拜耳法赤泥的湿法碳化脱碱工艺研究

利用二氧化碳对具有强碱性的拜耳法赤泥进行湿法碳化脱碱实验,研究了在CO2气流量为0.3 L/min条件下,液固比、反应温度、反应时间、CO2压力对拜耳法赤泥脱碱效果的影响并确定了适宜的脱碱条件.研究表明,在反应温度50℃,液固比为7,CO2压力为4 MPa,反应时间2h条件下,拜耳法赤泥的脱碱率达到50％以上.脱碱后赤泥碱含量大幅降低,有助于减轻对土壤及地下水源的危害.     

赤泥中钇浸出行为及动力学研究

采用盐酸浸出提取赤泥中的钇,考察了盐酸浓度、浸出温度、液固比和反应时间对钇浸出率的影响.分析了赤泥盐酸浸出提钇过程的物相变化和表面形貌变化.根据钇浸出动力学参数,确定了关键控制步骤和表观活化能.结果表明:在盐酸体积浓度30％,浸出温度为80℃,液固比为7 mL/g,反应时间为60 min的条件下,钇的浸出率为82.57％.酸浸过程赤泥中钙霞石和方解石全部溶解,赤铁矿和钙钛矿部分溶解,酸浸渣的粒度变小,颗粒粘结现象消失.在低浓度盐酸介质中,钇的浸出过程主要受化学反应控制,在高浓度盐酸介质中,主要受内扩散控制.不同浸出温度条件下,赤泥酸浸提钇过程均主要受内扩散模型控制,浸出提钇过程的表观活化能为19.8 kJ·mol-1.     

高铁赤泥中氧化铁与钠硅渣的分离

采用碱介质湿法处理高铁赤泥,脱除赤泥中钠硅渣并使其中的氧化铁在渣相中富集.考察了反应温度、反应时间、初始溶液Na2O浓度、苛性比(Na2O与Al2O3的摩尔比)及液固比等对终渣化学组成及物相的影响.结果表明,在250℃、初始溶液Na2O浓度530 g/L、苛性比15、液固比6 mL/g、反应30 min的条件下,赤泥终渣Fe2O3含量由33.56%提高到46.27%,Na2O含量由4.99%降至0.87%.经碱介质处理后赤泥的主要物相由方钠石和钙铁榴石转化为较单一物相钙铁榴石.     

电石渣烧结法从赤泥回收氧化铝

拜耳法赤泥中含有一定数量的氧化铝,从赤泥中回收氧化铝对于节约资源、改善环境、实现可持续发展都具有重要的意义。实验以电石渣为助剂活化赤泥,并考察了活化条件和浸出条件对赤泥中氧化铝浸出率的影响。实验得到最佳活化条件：电石渣与赤泥质量比为2.5、烧成温度为1 250 ℃、烧成时间为120 min。最佳浸出条件：浸出温度为85 ℃、浸出时间为120 min、Na2CO3质量分数为8%、液固比为3.0。在此条件下,赤泥中氧化铝的浸出率高达88.1%,得到的浸出残渣是一种良好的水泥混合材料。     

Na_2CO_3活化粉煤灰合成沸石及去除Cu~(2+)性能

以粉煤灰为基质材料,Na2CO3为碱性活化试剂,比较了高温熔融法、水热法和加压水热法合成沸石对铜离子的去除效果。研究了水热温度及压力、Na2CO3浓度、液固比、水热时间等因素对Na2CO3碱性活化粉煤灰的影响。结果表明,加压水热法合成的沸石对铜离子的吸附效果最好,温度90℃,自生压0.038 MPa,Na2CO32.0 mol/L,液固比10∶1、水热时间2 h时合成的沸石对初始浓度200 mg/L的铜离子的去除率可达92%,XRD表征说明合成的沸石为Na P型。     

Na_2CO_3活化粉煤灰合成沸石及去除Cu~(2+)性能

以粉煤灰为基质材料,Na2CO3为碱性活化试剂,比较了高温熔融法、水热法和加压水热法合成沸石对铜离子的去除效果。研究了水热温度及压力、Na2CO3浓度、液固比、水热时间等因素对Na2CO3碱性活化粉煤灰的影响。结果表明,加压水热法合成的沸石对铜离子的吸附效果最好,温度90℃,自生压0.038 MPa,Na2CO32.0 mol/L,液固比10∶1、水热时间2 h时合成的沸石对初始浓度200 mg/L的铜离子的去除率可达92%,XRD表征说明合成的沸石为Na P型。     

拜耳法赤泥中Na+的浸出实验研究

本文通过H2O、NH4Cl和柠檬酸三种浸取剂分别浸取对赤泥中的Na+,并通过XRD分析了浸取前后赤泥中矿物组成的变化来研究拜耳法赤泥中Na+的浸出特性.结果表明,NH4 C1对赤泥中Na+的一次浸取率与赤泥经多次水洗的浸取率之和相同;柠檬酸对赤泥中Na+的一次浸取率可达到95.56％.从XRD图上发现NH4Cl可不破坏[A16Si6O24]结构而浸出可溶性的Na+,而柠檬酸则会破坏[Al6Si6O24]结构使赤泥中Na+完全浸出.     

煤炭地下气化矿物碳酸化固定二氧化碳的研究

通过固-液-气三相模拟反应,研究了煤炭地下气化灰渣在模拟咸水中对二氧化碳的固化作用,考察了反应温度、反应压力、颗粒粒径及反应介质对二氧化碳矿物碳酸化固化率的影响.结果表明,反应温度从50℃升至200℃,固化率先增加后降低,150℃时最高;反应压力从1.0MPa升至2.5MPa,固化率从0.93%增至1.65%;颗粒粒径由75μm～150μm降至75μm以下,固化率从1.18%增至1.48%;反应介质由蒸馏水变为模拟咸水,固化率从0.38%增至1.65%.在150℃,2.5MPa,反应时间1h,颗粒粒径小于75μm的条件下,气化灰在模拟咸水中的固化率最高,可达1.65%.     

硝酸加压浸出红土镍矿的中试研究

对红土镍矿硝酸加压浸出工艺进行了中试研究.首先通过单因素实验考察了反应温度、初始酸度、保温时间、液固比和浸出压力对浸出结果的影响,得到优化浸出工艺条件为:反应温度185℃,初始酸度200 g/L,保温时间45 min,液固比2 m3/t,浸出压力1.8 MPa.此时,镍、钴浸出率分别为84.50%和83.92%,而铁浸...     

电厂粉煤灰固定二氧化碳实验研究

通过湿法碳酸化的方法研究不同固液比(质量比)、温度、压力和反应时间对粉煤灰固定CO_2的影响。采用XRF,XRD和SEM-EDS分析了粉煤灰和固化产物的相组成和微观结构。结果表明:粉煤灰固定CO_2的量随着温度升高和固液比增加而降低;当反应温度、反应时间、初始压力、固液比和搅拌速度分别为60℃,120min,3.6 MPa,1∶2.5和300r/min时,粉煤灰固碳效率可达69.98%。1t粉煤灰可固定43.13kg CO_2。不同温度下粉煤灰固定CO_2的准一级动力学方程拟合曲线的R~2均值为0.875;准二级动力学方程拟合相关性更好,R~2均值为0.947;随着温度降低,准二级动力学方程的速率常数增大。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。