Aging Characteristics on Epoxy Resin Surface Under Repetitive Microsecond Pulses in Air at Atmospheric Pressure

Research on aging characteristics of epoxy resin(EP) under repetitive microsecond pulses is important for the design of insulating materials in high power apparatus.It is because that very fast transient overvoltage always occurs in a power system,which causes flashover and is one of the main factors causing aging effects of EP materials.Therefore,it is essential to obtain a better understanding of the aging effect on an EP surface resulting from flashover.In this work,aging effects on an EP surface were investigated by surface flashover discharge under repetitive microsecond pulses in atmospheric pressure.The investigations of parameters such as the surface micro-morphology and chemical composition of the insulation material under different degrees of aging were conducted with the aid of measurement methods such as atomic force microscopy(AFM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).Results showed that with the accumulation of aging energy on the material surface,the particles formed on the material surface increased both in number and size,leading to the growth of surface roughness and a reduction in the water contact angle; the surface also became more absorbent.Furthermore,in the aging process,the molecular chains of EP on the surface were broken,resulting in oxidation and carbonisation.     

Influence of Surface Carburization of Machinable Ceramics on Its Pulsed Flashover Characteristics in Vacuum

For pulsed power devices, surface flashover phenomena across solid insulators greatly restrict their overall performance. In recent decades, much attention has ...     

Effect of toughened epoxy resin on partial discharge at solid-solid interface

A series of solid-solid interfaces,consisting of ceramic-epoxy resin interface samples with a tip-plate electrode,were investigated by performing partial discharge tests and realtime electrical tree observations.A toughening agent was added to the epoxy resin at different ratios for comparison.The impact strength,differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and dielectric properties of the cured compositions and ceramic were tested.The electric field strength at the tip was calculated based on Maxwell's theory.The test results show that the addition of a toughener can improve the impact strength of epoxy resin but it decreases the partial discharge inception voltage(PDIV) of the interface sample.At the same time,toughening leads to complex branches of the electrical tree.The simulation result suggests that this reduction of the PDIV cannot be explained by a change of permittivity due to the addition of a toughening agent.The microstructural change caused by toughening was considered to be the key factor for lower PDIV and complex electrical tree branches.     

基于蒙特卡罗方法的环氧树脂基屏蔽腻子优化设计及应用研究

本文针对船用核反应堆辐射场特点、屏蔽防护需求和使用环境条件,开展了屏蔽腻子的优化设计及应用研究。选用耐腐蚀防霉变优异、粘结度强、无毒性的双酚A环氧树脂和脂环胺固化剂作为基体材料,添加粒径约100μm的铅、聚乙烯、碳化硼等屏蔽添加剂提高屏蔽腻子的辐射防护性能。采用蒙特卡罗方法对屏蔽腻子的主要成分配比进行了优化设计。计算结果表明,碳化硼含量为5%~15%、铅含量为80%时,中子的慢化与吸收达到平衡,较高的铅含量大幅增强了其对γ射线及次级γ射线的屏蔽防护能力,使屏蔽腻子对235 U诱发裂变源的综合辐射防护能力达到最佳水平。消泡剂、分散剂、流平剂、促进剂等加工助剂的添加对屏蔽腻子快速固化、气泡排除、混合均匀、成型致密光滑起到了重要促进作用。通过样品试制和试验测试,证明了优化设计的屏蔽腻子具有优异的屏蔽性能、耐辐照老化性能、固化成型质量、粘结强度、混合浇灌施工便捷性能等,能有效满足船用核反应堆等设施屏蔽缝隙处及不规则部位的辐射防护使用需求。     

低能电子辐照对环氧树脂性能的影响

为了研究低能电子辐照对环氧树脂的体积电阻率、邵氏硬度、拉伸强度和官能团结构的影响,本文在电子辐照能量为30 keV,注量率1×10¹¹ cm^-2•s^-1,总注量为1.6×10¹⁴ cm^-2,真空度10^-6 Pa条件下,结合国家标准对辐照前、后环氧树脂材料的机械性能和结构进行表征。结果表明,辐照后环氧树脂材料的体积电阻率、邵氏硬度、拉伸强度等宏观物理性能均有下降。傅里叶红外光谱图显示环氧树脂主要官能团强度降低,产生的•H、•OH等自由基与聚合物分子上的羟基与氢结合。研究结果对环氧树脂材料在辐射环境中的使用具有重要意义。     

Experimental Study on Triggering Characteristics of a Surface Flashover Triggered Vacuum Switch

Triggering characteristics of triggered vacuum switch （TVS）, including the discharge delay time, delay jitter, range of operational voltage and peak of pulsed current, are investigated. Both structure and experimental circuit of TVS are presented. The results indicate that TVS, as a surface flashover triggering device with high dielectric permittivity material, is with excellent triggering characteristics. When the hold-off voltage reaches 120 kV, the minimum operational voltage is 1.3 kV, and the minimum discharge delay time and jitter are 100 ns and ?10 ns, respectively. The peak current is up to 240 kA when the operational voltage reaches 100 kV. TVS can well satisfy the main demands of high voltage and current applications, and can also be used under a multi-crowbar circuit.     

Experimental Study of Electron Emission Characteristics of a Surface Flashover Trigger in a Low Pressure Environment

Characteristics of electron emission induced by a surface flashover trigger device in a low-pressure trigger switch were investigated. A test method to measure the emitted charges from the trigger device was developed, and the factors affecting the emitted charges were analyzed. The results indicated that the major emitted charges from the trigger device were induced by surface plasma generated by surface flashover occurring on the trigger dielectric material. The emitted charges and the peak emission current increased linearly with the change in the trigger voltage and bias voltage. The emitted charges collected from the anode were affected by the gap distance. However, the emitted charges were less affected by the anode diameter. Furthermore, the emitted charges and the peak emission current decreased rapidly with the increase in gas pressure in a range from 0 to 100 Pa, and then remained stable or changed slightly when the increase in gas pressure up to 2400 Pa.     

Deposition of SiC_xH_yO_z thin film on epoxy resin by nanosecond pulsed APPJ for improving the surface insulating performance

Non-thermal plasma surface modification for epoxy resin(EP)to improve the insulation properties has wide application prospects in gas insulated switchgear and gas insulatedtransmission line.In this paper,a pulsed Ar dual dielectrics atmospheric-pressure plasma jet(APPJ)was used for Si C_xH_yO_zthin film deposition on EP samples.The film deposition was optimized by varying the treatment time while other parameters were kept at constants(treatment distance:10 mm,precursor flow rate:0.6 l min~(-1),maximum instantaneous power:3.08 k W and single pulse energy:0.18 m J).It was found that the maximum value of flashover voltages for negative and positive voltage were improved by 18%and 13%when the deposition time was3 min,respectively.The flashover voltage reduced as treatment time increased.Moreover,all the surface conductivity,surface charge dissipation rate and surface trap level distribution reached an optimal value when thin film deposition time was 3 min.Other measurements,such as atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscope for EP surface morphology,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for EP surface compositions,optical emission spectra for APPJ deposition process were carried out to better understand the deposition processes and mechanisms.The results indicated that the original organic groups(C–H,C–C,C=O,C=C)were gradually replaced by the Si containing inorganic groups(Si–O–Si and Si–OH).The reduction of C=O in ester group and C=C in p-substituted benzene of the EP samples might be responsible for shallowing the trap level and then enhancing the flashover voltage.However,when the plasma treatment time was longer than 3 min,the significant increase of the surface roughness might increase the trap level depth and then deteriorate the flashover performance.     

密度锁内稳态分层特性的实验研究

通过可视化观察方法,对3种不同实验管内的冷热流体分层特性进行实验研究,同时,根据界面力的平衡条件,对密度锁内分层的稳定性进行了分析。稳态工况下,密度锁内冷热流体间存在一界面层,且界面层内具有较大的温度梯度;界面层的稳定性受温度交界面处的扰动速度及界面层内温度梯度的影响,稳定的界面层对阻止冷热流体搅混具有积极作用。另外,对实验管内有无隔板情况进行分层特性对比实验,表明密度锁内的蜂窝通道不但有利于界面层的稳定,且有利于界面形成位置的控制。     

Study on the Mathematical Model of Dielectric Recovery Characteristics in High Voltage SF6 Circuit Breaker

According to the stream theory,this paper proposes a mathematical model of the dielectric recovery characteristic based on the two-temperature ionization equilibrium equation.Taking the dynamic variation of charged particle's ionization and attachment into account,this model can be used in collaboration with the Coulomb collision model,which gives the relationship of the heavy particle temperature and electron temperature to calculate the electron density and temperature under different pressure and electric field conditions,so as to deliver the breakdown electric field strength under different pressure conditions.Meanwhile an experiment loop of the circuit breaker has been built to measure the breakdown voltage.It is shown that calculated results are in conformity with experiment results on the whole while results based on the stream criterion are larger than experiment results.This indicates that the mathematical model proposed here is more accurate for calculating the dielectric recovery characteristic,it is derived from the stream model with some improvement and refinement and has great significance for increasing the simulation accuracy of circuit breaker's interruption characteristic.     

AP1000常规岛厂房的核岛系统接口管理研究

AP1000核电机组将14个核岛系统的设备和管道布置在常规岛厂房,近半数的设计接口交换与这14个核岛系统相关,该独特的布置设计和设计分工给接口管理带来了不同于其他核电厂的特点.文章分析了14个核岛系统的复杂接口关系和接口管理模式,剖析了接口管理中的难点,并提出了优化管理流程和提高接口响应速度的方法,为AP1000后续机组及其他复杂合同模式项目的项目管理提供了借鉴.     

相转移法制备137Cs 3D打印用光敏树脂的可行性研究

为弥补目前国内外精密异形放射源制备工艺的不足,将3D打印技术引入放射源制备领域。本研究采用相转移方法制备¹³³Cs 3D打印用光敏树脂,使用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)进行检测,探索制备条件。并通过溴化镧探测器对制备的¹³⁷Cs 3D打印用光敏树脂材料进行检测。结果表明,通过相转移方法制备的三种¹³³Cs 3D打印用光敏树脂和¹³⁷Cs 3D打印用光敏树脂中铯元素分布不均匀度<5%。相转移法作为一种操作简便、反应条件温和的方法可用于制备含有铯元素的3D打印用光敏树脂,且具有一定普适性。     

核电厂离子交换树脂净化能力模拟实验研究

实验选取核电厂废液中典型裂变产物和腐蚀产物离子(Cs+、Sr2+、Co2+)配制水样,针对不同类型树脂、不同树脂层高以及不同床体积流速进行动态交换吸附实验,重点比较了不同条件下核级树脂净化能力(去污因子)的变化。结果表明:树脂层高的增加对去污效果的影响显著,特别是高交联度的树脂,对Cs+、Sr2+、Co2+的去污因子可增加约200%以上;在一定范围内提高床体积流速对树脂的去污效果存在影响,高交联度的树脂流速提高后去污因子有明显上升趋势;在10BV/h(BV=进水流量/树脂装填量)流速下树脂交联度的高低对水样的去污效果影响不明显;在1mg/L水样浓度下,大孔型阳树脂的去污效果较凝胶型阳树脂好;同等条件下,氢/氢氧型混合树脂处理离子态杂质的去污效果较单独的氢型阳树脂好。     

Study on Propagation Characteristics of Plasma Surface Wave in Medium Tube

Axial propagation characteristics of the axisymmetric surface wave along the plasma in the medium tube were studied. The expressions of electromagnetic field inside and outside the medium tube were deduced. Also, the impacts of several factors, such as plasma density, signal frequency, inner radius of medium tube, collision frequency, etc., on plasma surface wave propa- gation were numerically simulated. The results show that, the properties of plasma with higher density and lower gas pressure are closer to those of metal conductor. Furthermore, larger radius of medium tube and lower signal frequency are better for surface wave propagation. However, the effect of collision frequency is not obvious. The optimized experimental parameters can be chosen as the plasma density of about 10^17 m^-3 and the medium radius between 11 mm and 19 mm.     

复合粘接结构电磁超声脱粘检测实验研究

针对钢板/橡胶粘接结构的脱粘检测需求,利用电磁超声检测无需耦合剂的特点,搭建了电磁超声检测系统。该系统利用Ritec-SNAP 5000产生高频正弦波激励电磁超声换能器(EMAT),在试件的上表层形成超声波,避免了声波在耦合剂与高波阻介质接触界面发生的全反射,提高了声波的透射率。针对检测信号脱粘特征不明显的问题,应用小波分解法对信号进行分解、重构,提取了其功率谱估计结果作为信号脱粘特征参数进行定量分析。实验表明,该方法可有效地判断出界面是否脱粘,提高了电磁超声检测的准确性与可靠性。     

Numerical Study on the Two-Dimensional Temperature Fields of Titanium/Aluminum Double-Layer Target Irradiated by High-Intensity Pulsed Ion Beam

Interaction between high-intensity pulsed ion beam (HIPIB) and a double-layer target with titanium film on top of aluminum substrate was simulated. The two-dimensional nonlinear thermal conduction equations, with the deposited energy in the target taken as source term, were derived and solved by finite differential method. As a result, the two-dimensional spatial and temporal evolution profiles of temperature were obtained for a titanium/aluminum double-layer target irradiated by a pulse of HIPIB. The effects of ion beam current density on the phase state of the target materials near the film and substrate interface were analyzed. Both titanium and aluminum were melted near the interface after a shot when the ion beam current density fell in the range of 100A/cm2 to 200A/cm2.     

Theoretical Study on the Characteristics of Atmospheric Radio Frequency Discharges by Altering Electrode Gap

In this paper, we present a theoretical study on the discharge characteristics of radio-frequency discharges at atmospheric pressure driven by a higher frequency of 40.68 MHz while the electrode gap is altered. Based on the analytical equations and simulation data from a one-dimensional fluid model, an optimal gap between electrodes, at which the largest electron density is obtained, can be observed under a constant power condition; however, as the electrode gap increases the time-averaged electron temperature decreases, and the underpinning physics is also discussed based on the simulation results. This study indicates that at a constant power by choosing an appropriate electrode spacing, the rf discharge can be effectively optimized at atmospheric pressure.     

Experimental Study of the Unsteady Actuation Effect on Induced Flow Characteristics in DBD Plasma Actuators

The main aim of this paper is to investigate unsteady actuation effects on the operation of dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) plasma actuators and to study induced flow characteristics of steady and unsteady actuators in quiescent air.The parameters affecting the operation of unsteady plasma actuators were experimentally measured and compared with the ones for steady actuators.The effects of excitation frequency and duty cycle on the induced flow pattern properties were studied by means of hot-wire anemometers,and the smoke visualization method was also used.It was observed that the current and the mean induced velocity linearly increase with increasing duty cycle while they are not sensitive to excitation frequency.Furthermore,with increasing excitation frequency,the magnitude of vortices shedding from the actuator decreases while their frequency increases.Nevertheless,when the excitation frequency grows beyond a certain level,the induced flow downstream of the actuator behaves as a steady flow.However,the results for steady actuators show that by increasing the applied voltage and carrier frequency,the velocity of the induced flow first increases and then decreases with actuator saturation and the onset of the emission of streaky glow discharge.     

层间氧化带中稀土元素的赋存特征初步研究

砂岩型铀矿床中有关稀土元素的研究较少,在国内仅有对物源的示踪和其配分形式特征的研究。通过对吐哈盆地稀土元素在层间氧化带各地球化学作用带中赋存特征的研究,探讨了稀土元素在层间氧化作用中可能有的迁移特点,并对稀土元素的总量、轻重稀土元素的比值及δEu和δCe值等进行了对比研究,探讨了以上参数变化与层间氧化带分带的关系,以及对铀矿化的指示意义。