-3 ℃养护下考虑矿物掺合料影响的水泥水化程度计算模型

针对多年冻土地区工程施工时混凝土养护的问题,采用10%、20%、30%的矿粉和粉煤灰替代量等量替代水泥,测试了-3 ℃恒温养护条件下0.38水胶比水泥浆体在各个龄期的水泥水化热,计算了水泥水化程度;分析了龄期及矿物掺合料对水泥水化程度的影响规律,建立了综合考虑龄期和矿物掺合料替代量的水泥水化程度计算模型.结果表明:-3 ℃恒温养护下,矿物掺合料等量替代水泥,水泥浆体的水化程度会降低,粉煤灰降低水化程度的值要比矿粉高;在相同矿物掺合料替代量下,随着龄期的增长,矿物掺合料对水泥水化程度的影响逐渐减弱;同一龄期时,随着矿物掺合料的增加,矿物掺合料对水泥水化程度的影响逐渐增强;利用建立的模型计算了分别掺入15%矿粉和粉煤灰的水泥水化程度,与实测值相比,计算值偏离值较少,预测精度较高.     

水泥-硅灰/粉煤灰体系强度、收缩性能与微观结构研究

为研究硅灰及粉煤灰对不同养护龄期的水泥浆体强度及收缩性能的影响,以水胶比为0.29的水泥浆体为基体,设计制备了五种硅灰及粉煤灰掺量的复合水泥浆体,借助量热仪和压汞仪测试表征了不同复合水泥浆体的水化放热特性以及孔结构组成,分析了水化放热量、孔隙率等参数随硅灰和粉煤灰掺量增加的变化规律,建立了复合浆体抗压强度与孔结构以及水化特性与收缩应变之间的量化关系。结果表明,掺入粉煤灰会大幅降低水泥净浆早期抗压强度,但对减小自收缩应变和干缩应变极为有利。掺入硅灰能明显提高净浆3 d抗压强度,但当硅灰掺量超过10%(质量分数)后,净浆3 d自收缩应变及28 d干缩应变增加极为明显。掺入硅灰会使水泥水化诱导期开始和结束的时间提前,还会增加水化反应级数和各阶段的反应速率常数值,导致水泥-硅灰复合浆体的水化放热总量和放热速率相较于水泥-粉煤灰体系大幅增加。粉煤灰和硅灰的掺入均能有效细化水泥浆体内部孔结构,提高凝胶孔比例,大幅降低大孔比例。复合浆体的72 h水化放热总量和3 d自收缩应变呈现正相关关系,而孔隙率和抗压强度呈现明显的负相关关系。     

蒸养条件下掺矿物掺合料水泥复合浆体的水化特性研究

为掌握矿物掺合料在蒸养水泥基材料中的作用效应,采用热重分析(TG-DSC)和抗压强度等测试方法,调查了60℃蒸养和标养两种养护条件下,分别掺粉煤灰、矿渣、硅灰及石灰石粉水泥复合浆体的化学结合水含量、Ca(OH)2含量、抗压强度随龄期的变化,并采用结合水含量影响系数、Ca(OH)2含量影响系数和温度影响系数3个参数,分析了蒸养条件下矿物掺合料对浆体水化进程的影响规律.结果表明:蒸养条件下不同矿物掺合料复合浆体的水化进程存在显著的不同.相对于基准水泥浆体,矿渣、硅灰的掺入增强了蒸养浆体早期的水化进程,但随龄期的延长这种促进作用减弱;而粉煤灰、石灰石粉对蒸养浆体的水化进程影响不显著.蒸养提高了矿渣和硅灰早龄期的水化反应进程.蒸养浆体抗压强度与化学结合水含量之间存在显著的线性相关性,但其抗压强度随化学结合水含量的变化率小于标养浆体.     

复掺粉煤灰和硅灰复合水泥浆体的干燥收缩研究

以复掺粉煤灰、硅灰的复合水泥浆体为研究对象,研究了复合水泥浆体的干燥收缩的变化规律.结合TG-DSC、孔结构测定、IR等现代化测试方法,研究了复合水泥浆体的结构、组成与干缩性能的关系.结果表明:当粉煤灰和硅灰总掺量为40％,而其中的硅灰掺量为0～10％,粉煤灰掺量为30％ ～ 40％时,其干燥收缩均小于纯水泥浆体.     

煤矸石-矿渣-水泥体系的水化进程及其性能研究

采用选择性溶解法和非线性拟合法分别测量了煤矸石-矿渣-水泥三元体系中三种原材料（煤矸石,矿渣,水泥）的水化进程,并对含有不同掺量矿物掺合料的复合水泥浆体干燥收缩及抗压强度进行了测量和分析。结果表明：当复合水泥浆体中含有5％煤矸石,25％矿渣时,复合材料的干燥收缩较小,抗压强度较大。     

海水环境下矿物掺合料对硫铝酸盐水泥的水化影响

研究了海水环境下掺入硅灰、粉煤灰、矿渣对硫铝酸盐水泥抗压强度、化学收缩和水化产物的影响规律.结果表明:当硅灰的掺量为2.5%时,水泥浆体的抗压强度比空白组高.矿渣掺量为10%的水泥浆体28 d抗压强度明显超过掺入硅灰和粉煤灰时的强度,60 d强度高于空白组.掺入2.5%硅灰后,水泥浆体的化学收缩增大;在水化早期,粉煤灰和矿渣的火山灰活性很低,导致水泥浆体的化学收缩降低.掺入10%硅灰加快了硫铝酸盐水泥3 d水化反应,钙矾石生成量增多,水泥浆体早期强度比掺其它掺合料有所提高,但体积过快膨胀会破坏其内部结构,对水泥浆体的强度发展不利.     

水泥基材料受限开裂敏感性研究

介绍了水泥基材料受限收缩的试验方法与影响水泥基材料收缩的因素,采用限制收缩中的轴向约束试验方法,研究了不同矿物掺合料和水胶比的水泥基材料受限开裂敏感性.结果表明较大的水胶比、较高的磨细矿渣和硅灰掺量会增大水泥浆体的开裂敏感性,粉煤灰对水泥浆体的限制收缩开裂敏感性具有降低作用.     

含有活性或惰性掺合料的复合胶凝材料硬化浆体的微观结构特征

用压汞法测定了不同温度条件下养护的含有粉煤灰或石英粉的复合胶凝材料硬化浆体的孔隙率.用扫描电镜观察了硬化浆体的微观形貌,同时测定了各种组成的复合胶凝材料的净浆强度.常温水化初期,活性与惰性矿物掺合料都只具有物理填充的作用,硬化浆体的孔隙率和强度由矿物掺合料的掺量所决定.高温水化条件下粉煤灰的火山灰反应提前发生.随水化龄期延长,粉煤灰逐渐发生火山灰反应,使硬化浆体结构密实,其强度逐步提高.活性与惰性矿物掺合料对复合胶凝材料浆体结构与性能的影响的差异在水化后期逐渐显现.     

矿物掺合料对蒸养高强浆体抗压强度及孔结构的影响

为明确胶凝组分对蒸养混凝土性能与孔结构的影响规律,以铁路预制预应力梁、轨道板用典型蒸养混凝土配比及其生产工艺为基础,研究了粉煤灰、矿渣、硅灰及石灰石粉等矿物掺合料对蒸养水泥浆体抗压强度、孔结构的影响,采用胶凝系数指标分析了蒸养条件下不同掺合料的强度贡献以及蒸养浆体抗压强度与孔隙率之间的关系。结果表明:分别掺上述矿物掺合料蒸养浆体28 d龄期后的强度均低于基准试样;本蒸养条件并没有促进粉煤灰火山灰活性的提早发挥,其3、28 d龄期下的胶凝系数较小且两者基本相同,仅约为90 d龄期胶凝系数的20%;而矿渣、硅灰、石灰石粉3 d龄期的胶凝系数显著大于其后期的胶凝系数;随各矿物掺合料的掺入,蒸养浆体28 d龄期、90 d龄期的总孔隙率呈现增加趋势;孔径大于20 nm的较大孔隙对蒸养浆体抗压强度的不利影响要大于孔径小的孔隙。     

含偏高岭土胶凝材料水化产物微孔结构的研究

对不掺活性掺合料、掺10％的偏高岭土和掺5％硅灰的水泥净浆孔结构特征进行比较,后两者浆体各龄期的总孔隙率均低于不掺活性掺合料的水泥;随着水化的进行,掺偏高岭土水泥硬化浆体的最可几孔径向低孔径方向移动。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。