高性能碱激发胶凝材料的正交试验研究

利用正交试验研究了Ca(OH)2,Ca SO4·2H2O和硅灰的掺量对碱激发胶凝材料强度的影响;同时借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对胶凝材料微观结构进行分析。试验结果表明:在水化初期,Ca SO4·2H2O掺量对碱激发胶凝材料的强度影响起较大作用,其次是Ca(OH)2掺量的影响,再次是硅灰;而随着水化反应进行程度的不断加深,碱掺量逐渐起较大作用,Ca SO4·2H2O次之,硅灰再次之。随着水化反应的不断进行,矿渣中的玻璃体不断被消耗而生成C-S-H凝胶,而生成的C-S-H凝胶不断搭接融合,形成整体的组织结构,使胶凝材料不断密实,强度逐渐提高。另外通过试验得出了配制强度达到50MPa的碱激发胶凝材料的具体配合比,即Ca(OH)2掺量为8%,Ca SO4·2H2O掺量为3%,硅灰掺量为3%。     

不同激发剂对钢渣活性影响的研究

本文选用水玻璃、氢氧化钠、硫酸钠、硅灰、铝酸钠以及复合激发剂,系统研究了不同类别激发剂对钢渣活性的影响和激发机理.利用SEM和XRD对不同激发剂制备的钢渣胶凝材料水化产物进行了微观表征和矿物相分析,比较了不同龄期活性激发钢渣胶凝材料的抗压强度.结果表明:激发剂能促使钢渣水化产物中水化硅酸钙凝 胶含量增加,促进钙矾石晶体生成,破坏钢渣中玻璃体网络结构,增大钢渣水化浆体的密实度.硅灰作为激发剂对钢渣活性的激发效果最好,制备的水泥试块28 d抗压强度能达15.9 MPa.     

鞍钢钢渣矿渣制备人工鱼礁混凝土复合胶凝材料

以81.5％的矿渣、5％的钢渣、12.5％的脱硫石膏以及1％的水泥熟料,制备出了28 d抗压强度为56.75 MPa的低碱度胶凝材料,该胶凝材料可用于制备低碱度人工鱼礁混凝土.通过改变钢渣和脱硫石膏的掺量,研究了其掺量变化与试件强度的影响关系.实验结果表明:在该体系中,当钢渣掺量小于5％时,胶砂试块的强度随着钢渣的增加而提高;当钢渣掺量大于5％时,胶砂试块的强度随着钢渣掺量的增加而降低,并在钢渣掺基大于20％时快速下降.脱硫石膏的掺量对胶砂试块的强度影响更为显著;当脱硫石膏掺量达到12.5％时,与不含脱硫石膏的试样相比,抗压强度和抗折强度分别提高了168％和176％.利用XRD和SEM分析净浆的水化过程,结果表明,体系在早期水化主要生成AFt相和C-S-H凝胶,并对强度的增长起了主要作用.     

石膏、硅灰对硅酸盐胶凝材料早期抗压强度的影响

为了研究石膏、硅灰对硅酸盐胶凝材料早期强度的影响,分别测试了石膏、硅灰不同掺量下的胶凝材料的4 h、1 d、28 d的抗压强度。利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜分析了水化产物的微观结构特征。研究表明,在一定的试验范围内,胶凝材料的抗压强度随石膏的增加而变大,掺量为0.75%时最佳,4 h和1 d的抗压强度分别达到5.8 MPa和63.4 MPa;硅灰掺量从0%增长到15%,胶凝材料的各龄期抗压强度均随掺量的增加而呈增长趋势;硬化浆体的微观结构特征表明,一定的试验范围内,石膏使体系中的AFt数量增加,硅灰使体系中的C-S-H凝胶增多,且硅灰未水化的细小颗粒体有效填充硬化浆体的孔隙。     

钢渣矿渣基全固废胶凝材料的化学活化

为了促进钢铁冶金渣的高附加值应用,以钢渣、矿渣和脱硫石膏为原料制备胶凝材料,研究了不同掺量CaO或Na2SO4对胶凝材料的化学活化作用,并利用XRD、SEM对掺入激发剂胶凝材料的水化产物进行了分析.结果表明,掺入少量CaO或者 Na2SO4的胶凝材料净浆试块早期抗压强度会有一定的提高,后期强度变化不大;但当Na2SO4掺量超过2%时,净浆试块的抗压强度会降低.掺入激发剂对胶凝材料的水化产物种类不会造成影响,其水化产物主要包括钙矾石(AFt)、水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶和氢氧化钙(CH).     

硅灰、偏高岭土对矿渣-粉煤灰微珠胶凝材料性能的影响

首先通过改变粉煤灰微珠掺量,确定满足快速修补要求的矿渣-粉煤灰微珠胶凝材料基体的最佳配比,再调节偏高岭土、硅灰掺量,研究其对复合胶凝材料凝结时间、力学性能和水化机理的影响。研究发现,偏高岭土对凝结时间的改变较硅灰更敏感。通过化学结合水测试,分析了不同硅灰和偏高岭土掺量对矿渣-粉煤灰微珠胶凝材料水化反应程度影响的原因。力学实验结果表明：矿渣-粉煤灰微珠胶凝基体复合掺加5%硅灰（质量分数）+15%偏高岭土（质量分数）,试块2 h抗压强度为11.5 MPa、28 d抗压强度达到75.2 MPa,且呈现缓慢递增的趋势。     

养护条件对钢渣粉水化性能的影响

以磨细钢渣粉(SS)作辅助胶凝材料,研究不同养护条件下掺钢渣粉水泥的强度,并将之与砂粉(SP)对比.测试其在碱溶液作用下活性硅的溶出量、与饱和氢氧化钙溶液反应程度以及显微结构,探讨不同养护条件对钢渣粉水化性能的影响.结果表明:在常温水养条件,在同等掺量条件下,掺钢渣粉水泥3d、7d、28 d强度均较砂粉水泥强度高,钢渣粉早期水化活性较砂粉高.80℃水热养护至相同龄期,在同等掺量条件下,掺钢渣粉水泥强度均较掺砂粉水泥要高.与常温条件相比,80℃水热条件下钢渣粉消耗的Ca(OH)2量明显增加,生成的水化产物也较多,水化反应程度较砂粉高.水热条件有利于激发钢渣粉活性,提高其水化反应程度,增加试样强度.     

碱激发粉煤灰/钢渣胶凝材料的制备

以低钙粉煤灰和钢渣为主要原料制备碱激发胶凝材料,对比了碱激发粉煤灰和碱激发粉煤灰-钢渣复合胶凝材料的力学性能,研究了原料配比、水玻璃模数和早期养护温度对力学性能的影响,并对比了两种胶凝材料的水化产物.结果 表明,钢渣与粉煤灰质量比为1∶2,水玻璃模数为1.4,早期养护温度为80℃时,复合胶凝材料的抗压强度最高,且优于纯粉煤灰组的强度.钢渣的掺入促进了体系中生成较多的钠系菱沸石,为胶凝材料提供了更高的强度.     

NaOH激发矿渣胶凝材料的29 Si NMR研究

为研究NaOH激发矿渣胶凝材料的强度演变规律及反应机理,采用抗压强度测试、XRD和29 Si NMR等技术手段探究了NaOH用量对碱矿渣胶凝材料抗压强度、水化产物种类、矿渣水化反应程度、C-S-H凝胶的聚合程度及其Al/Si的影响.研究结果表明:当NaOH用量为6％时,碱激发矿渣胶凝材料的抗压强度达到最大值;XRD谱图显示,NaOH激发矿渣胶凝材料的主要水化产物为C-S-H凝胶;29 Si NMR分析结果表明,NaOH用量的增加促进了矿渣的水化,其最佳用量为6％左右,NaOH用量超过6％,会降低C-S-H凝胶的聚合程度及其Al/Si,对胶凝材料的强度产生不利影响.     

碱激发磷渣基胶凝材料的性能及微观结构分析

以磷渣(PS)为主要原料,配合高炉矿渣(BFS),在碱性普通硅酸盐水泥(OPC)或氢氧化钙(CH)的作用下,制备碱激发磷渣基胶凝材料.主要研究PS/BFS质量配比、养护方式、OPC和CH掺量对材料抗压强度的影响,并通过XRD、FT-IR、TG-DTG、SEM-EDS等表征手段分析材料的物相组成和微观形貌.结果 表明,当PS/BFS质量比为7∶2、OPC掺量为10％或CH掺量为4％,蒸汽养护32 h时,二者对材料的激发效果及原理类似,其材料抗压强度分别达46.0 MPa、43.3 MPa,水化产物主要为水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)和水化硅铝酸钙(C-A-S-H)凝胶.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。