涂层的物相未发生变化,仍以TiN(111)、TiN(200)、TiN(220)和TiN(311)为主,涂层结构完整,最外层的TiN涂层没有发生氧化现象,涂层结合力基本未发生改变,显微硬度略有下降,由2 764.1HV分别降至2748.9HV、2 493.2HV、2 255.2HV。TiN/Ti多层涂层的抗冲蚀性能变化不大,冲蚀速率由0.117 mg/min分别变为0.100...     

沉积偏压对MoN涂层结构和柴油中摩擦学性能的影响

目的 研究沉积偏压对MoN涂层微观结构、性能,以及在柴油介质中摩擦学行为的影响机制。方法 采用磁控溅射技术在304不锈钢基体上沉积MoN涂层。利用X射线衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、X射线能谱仪、原子力显微镜、纳米压痕仪、薄膜应力测试仪和电化学工作站研究MoN涂层的微观结构、成分、表面粗糙度、力学性能、耐腐蚀性能。利用球−盘式摩擦实验机和激光拉曼光谱仪对MoN涂层在0号柴油中的摩擦学行为及机制进行研究。结果 随着偏压的增加,涂层的厚度和膜−基结合力均呈先增大后减小的趋势;涂层的表面粗糙度、内应力和硬度呈先升高后降低的趋势。在偏压为−120 V时,沉积的γ-Mo2N涂层组织致密、表面光滑(Sa 7.78 nm)、硬度高(18.02 GPa)、膜−基结合力高(253 mN)。随着偏压的增加,涂层的摩擦因数呈先减小后增加的趋势。在偏压为−120 V时,沉积的γ-Mo2N涂层的摩擦因数和磨损率均最小,分别为0.10和1.8×10⁻⁷ mm³/(N∙m)。拉曼光谱分析结果表明,在摩擦催化作用下,柴油在磨痕表面产生了碳基膜。此外,通过电化学腐蚀分析发现,在偏压−120 V下沉积的γ-Mo2N涂层具有优异的耐腐蚀性能。结论 MoN涂层结构、性能受到偏压的影响显著。柴油在摩擦催化作用下发生了降解,形成了碳基膜,这有利于降低MoN涂层的摩擦因数和磨损率。     

基于磁过滤技术制备亚微米级TiAlN/TiAlCN/TiAlC复合涂层的耐腐蚀性能

海洋环境中长期服役的船舶、舰载机关键部件存在严重的腐蚀问题。为提高其耐腐蚀性能,采用磁过滤真空弧（FCVA）技术制备不同Al/Ti含量比的亚微米级Ti （Al） N/Ti （Al） CN/Ti （Al） C多元复合多层膜（以下简称TANC）。通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、电化学工作站和盐雾试验机等表征薄膜的形貌、结构和腐蚀性能。结果表明：在盐雾试验中腐蚀形态主要以点蚀为主,随着膜层中Al/Ti含量比的增大,耐腐蚀性提高;电化学腐蚀试验中,亚微米级膜层的自腐蚀电流密度可达到10^-7 A/cm²数量级,且随着膜层Al/Ti含量比的增大,腐蚀电流密度从7.73×10^-7减小到3.83×10^-7 A/cm²,低频区阻抗值从1.19×10⁵增大到4.70×10⁵ Ω·cm²,较基底提高了2个数量级,耐腐蚀性能不断提高;盐雾腐蚀和电化学腐蚀结果一致,高Al含量的TANC耐腐蚀性能最优。通过FCVA技术能实现亚微米级TANC涂层的强防腐效果,该涂层具有发展成为关键部件耐海洋腐蚀涂层的潜力。     

Ti3Al基合金表面两种Cr1-xAlxN(x=0.18,0.47)涂层的热腐蚀性能

利用磁控反应溅射的方法在Ti3Al基合金表面制备了两种不同铝含量的Cr0.82Al0.18N与Cr0.53Al0.47N涂层,测试了这两种涂层在800℃(NR2SO4+25 mass%K2SO4)熔融盐膜百的热腐蚀动力学,并采用X射线衍射仪和带能谱的扫描电镜分析腐蚀产物相组成以及微观结构.结果表明,两种涂层均可降低Ti3Al基合金的热腐蚀速率;涂层热腐蚀产物主要为具有保护性的Cr2O3和θ-Al2O3混合氧化膜,θ-Al2O3的含量随着涂层中Al含量上升递增;和θAl2O3相比,Cr2O3在熔融硫酸盐中的稳定性更好,Cr0.82Al0.18N涂层抗热腐蚀性能优于Cr0.53Al0.47N涂层.     

激光原位制备TiN/Al复合涂层及其抗冲蚀性能

表面处理是提高钛合金抗冲蚀性能的重要途径。采用激光氮化涂层过程中同步送Al粉的方法,在Ti6Al4V合金表面制备了一层均匀的TiN/Al复合涂层,涂层内没有微观裂纹和孔洞。研究结果表明:激光扫描速度对复合涂层的微观结构、硬度及抗冲蚀性能有着重要的影响。随着激光扫描速度的增加,复合涂层的厚度降低。在复合涂层最表面存在一层平均厚度大约为2~3μm的连续的氮化物陶瓷层,涂层内部存有大量的枝状晶组织。复合涂层的微观硬度和抗冲蚀性能明显高于Ti6Al4V合金基体。当激光扫描速度从240 mm/min升高到720 mm/min时,涂层表面的微观硬度从1 600 HV_(0.1)降低到1 200 HV_(0.1),而且涂层的冲蚀失重也逐渐降低。这主要是因为随着激光扫描速度的降低,由于反应时间的增加,导致涂层中TiN硬质相的含量也在增加。     

KS-B高吸收高发射率无机热控涂层低轨环境效应

目的 研究低轨环境对KS-B高吸收高发射无机热控涂层(简称KS-B涂层)性能的影响。方法 对KS-B涂层分别进行总剂量为3.9×10²² atoms/cm²的原子氧辐照、剂量为5000 ESH的真空-紫外辐照、总注量为9.30×10¹¹ p/cm²的真空-质子及总注量为1.108×10¹⁴ e/cm²的真空-电子综合辐照试验,分析空间模拟辐照环境中KS-B涂层太阳吸收比(αS)、半球发射率(εH)、表面形貌、表面组分含量、质量损失率等性能的变化规律,研究KS-B涂层的耐空间环境稳定性。结果 原子氧暴露后,KS-B涂层太阳吸收比增加0.003,半球发射率增加0.004;原子氧辐照后,KS-B涂层表面形貌出现了一定程度的糙化,表面Si、O元素含量下降。初始暴露时,KS-B涂层质量损失率逐渐提高,最终质量损失率为0.96%。真空-紫外辐照后,KS-B涂层太阳吸收比增加0.003,半球发射率无变化。真空-质子及真空-电子辐照前后,KS-B涂层太阳吸收比增加0.001,半球发射率无变化。结论 经历原子氧、真空-紫外、真空-质子及真空-电子模拟辐照后,KS-B涂层的太阳吸收比及半球发射率变化较小,具有较好的耐空间辐照性能,可以满足空间站等低轨航天器的长寿命服役需求。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.