硝基胍晶体各向异性热膨胀（英文）

利用原位粉末X射线衍射法和原位红外光谱法研究了硝基胍(NQ)晶体的热膨胀。结果表明,在30~160℃内硝基胍a-、b-、c-轴的平均膨胀系数分别12.9×10~(-6),~(-1) 0.1×10-6℃~(-1) 和145.5×10~(-6)℃~(-1) ,显示NQ晶体热膨胀呈明显各向异性,且b轴呈负膨胀。NQ的各向异性热膨胀由其各向异性分子间作用引起。随温度升高NQ分子间氢键减弱,分子间距离增大,减少了NQ分子沿b轴的空间位阻,从而在分子间作用力下沿b轴收缩,导致了负膨胀。该结果有助于理解炸药分子堆积对其物理性能的影响。     

新型高能量密度炸药ICM-101的热膨胀特性

炸药晶体在热刺激作用下的热膨胀特性是导致混合炸药应力增加及长贮时结构损伤的重要原因之一,采用原位X-射线粉末衍射技术研究了[2,2'?联(1,3,4?噁二唑)]?5,5'?二乙酰胺(ICM?101)的热膨胀特性,基于Rietveld全谱拟合结构精修原理,获得了ICM?101的热膨胀系数.结果表明,ICM?101在热场作用下表现出明显的可逆各向异性热膨胀,在30～170℃温度范围内晶胞参数a、b、c轴和体积V的热膨胀系数分别为9.19×10-5,-9.22×10-6,5.21×10-5℃-1和13.8×10-5℃-1,其中b轴表现出负膨胀特性.基于分子光谱技术结合理论计算方法,对ICM?101在不同温度下晶胞堆积结构及其与热膨胀特性的关联展开研究,认为热刺激下ICM?101分子的四元环结构发生压缩变形使晶胞沿着b轴方向被压缩是导致晶胞在b轴呈现线性负膨胀的重要原因,同时与其它炸药晶体热膨胀特性对比,分析了晶胞堆积对炸药晶体结构热稳定性的影响.具有较强氢键作用的层状堆积结构的炸药晶体的热膨胀各向异性更明显,其中当分子与分子间的相对夹角大于100°时,层内氢键网络对层间作用影响不大,反之,则会对a、b、c轴方向产生影响,限制其热膨胀.     

2,4-二硝基咪唑二甲基铵盐的制备及晶体结构

以2,4-二硝基咪唑为原料,经中和、取代两步反应合成出了2,4-二硝基咪唑二甲基铵盐[(DNI)NH₂(CH₃)₂],产率为62.7%。用IR、¹H NMR及¹³C NMR、元素分析和单晶X-射线衍射对其分子和晶体结构进行了表征。结果表明: 该晶体属于单斜晶系,空间群C2/c,a=31.403(5) ,b=6.7133(7) ,c=22.769(4) ,α=90.00°,β=126.80(3)°,γ=90.00°,V=3843.6(10) ³,Z=16,D_c=1.404 g ·cm-3,F(000) = 1696.0,μ(MoKα) = 0.121 mm-1。分子内及分子间氢键作用微弱,分子堆积不紧密,密度较小。并用TG-DSC对[(DNI)NH₂(CH₃)₂]进行了热分解研究,表明其分解经过两步,熔点190.7 ℃,热稳定性良好。     

AEFOX-7的晶体结构和燃烧焓（英）

制备了1-氨基-1-乙氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(AEFOX-7)水合物的单晶并测定了其结构,该晶体属于立方晶系,空间群是Pna2(1)/m,晶体参数为:a=1.3692(3) nm, b=0.71240(16) nm, c=0.9024(2) nm, β =90°, V＝0.8802(4) nm³, Z＝4,μ＝0.133 mm^-1, F(000)＝408, D_c ＝1.465 g·cm^-3, R₁ ＝0.0306 and wR₂ ＝0.0855。测定了AEFOX-7、 1-氨基-1-甲氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(AMFOX-7)和1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)的燃烧焓,相应的标准摩尔燃烧焓分别是: -(2347.83±4.84),-(1819.96±5.94) kJ·mol^-1和-(1159.77±1.30) kJ·mol^-1。     

1,2-二硝基胍的合成及热性能

以硝基胍(NQ)为原料、100%硝酸/20%发烟硫酸/硝酸铵为硝化体系,经硝化反应合成了1,2-二硝基胍(DNG)。用IR、¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、MS表征了DNG的结构。研究了影响DNG产率和正交实验的因素。用TG和 DSC研究了DNG的热分解行为。结果表明,硝化反应的优化条件为n(HNO₃)n(NQ)n(NH₄NO₃)=15 2 1,V(H₂SO₄)V(HNO₃)=1.25 1,反应时间为8 h,反应温度为10 ℃。优化条件下DNG产率达61.76%。DNG的 DSC曲线峰温为182.83 ℃,显示DNG有良好的热稳定性。     

1-(2′,4′,6′-三硝基苯基)-4,5-二硝基咪唑的合成与性能（英）

合成出1-(2′,4′,6′-三硝基苯基)-4,5-二硝基咪唑,研究了其热性能和晶体结构。其熔解温度为228.98 ℃,分解温度为339.73 ℃,热重变化范围为200～440 ℃, 总共失重98%; 其晶体属于斜方晶系,空间群为P2₁₂₁₂₁, 晶胞参数为: a=8.2370 (16), b=12.791(3), c=12.916(3), Z=4 , V=1360.8(5)³ , d=1.802 g·cm-3. 根据晶体密度计算的爆速和爆压分别为8296.48 m·s-1和 31.00 GPa。     

3,4-双(3-硝基呋咱-4-氧基)呋咱合成、晶体结构及热性能（英）

以二氨基呋咱为原料,经氧化、水解、中和和取代反应合成了3,4-双(3-硝基呋咱-4-氧基)呋咱,并采用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析、X射线单晶衍射等进行了结构表征。晶体属于单斜晶系,空间群为P2₁/c ,a=15.256(3), b=11.579(3), c=14.981(3), β=117.624(4)°, M_r=328.14, V=2344.7(9) ³, Z=8, D_c=1.859 g·cm-3, F(000)=1312, μ=0.177 mm-1, S=1.012, R₁=0.0433, wR₂=0.0987。晶体结构分析结果表明,在不对称单元中存在两种构象不同的分子,分子中含有大量的弱键,能够提高化合物的密度和热稳定性。采用差示扫描量热法和热重分析研究了3,4-双(3-硝基呋咱-4-氧基)呋咱的热分解过程,在10 ℃·min-1的升温条件下,其熔点为72.9 ℃,在245～346 ℃ 之间存在明显放热过程。     

新型含能基团偕叠氮硝基熔铸炸药载体AzDNAZ的合成及性能（英）

以1-叔丁基-3-硝基-3-羟甲基氮杂环丁烷盐酸盐为原料,经氧化-叠氮化、成盐、硝化等反应合成了具有偕叠氮硝基的熔铸炸药3-叠氮基-1,3-二硝基氮杂环丁烷（AzDNAZ）,总收率达到58.8%,采用红外光谱、¹H NMR、¹³C NMR及元素分析等对中间体及最终产物进行了结构表征;培养了新的中间体1-叔丁基-3-叠氮基-3-硝基氮杂环丁烷硝酸盐的单晶,X射线单晶衍射分析表明：1-叔丁基-3-叠氮基-3-硝基氮杂环丁烷硝酸盐晶体结构属单斜晶系, 空间群为P2(1)/n, a=0.8281(314) nm, b=0.8607(2) nm, c=1.7195(2) nm, α=90°, β=95(2)°, γ=90°, V=1.2210(6) nm³, Z=4,M_r=262,D_c=1.427 g·cm^-3,μ=0.174 mm^-1,F(000)=552, R=0.0418, wR₂=0.1168。利用DSC-TG方法分析了热性能,结果表明：AzDNAZ的熔点为78.2 ℃,分解点为180.7 ℃。采用Gaussian 09程序和Kamlet-Jacobs方程预估了AzDNAZ的性能,结果表明：AzDNAZ的密度为1.75 g·cm^-3,生成焓为331.73 kJ·mol^-1,爆速8460 m·s^-1爆压31.83 GPa。表明AzDNAZ可以作为熔铸炸药和含能增塑剂的候选含能材料。     

两种新型多氨基多硝基吡啶衍生物的合成与表征（英）

以2-氯-4-氨基吡啶(1)为原料,经硝化反应合成出一种新的偶氮桥吡啶衍生物(E)-1,2-双(2-氯-3-硝基吡啶基-4-基)二氮烯(3)和2-氯-4-氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(2),随后经胺化反应分别得到(E)-1,2-双(2-氨基-3-硝基吡啶基-4-基)二氮烯(5)和2,4-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(4),总的得率分别为69%和18%。室温下,用氯仿作溶剂得到化合物3的红色晶体用于X-射线衍射分析。用Kamlet-Jacobs经验方程计算了化合物4和5的爆轰性能。结果表明,化合物3为单斜晶系,空间群P2₁/N,晶胞参数为:a=9.965(2) , b=6.3190(13) , c=10.737(2) , β= 93.75(3)°, V=674.6(2) ³, D_c=1.689 g·cm^-3, C₁₀H₄Cl₂N₆O₄,M_r=171.55, F(000)=344, μ(Mo Kα)=0.510 mm^-1, Z=4。化合物4的爆轰性能与2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(TNT)相当,而化合物5的爆轰性能不佳。     

亚甲基二硝基胍(BNGM)的热行为（英）

为进一步评估亚甲基二硝基胍（BNGM）的热稳定性,采用差示扫描量热法（DSC）,微量热仪,热重‐微分热重分析（TG/ DTG）和撞击实验,研究了BNGM的热分解行为、比热容、绝热至爆时间,并测试了其撞击感度。结果表明：BNGM的热行为分为两个放热分解过程,10 ℃·min^-1下两个分解过程的峰温分别为208.1 ℃和292.5 ℃,其自加速分解温度和热爆炸临界温度分别为189.6 ℃和190.9 ℃,298.15 K时摩尔热容为251.9 J·mol^-1·K^-1,估算绝热至爆时间约为280 s,撞击感度大于23.5 J,表明BNGM热稳定性良好。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.