任意形状旁瓣波束形成技术研究

在自适应零陷形成的基础上,提出了一种自适应加权算法,用于任意阵型阵列构成具有任意形状旁瓣的波束图,并考虑基元方向性对波束图的影响.给出了实现自适应加权算法的三个步骤,预先设定所需旁瓣形状及旁瓣级,采用循环,最终使旁瓣与预设形状吻合.将该算法用于均匀线阵和抛物线阵,均得到期望的结果,并与道夫-切比雪夫加权作了相应比较.研究表明,基元的方向性对该算法波束形成的影响很小,新算法可以消除基元宽带方向性对波束的影响.     

多输入多输出雷达发射天线低旁瓣设计

多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达发射波形的多样性,为发射方向图设计提供了更多的自由度。针对阵元等功率条件下获得低旁瓣高增益发射波束的问题,提出了一种采用极小极大准则优化设计发射波形相关矩阵的方法,并将该约束优化问题转换为无约束优化问题,便于采用经典迭代法求解。仿真结果表明:采用极小极大准则设计的发射方向图旁瓣区域平坦,最高旁瓣电平接近理论最低值。最后采用循环(CA)算法,获得易于数字阵列系统实现的相位编码信号,使用该相位编码信号得到的实际发射方向图与理论结果匹配良好。     

基于遗传算法和模拟退火的不等间距稀布阵的设计

副瓣电平在天线阵列的设计中是很重要的指标,已经有很多方法进行这方面的改进。该文在稀布阵概念的基础上,引入了距离微扰,提出不等间距稀布阵的模型,来进一步改善天线阵的副瓣电平,并且利用遗传算法和模拟退火对这种不等间距稀布阵进行了综合设计。给出了200元线阵和4020面阵的优化结果,从仿真结果可以看到天线副瓣电平得到了改善。     

DESIGN OF VIRTUAL UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAYS FOR EFFICIENT DIRECTION FINDING

The problem considered in this paper is to interpolate a virtual uniform array froma real two-dimensional array with arbitrary geometry via an interpolation matrix. The key to thisproblem is how to arrange these virtual sensors. It is shown that the virtual uniform linear arrayshould have the same main-lobe beam-pattern as the real array over an angular sector of interest.Simulation results are presented to illustrate the application of virtual array in direction finding.     

Phased array theory and technology

This review of array antennas highlights those elements of theory and hardware that are a part of the present rapid technological growth. The growth and change in array antennas include increased emphasis on "special-purpose" array techniques such as conformal and printed circuit arrays, wide angle scanning arrays, techniques for limited sector coverage, and antennas with dramatically increased pattern control features such as low sidelobe, adaptively controlled patterns. These new topics have substantially replaced large radar arrays in the literature and constitute a major change in the technology. The paper presents a tutorial review of theoretical developments emphasizing techniques appropriate to finite arrays, but indicating parallel developments in infinite array theory, which has become the useful tool for analysis of large arrays. A brief review of the theory of ideal arrays is followed by a generalized formulation of array theory including mutual coupling effects, and is appropriate to finite or infinite arrays of arbitrary wire elements or apertures in the presence of a conducting ground screen. Some results of array tolerance theory are summarized from the literature and retained as reference throughout discussions of array component requirements and device tolerance for low sidelobe arrays. Examples from present technology include conformal and hemispherical coverage arrays, lightweight printed circuit arrays, systems for use with reflectors and lenses in limited sector coverage applications, and wide-band array techniques.     

Optimum scannable planar arrays with an invariant sidelobe level

This paper presents two alternative methods for determining the current distribution in the elements of a scanning rectangular array which is optimum in the sense that its radiation pattern has a constant sidelobe level and a narrowest beamwidth in all directions. Exact formulas for both even and odd numbers of elements are given. The dependence of the main-lobe beamwidth on the total number of elements, the element spacing, the sidelobe level, and the scan angle is studied in detail. The minimum required number of controlled elements in a square array with electronic beam scanning over a specified sector for a guaranteed upper limit on beamwidth without grating lobes is determined. Numerical results are included, which illustrate many interesting features of the new design technique.     

The Pareto Optimization of Ultrawideband Polyfractal Arrays

The application of global optimization techniques, such as genetic algorithms, to antenna array layouts can provide versatile design methodologies for highly directive, thinned, frequency agile, and shaped-beam antenna systems. However, these methodologies have their limitations when applied to more demanding design scenarios. Global optimizations are not well equipped to handle the large number of parameters used to describe large- antenna arrays. To overcome this difficulty, a new class of arrays was recently introduced called polyfractal arrays that possess properties well suited for the optimization of large- arrays. Polyfractal arrays are uniformly excited with an underlying self-similar geometrical structure that leads to aperiodic element layouts. This paper expands on polyfractal array design methodologies by applying a robust Pareto optimization technique with the goal of reducing the peak sidelobe levels at several frequencies specified over a wide bandwidth. A recursive beamforming algorithm and an autopolyploidy based mutation native to polyfractal geometries are used to dramatically accelerate the genetic algorithm optimization process. This paper also demonstrates that the properties of polyfractal arrays can be exploited to create designs that possess no grating lobes and relatively low sidelobe levels over ultrawide bandwidths. The best example discussed in this paper maintains a dB peak sidelobe level with no grating lobes from a , to more than a minimum spacing between elements, which corresponds to at least a 40:1 bandwidth for the array.     

The peak sidelobe of the phased array having randomly located elements

A formula is derived for the peak sidelobe level of a phased array in which the elements are randomly located. The parameters of the formula are the number and size of the array elements, size of the array, wavelength, beamsteering angle, and signal bandwidth. The theory is tested by measurement of the peak sidelobe of several hundred computer-simulated random arrays. Unlike the case for the conventional array the effect of spatial taper (nonuniform density of element location) upon the peak sidelobe level is minor. The peak sidelobe of the two-dimensional planar array is approximately 3 dB higher than that of the linear array of the same length and same number of elements.     

一种圆形天线阵列的波束赋形算法

基于自适应天线阵理论,给出一种用于圆形阵列天线方向图的波束赋形算法。该方法通过迭代获得一组最优权值,用来减小加权赋形方向图和期望方向图在主波束上的差别,同时将旁瓣电平降低到期望值。通过具体圆形阵列的算例说明了这种算法的有效性。     

Phase-only synthesis of minimum peak sidelobe patterns for linearand planar arrays

Minimization of the maximum sidelobe level for a given array geometry by phase-only adjustment of the element excitations is considered. Optimum phases are obtained by using a numerical search procedure to minimize the expression for the pattern sidelobe level with respect to the element phases. Results for both linear and planar arrays of equispaced elements are presented. The data suggests that optimum sidelobe level is a logarithmic function of array size, and optimum patterns have relative efficiencies that are typically somewhat greater than for comparable-amplitude tapered arrays. An analytic synthesis algorithm is presented for use on very large arrays for which the numerical search technique for the minimization of the sidelobe level is computationally impractical. This method produces patterns with characteristics similar to arrays synthesized using the numerical search method, i.e. relatively uniform angular distribution of energy in the sidelobe region, and generally decreasing maximum sidelobe level as the array size is increased     

Conformal four-beam antenna arrays with reduced sidelobes

Investigations on sidelobe reduction in multibeam conformal antenna arrays are presented. The recently presented concept of sidelobe reduction in planar multibeam antenna arrays in conjunction with the phase compensation technique has been applied for the design of reduced sidelobe multibeam conformal antenna arrays. Six- and eight-element antenna arrays fed by modified Butler matrices have been investigated and minimum radii have been found for which the sidelobe level is comparable to the respective planar multibeam arrays. A novel fully integrated six-element four-beam antenna array has been successfully designed in which sidelobes equal -14 dB for all four beams have been achieved.     

Random removal of radiators from large linear arrays

The effects on the radiation pattern whenNpairs of symmetrically located radiators are removed at random from a large(2N_{0}+1)-element linear array are studied as a statistical problem. It has been possible to determine the limiting bounds of the radiation pattern the probability that the main-lobe beamwidth is not widened by more than a given percentage, the probability that a certain sidelobe does not deteriorate by a specified amount and the probability that all sidelobes are below a specified level. The general analysis is valid for arrays with an arbitrary amplitude distribution which is symmetrical with respect to the center element and with an arbitrary progressive phase shift. Curves showing computed statistical data for a 201-element array with both the uniform and a cosine-squared amplitude distribution are presented.     

Useful approximations for the directivity and beamwidth of large scanning Dolph-Chebyshev arrays

Approximate but accurate formulas are presented in a closed form that makes possible an easy examination and computation of directivity and beamwidth for large scanning Dolph-Chebyshev arrays. Array length, number of elements, spacing of the elements, sidelobe level, and angle of scan are parameters. Element spacings less than λ/2 are included. Comparisons between exact and approximate theory are presented in a graphical form that illustrates the lower limits of array size for which the approximations are valid. The maximum directivity for Chebyshev arrays is in principle limited, regardless of array size. Values of maximum directivity, and the particular array designs required to achieve them, are given for several fixed array lengths. The directivity-beamwidth product is evaluated over a wide range of sidelobe levels and array lengths, and the region over which this product is essentially constant is specified. In the interests of achieving joint minimization of beamwidth and maximization of directivity, the particular Chebyshev design such that the directivity-beamwidth ratio is maximized is determined.     

弯曲阵面机载共形阵列雷达方向图与杂波相关性研究

针对载体弯曲效应对机载共形阵列雷达方向图和杂波特性的影响,该文在正侧视条件下评估均匀圆环阵方向图性能,分析不同位置阵元对弯曲阵面方向图合成效率的影响,发现边缘阵子不仅对共形阵列方向图主瓣增益贡献较小,反而更易引起旁瓣抬升等挑战,降低共形阵的孔径利用效率。另一方面,通过严格的理论推导完成共形阵列雷达方向图特性与杂波扩展效应内在物理联系的分析,发现弯曲阵面引起的方向图非理想畸变是共形阵杂波非均匀扩展的核心影响因素。在此基础上,进一步分析共形雷达单个贴片微带阵元加工和安装结构组件将增大阵元物理尺寸,使得共形阵列雷达相邻阵元间距大于半波长,当阵元间隔增大到一定程度时,在方向图远区会形成较高的栅瓣,进一步影响机载共形阵列雷达的杂波分布,通过仿真分析发现在特定的脉冲重复频率(PRF)条件下,“栅瓣杂波”折叠进入主瓣杂波,该文提出通过优化雷达PRF设计,避免栅瓣杂波的折叠效应对机载共形阵列雷达信号处理性能的影响,相关仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

A set of sum-cosine window functions

This paper presents a set of windows, called sum-cosine windows, whose first side-lobe level varies from ?39-30 to ? 67-66dB, while the peak sidelobe offers ?39-30 to ? 6312dB attenuation. The asymptotic decay rate of the sidelobe envelope ranges from 12dB per octave to 36dB per octave. However, the main-lobe width of these windows falls in between Hamming and Blackman windows and Black-man windows and the optimum windows, proposed by Harris and Nuttall. The distinct advantage of these windows is their simple form, resulting in easy implementation, compared to the near-optimum windows proposed by Kaiser.     

Microstrip travelling wave combline array antenna with reflection compensation

A microstrip travelling wave combline array with reflection compensation is proposed and demonstrated. A compensation stub is used to minimise the cumulative reflection and the sidelobe degradation at broadside. To simplify the compensation design, two same radiating stubs are grouped together to form a pair. Two linear arrays with and without compensation are designed and compared. A fabricated 24 GHz array exhibits a return loss of -22.1 dB and the highest H-plane sidelobe level of -20.2 dB at broadside     

一种超方向性阵列天线综合方法

以往的阵列综合方法不能在获得高的方向性系数的同时保证外部噪声占优,不能用于超方向性阵列综合 .本文提出了一种新的阵列综合方法,该方法适用于任意阵列形式,以最大化阵列方向性系数为目标,通过对阵列效率的约束保证了外部噪声占优的条件,并通过迭代控制了方向图的旁瓣,实现了阵列效率和旁瓣约束下的方向性系数最优化,很好地满足了超方向性阵列综合的要求 .对多种阵列的综合结果表明了这种方法的有效性和灵活性 .     

Conical array studies

Present requirements for wide-band spread-spectrum techniques for many applications offer attractive potential uses for circular symmetric arrays. Since rigorous analytical techniques are not available to investigate conical array characteristics, experimental techniques can be used to simulate scanning of the conical array. This paper describes techniques that give some insight into the behavior of conical arrays of dipoles. A projected distribution is used to simulate array properties such as beamwidth, sidelobe level, and polarization. Comparisons with a similar cylindrical array are made. Element patterns are examined to determine if behavior is similar to known behavior of element patterns for the cylindrical array. Finally, a conical sector experimental array is used to simulate selected "scanned" beam positions to determine array behavior, i.e., beamwidth, scan limits, polarization, and sidelobe level. Experimental and calculated array patterns, element patterns, and polarization data are given.     

互阻抗精度对实现天线极低副瓣的限制

实现极低副瓣阵列天线需要作精确的互耦补偿.如果阵列的互阻抗(或互耦系数)矩阵确知,理论上可以精确补偿互耦的影响,从而实现极低副瓣接收。但无论是计算还是测量得到的互阻抗矩阵都只有一定的精度,这个精度最终决定了补偿效果。本文研究了极低副瓣阵列天线中互耦补偿对互阻抗精度的要求;推导出了互阻抗误差与通道幅相误差的关系;进而得到了互阻抗误差与副瓣电平的关系。     

Performance analysis of derivative constraint adaptive arrays withpointing errors

The performance of adaptive arrays with arbitrary order derivative constraints to avoid the signal nulling caused by the error in the steering angle is investigated. The generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) is used to evaluate the bearing responses of adaptive arrays with pointing errors. Under the assumption of equispaced linear arrays, the Legendre polynomial is used to derive a closed-form formula for the sidelobe leakage factor, the ratio in which the signal leaks into the GSC sidelobe cancelling branch. Moreover, the effective beamwidth, the maximum range of pointing inaccuracy allowable to keep the signal loss in array output less than a given value, is derived for the GSC with a delay-and-sum quiescent beamformer. Such adaptive arrays can achieve the maximum output signal-to-noise ratio when the presteering is perfect, and the performance is independent of the location of the phase origin. Numerical results are presented to confirm the analysis