硅溶胶结合镁质耐火浇注料的显微结构和性能

不用添加其它结合剂,便实现了在碱性耐火浇注料中加入硅微粉生成镁橄榄石相。由于硅溶胶具有更高的干燥速度和烧结性,最近几年开始广泛使用硅溶胶。本文研究了在镁质耐火浇注料中用硅溶胶替换硅微粉后对镁橄榄石形成的影响。研究了不同温度下、不同硅溶胶含量的试样的物理性能。而且,用X射线衍射(XRD)和电子显微镜(SEM)分别检测了试样在1 000℃、1 200℃和1 400℃下烧成后的相变化和显微结构变化。结果表明,由于氧化镁与硅微粉和硅溶胶反应,干燥后试样中氢氧化镁和水合硅酸镁的生成加强了试样的结构强度,大约在1 000℃生成镁橄榄石,且随着温度的上升逐渐增加。同时,当增加硅溶胶含量时会生成发育更好的镁橄榄石。进一步研究发现了二氧化硅添加剂的种类对耐火浇注料试样性能的影响。在1 400℃时,硅微粉和硅溶胶同时存在(MS3C3试样)时比只添加硅微粉(MS试样)的力学强度更优良。     

烧结温度对合成镁橄榄石性能的影响

以电熔镁砂、二氧化硅微粉为原料,采用固相反应法合成镁橄榄石,研究了不同烧结温度及不同配比对合成镁橄榄石材料性能的影响.研究结果表明:以镁橄榄石的理论配比配料合成镁橄榄石,在温度较低时在镁砂表面形成一层镁橄榄石,随着温度的升高,镁橄榄石层变厚,方镁石颗粒被镁橄榄石层包围;烧结温度从1350℃升到1600℃,试样的显气孔率降低,组织结构变得致密,接近镁橄榄石理论配比的试样综合性能较优.     

基于分形理论对轻质材料微孔结构与物理性能关系的研究

本文以NaCl为熔盐介质、镁橄榄石为原料制备了多孔镁橄榄石轻质材料,采用分形理论研究材料的微孔结构与材料物理性能的关系.对图像数据在预处理后用Image-Pro Plus软件进行二值化处理.利用分形理论确定线性关系式的相关系数R,以及用数学的方式来研究分形维数D.在烧成温度相同的条件下(1050℃,1100℃和1150℃),随试样中盐含量的增加,孔分形维数略有增加,当试样的烧成温度为1100℃,盐的含量为50％时,分形维数达到最大,即D=2.7.而在同一配比下,试样在1100℃时,孔分形维数较大,试样的孔结构趋于三维规则,烧成后试样的体积密度、显气孔率和常温耐压强度出现拐点.从而揭示了材料结构与性能之间的关系,即材料的分形维数越大,孔结构越趋于三维结构,材料的性能越优.     

菱镁矿尾矿与硼泥合成橄榄石研究

本实验以菱镁矿尾矿、硼泥和硅石为主要原料,通过固相反应烧结制备镁橄榄石,研究随着硼泥和添加剂铁红(Fe2O3)引入量的不同对合成镁橄榄石材料相组成、结构及烧结性能的影响.利用XRD和SEM对烧后试样的矿物相组成和显微结构进行表征.结果表明:硼泥可以促进烧后镁橄榄石材料中晶粒异常长大,随着烧后镁橄榄石材料结构中液相的增多,系统中出现了顽火辉石相,烧后镁橄榄石材料体积密度逐渐增大,硼泥对镁橄榄石有促烧结作用.添加剂铁红与氧化镁形成镁铁固溶体,促进镁橄榄石材料结构致密,系统中引入3.51％铁红,烧后镁橄榄石材料体积密度提高24％.     

TiO2含量对镁铝钛耐火材料烧结及显微结构的影响

以电熔镁砂、电熔白刚玉、电熔尖晶石、铬精矿及钛白粉为原料制备了镁铝钛试样,研究了加入不同量TiO2(分别为2%、3.5%、4%、4.5%、5%、7%和12.5%)的镁铝钛材料分别在1450℃、1500℃、1550℃、1600℃、1680℃、1750℃保温4~5h后的烧结状况,并对1500℃和1600℃烧后试样进行了SEM、EDAX和XRD分析。结果表明:加入质量分数为3.5%~7%的TiO2就能显著促进镁铝钛试样的烧结,同时改善其抗热震性;当煅烧温度低于1680℃时,随着煅烧温度的升高,试样的烧结程度越好,显气孔率下降,体积密度增加;试样的主晶相为方镁石,基质部分结构致密,气孔少且多呈封闭的圆孔状;基质中主晶相为方镁石,次晶相为尖晶石固溶体、钛酸钙和少量的镁橄榄石,方镁石之间、方镁石和次晶相之间的直接结合利于试样性能的提高。     

镁橄榄石前驱体溶胶结合电熔镁砂基耐火材料基质的烧结性能

为提高电熔镁砂基耐火材料的烧结性能,以Na_2SiO_3·9H_2O和MgCl_2·6H_2O制备的镁橄榄石前驱体溶胶作为结合剂,以粒度≤0. 074 mm的电熔镁砂细粉为主原料,研究镁橄榄石前驱体溶胶加入量(质量分数分别为0、1%、2%和3%)对电熔镁砂基耐火材料基质试样性能、显微结构及物相组成的影响。结果表明:随着镁橄榄石前驱体溶胶加入量的增加,1 450和1 550℃保温2 h烧后试样的体积密度、烧后线收缩率、常温耐压强度呈先增大后减小趋势,加入2%(w)的镁橄榄石前驱体溶胶时,1 550℃烧后试样的体积密度和耐压强度最大,镁橄榄石颗粒均匀分布在镁砂颗粒表面及颗粒间隙处,两相晶粒边界完整清晰,填充颗粒边界气孔,形成致密的显微结构。可见,加入镁橄榄石前驱体溶胶对电熔镁砂基耐火材料基质起到促烧结作用。     

镁橄榄石骨料的合成及其对镁橄榄石质耐火材料性能的影响

采用XRD分析了镁橄榄石碎矿细粉及其分别经1200～1600℃3h煅烧后的物相组成,研究了煅烧温度和轻烧MgO加入量对镁橄榄石合成骨料显气孔率和体积密度的影响以及合成骨料对镁橄榄石质耐火材料常温物理性能的影响。结果发现:(1)镁橄榄石原料经1200～1600℃3h煅烧后,物相组成没有明显改变,主要以镁橄榄石相为主。(2)随着煅烧温度的提高,合成骨料的显气孔率先降低后增高,体积密度先增大后减小;以不同煅烧温度合成的骨料为主要原料制备的镁橄榄石质耐火材料试样经1600℃3h处理后收缩趋势增大,显气孔率逐渐下降,体积密度增大,抗折强度没有明显变化,耐压强度缓慢增大。(3)随着轻烧MgO加入量的增加,合成骨料的显气孔率先降低后增高,体积密度先增大后减小;轻烧MgO含量为10%时,合成骨料的显气孔率最小,体积密度最大;以添加轻烧MgO的合成骨料为主要原料制备的镁橄榄石质耐火材料试样收缩增大,显气孔率降低,体积密度增大,抗折强度先下降后增高,耐压强度先增高后降低。     

利用天然镁橄榄石制备轻质原料的工艺研究及其应用

为开发新型碱性隔热耐火原料,以天然镁橄榄石细粉、菱镁矿细粉为原料,无烟煤为造孔剂,按镁橄榄石(2MgO·SiO2)的化学组成配比后进行湿磨,再干法成型后于不同温度下煅烧,制备了φ36 mm的圆柱试样.研究了转速、煅烧温度以及无烟煤的外加量对试样性能的影响,并将该轻质原料应用于镁橄榄石质浇注料中.结果表明:当煅烧温度达到...     

以Na2SO4介质制备镁橄榄石轻质材料的性能研究

以天然镁橄榄石和Na2SO4为原料,采用树脂作为结合剂,将原料压制成型,分别经900、1 000、1 100℃保温10 h烧后,再经过蒸馏水洗盐处理,经110℃24 h烘干后制备了镁橄榄石轻质材料。检测了试样的体积密度、显气孔率及常温耐压强度,并利用XRD、SEM及EDS分析了原料的相组成和试样的显微结构。结果表明:随着烧成温度的升高,镁橄榄石烧结程度良好,在材料中形成骨架结构;当镁橄榄石与熔盐Na2SO4的理论质量比为1 1时,熔盐与镁橄榄石反应生成的MgO具有较完整的晶体形貌,晶粒尺寸大的约5μm,小的约1μm;当镁橄榄石与熔盐Na2SO4的理论质量比为1 1.3,在1 100℃烧后,经蒸馏水洗盐处理后的试样综合性能最佳,其显气孔率为56%,体积密度为1.3 g·cm-3,耐压强度为18 MPa。     

利用硼泥制备低膨胀系数镁橄榄石瓷

以硼泥为主要原料,经干压成型后于1100~1260℃烧结保温3 h,得到镁橄榄石瓷。为改善镁橄榄石陶瓷的热膨胀性,实验探究了外加5~20%的β-锂霞石,对镁橄榄石瓷热膨胀系数的影响。通过对样品的X射线衍射分析和热膨胀测试,结果表明,添加一定比例的β-锂霞石能有效降低镁橄榄石瓷的热膨胀系数,当β-锂霞石含量达到20%时,在室温至800℃时测得镁橄榄石瓷的热膨胀系数随温度的升高而升高,最大热膨胀系数为8.071×10-6℃-1,相对于单纯的镁橄榄石瓷降低了26.2%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。