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1.
DESCRIBES THE TREND OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT OF OVERSEAS RESEARCH IN THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DURING THE 20TH CENTURY, AND DISCUSSES CURRENT NEEDS, THE COORDINATION PROCESS, ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, THE PROBLEMS OF LEADERSHIP IN THIS AREA, AND SUGGESTED BILLS TO REMEDY THE SITUATION. THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES SUBCOMMITTEE'S WORK IS EXPLAINED, AND THEIR RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ARE DISCUSSED. THESE "REVOLVED AROUND (1) STRENGTHENING THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES; (2) PRESERVING THE INDEPENDENCE OF ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS; AND (3) INTERNATIONALIZING FOREIGN AREA RESEARCH." THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL TEAMS TO CONDUCT RESEARCH AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT INVENTIONS AND STRATEGIES ARE STRESSED. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT "THE USE OF THE INFORMAL METHOD FOR GOVERNMENT COORDINATION OF FOREIGN AREA RESEARCH" BE STRENGTHENED AND THAT A TEAM OF FOREIGN POLICY EXPERTS AND SCIENTISTS BE FORMED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

2.
DISCUSSES "THE TREND OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE STUDY OF POLICY FORMATION AND THE ROLE THAT SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS HAVE PLAYED AND CAN PLAY IN THESE DEVELOPMENTS." ESSENTIAL TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF THE POLICY PROCESS ARE 3 POINTS. "THE 1ST IS THAT MORALIZING AND GENERALIZING ARE NOT THE SAME THING AS POLICY MAKING." THE 2ND AND 3RD "ARE THAT POLICY FORMATION IS A SOCIAL PROCESS WITH INTELLECTUAL ELEMENTS CONTAINED WITHIN IT RATHER THAN AN INTELLECTUAL PROCESS, AND FURTHER, THAT THE MODEL OF THE INTELLECTUAL PROCESSES INVOLVED IS NOT THAT OF DECISION MAKING." PROPOSES THAT "THE PROCESS OF POLICY FORMATION BE VIEWED AS ONE OF EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT NEGOTIATION IN WHICH A COURSE OF ACTION EVOLVED THAT WAS A REASONABLE RESOLUTION OF THE DIVERSITY OF VALUES AND INTERESTS. IN THIS PROCESS, A KEY SKILL IS THAT OF FORMULATING AND COMMUNICATING POLICY IN SUCH A WAY AS TO ELICIT THE NECESSARY SUPPORT." A STRATEGY OF RESEARCH IS OUTLINED, AND IT IS CONCLUDED THAT "IF WE ARE TO IMPROVE THE POLICY PROCESS WE WILL HAVE TO EFFECT THESE IMPROVEMENTS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF ESSENTIALLY THE SAME SYSTEM OF NEGOTIATION THAT PRESENTLY EXISTS." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

3.
PRESENTS AN OUTLINE AND PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF A GROUP WHICH CONSTITUTES THE GREATER PART OF A SINGLE INVISIBLE COLLEGE. INVISIBLE COLLEGE REFERS TO THAT "INGROUP" IN EACH OF THE MORE ACTIVELY PURSUED AND HIGHLY COMPETITIVE SPECIALTIES IN THE SCIENCES. GROUP MEMBERS CLAIM TO BE REASONABLY IN TOUCH WITH EVERYONE WHO IS CONTRIBUTING MATERIALLY TO RESEARCH IN THEIR AREA NOT ONLY NATIONALLY, BUT INTERNATIONALLY AS WELL. "THE IMPLICATIONS OF THIS STUDY ARE CONSIDERABLE FOR ANALYZING THE SOCIAL LIFE OF SCIENCE AND THE NATURE OF COLLABORATION AND COMMUNICATION AT THE RESEARCH FRONT . . . . PERHAPS THE RECENT ACCELERATION IN THE AMOUNT OF MULTIPLE AUTHORSHIP IN SEVERAL REGIONS OF SCIENCE IS DUE PARTLY TO THE BUILDING OF A NEW COMMUNICATION MECHANISM DERIVING FROM THE INCREASED MOBILITY OF SCIENTISTS, AND PARTLY TO AN EFFORT TO UTILIZE LARGER AND LARGER QUANTITIES OF LOWER-LEVEL RESEARCH MANPOWER. IF THIS IS SO, THEN THE CONVENTIONAL EXPLANATION OF COLLABORATION, AS THE UTILIZATION OF MANY DIFFERENT SKILLS AND PAIRS OF HANDS TO DO A SINGLE JOB OTHERWISE IMPOSSIBLE TO PERFORM, IS WOEFULLY INADEQUATE AND MISLEADING." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

4.
A POSSIBLE COMBINATION OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY IS THAT OF "BEHAVIORAL ELECTRONICS," THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY TO THE UNDERSTANDING, MAINTENANCE, AND MODIFICATION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR. THIS RAISES MANY CRITICAL SOCIAL ISSUES WHICH MAY BE BEST RESOLVED BY PROFESSIONAL "PREVENTIVE" RESEARCH SIMILAR TO THAT USED IN DRUG AND MEDICAL DEVICE RESEARCH. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL ELECTRONICS AND THAT OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY AND THE PHYSICS LABORATORY ARE POINTED OUT, AND BROAD PROFESSIONAL INVOLVEMENT IS SUGGESTED AS A MEANS FOR DEVELOPING A WIDE RANGE OF OPTIONS CONSONANT WITH THE PUBLIC WELFARE. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

5.
REVIEWS RESEARCH BETWEEN 1959 AND 1967 RELATING ORIENTATION INVENTORY (ORI) SCORES TO OTHER SELF-REPORTS AND TO PERFORMANCE IN CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS. ALTHOUGH MANY OF THE STUDIES ARE BASED ON SMALL SAMPLES AND ORI SCORES ARE RELATIVELY LOW IN RETEST RELIABILITY, THE OVERALL PATTERNS OF RESULTS SUGGEST THE UTILITY OF ASSESSING ORIENTATION AS A WAY OF INCREASING UNDERSTANDING OF PERFORMANCE IN A VARIETY OF SOCIAL SITUATIONS. IN MANY SUCH SITUATIONS, THE GREATEST SOURCE OF VARIANCE MAY BE THE INTERACTION OF INDIVIDUAL ORIENTATION AND THE NATURE OF THE TASK. WHAT IS PUNISHING FOR THE SELF-ORIENTED MAY BE OF NO CONSEQUENCE TO THE INTERACTION-ORIENTED AND POSITIVELY REINFORCING TO THE TASK-ORIENTED. (3 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

6.
ANALYZED COMMUNITY STUDIES WHICH HAVE ATTEMPTED TO COUNT UNTREATED AS WELL AS TREATED CASES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER FOR RATES OF PSYCHOSIS, NEUROSIS, AND PERSONALITY DISORDER ACCORDING TO AGE, SEX, AND SOCIAL CLASS. PSYCHOSIS AS A WHOLE IS NOT CONSISTENTLY RELATED TO ANY OF THESE VARIABLES, BUT SCHIZOPHRENIA AND MANIC-DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS MAY BE RELATED TO SOCIAL CLASS IN DIFFERENT WAYS. RATES OF NEUROSIS ARE CONSISTENTLY HIGHER FOR FEMALES THAN FOR MALES. RATES OF PERSONALITY DISORDER ARE HIGHER FOR MALES AND HIGHEST IN THE LOWEST SOCIAL CLASS. THESE RESULTS ARE EXAMINED FOR THE LIGHT THEY THROW ON THE ETIOLOGY OF THE 3 TYPES OF DISORDER. (42 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

7.
WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF A THEORY OF SELF-OTHER ORIENTATIONS, IT WAS PROPOSED THAT THE SELF-CONCEPT IS A MEDIATING AGENT BETWEEN THE ORGANISM AND THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, AND THAT SELF-ESTEEM IS THAT COMPONENT OF THE SELF-SYSTEM WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ORGANISM'S CONSISTENCY OF SOCIAL RESPONSE. THE CONSISTENCY OF THE LEVEL OF PARTICIPATION OF SS IN GROUP THERAPY SESSIONS WAS ASSOCIATED WITH SELF-ESTEEM AS MEASURED THROUGH TASKS REQUIRING JUXTAPOSITION OF SELF AND SIGNIFICANT OTHERS. SELF-ESTEEM WAS ALSO POSITIVELY RELATED TO FREQUENCY OF VERBAL PARTICIPATION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

8.
ATTEMPTED TO CLARIFY THE RELATIONSHIP OF REPRESSION-SENSITIZATION TO ADJUSTMENT STATUS, SOCIAL DESIRABILITY, AND ACQUIESCENCE RESPONSE SET. SS WERE 83 HOSPITALIZED MALE MEDICAL/SURGICAL PATIENTS CLASSIFIED AS ADJUSTED AND 78 HOSPITALIZED MALE PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS CLASSIFIED AS MALADJUSTED. THE DEFENSIVE STYLE OF REPRESSION OCCURRED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER FREQUENCY IN THE ADJUSTED POPULATION, WHILE THE DEFENSIVE STYLE OF SENSITIZATION OCCURRED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER FREQUENCY IN THE MALADJUSTED POPULATION. THERE WAS A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE REPRESSION-SENSITIZATION DIMENSION AND BOTH SOCIAL DESIRABILITY AND ACQUIESCENCE RESPONSE SET. HOWEVER, THE CORRELATIONS WERE LOW ENOUGH TO SUGGEST THAT THE REPRESSION-SENSITIZATION DIMENSION IS TAPPING SOMETHING NOT MEASURED BY THE OTHER 2 VARIABLES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

9.
DEFINING THE PRIMARY TASK OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGISTS AS THAT OF INTERVENING AT THE SOCIAL SYSTEM LEVEL TO MODIFY HUMAN BEHAVIOR, SEVERAL CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS THAT NEED CLARIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT ARE POSED. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE MEDICAL MODEL AND THE NEED FOR A THEORY OF MASS MOVEMENTS ARE DISCUSSED. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW CONCEPTS IN THESE AREAS MAY LEAD TO A NEW SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

10.
DESCRIBES THE CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF AN INSTRUMENT TO ASSESS SOCIAL COMPETENCE IN COLLEGE MALES. ITEMS WERE WRITTEN ASKING FOR REPORTS OF VERIFIABLE BEHAVIOR OR BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION WHICH REFLECTED SOCIAL PARTICIPATION, INTERPERSONAL COMPETENCE, ACHIEVEMENT, AND ENVIRONMENTAL MASTERY. AFTER PRELIMINARY CLARIFICATION AND ADJUSTMENT OF THE ITEMS, THOSE 20 ITEMS WHICH WITHSTOOD AN INTERNAL CONSISTENCY ANALYSIS WERE LABELED THE B-III SCALE. THE SCALE WAS VALIDATED BY DEMONSTRATING THAT HIGH AND LOW B-III SCORERS DIFFERED IN THE ANTICIPATED MANNER ON THE MMPI. IN ADDITION, SOCIALLY COMPETENT FRATERNITY MEMBERS SCORED HIGHER THAN SOCIALLY INCOMPETENT MEMBERS, WHO SCORED HIGHER THAN A CLASSROOM NORMATIVE SAMPLE. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

11.
PRESENTED AT HEARINGS ON S. 68 BEFORE THE SENATE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS, COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTAL OPERATIONS. THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL TECHNOLOGY OR SOCIAL ENGINEERING AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO STUDIES TO BE UNDERTAKEN BY THE SELECT CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE IN THE NEXT 3 YR. ARE EXAMINED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

12.
THE RAVEN STANDARD PROGRESSIVE MATRICES WAS ADMINISTERED TO 356 5TH AND 6TH GRADE SS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF PAST EXPERIENCES RELATED TO RACE, SOCIAL CLASS, AND SEX. ALL SOCIAL CLASS DIFFERENCES WERE SIGNIFICANT, WHILE A RACIAL DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND ONLY IN THE LOWER CLASS. NO SEX DIFFERENCES WERE SIGNIFICANT. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE MATRICES AND OTHER MEASURES (BOTH STANDARD TESTS AND FAMILY EXPERIENCES) VARIED AMONG THE DIFFERENT RACE, CLASS, AND SEX GROUPS. FUTURE RESEARCH MUST CONSIDER RACE, CLASS, AND SEX IN ITS INVESTIGATION OF THE USEFULNESS OF THE MATRICES, AND, MORE GENERALLY, EXPERIMENTIAL INFLUENCES ON INTELLIGENCE AND SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT. (19 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

13.
LONGITUDINAL DATA WERE USED TO ASSESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHILDHOOD SOCIAL CLASS AND THE DEVELOMENT OF PARTICULAR DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN ADULTHOOD. CHILDHOOD SOCIAL CLASS WAS CORRELATED WITH RATINGS OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS MADE WHEN SS WERE 30 YR. OLD. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT DENIAL IS NEGATIVELY AND PROJECTION AND INTELLECTUALIZATION ARE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH CHILDHOOD SOCIAL CLASS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

14.
UTILIZED A 3 * 3 FACTORIAL DESIGN TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF MESSAGE CONTENT AND SOCIAL PRESSURE ON THE PERCEPTION OF A MEMBER OF A STEREOTYPED GROUP. THE 3 TYPES OF MESSAGE WERE PROSTEREOTYPE, NEUTRAL, AND ANTISTEREOTYPE IN CONTENT; SOCIAL PRESSURE INVOLVED THE SAME 3 LEVELS. SS IN EACH GROUP HEARD 1 OF THE MESSAGES DELIVERED IN ENGLISH BY A SPEAKER WITH A FRENCH-CANADIAN ACCENT AND, WHILE MAKING THEIR RATINGS, EXPERIENCED 1 OF THE SOCIAL PRESSURE CONDITIONS. THE RESULTS DEMONSTRATED THAT SS' RATINGS WERE INFLUENCED BOTH BY MESSAGE CONTENT AND SOCIAL PRESSURE THOUGH THE STEREOTYPE STILL APPEARED TO BE OPERATIVE. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

15.
STUDIED THE USEFULNESS OF THE MINIMAL SOCIAL BEHAVIOR SCALE WITH 37 ADULT MALES OF LOW AVERAGE INTELLIGENCE AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. OF THE 32 ITEMS, ONLY 5 APPEARED TO HAVE SUFFICIENT VARIABILITY AMONG SS TO BE USEFUL IN EVALUATION OF TREATMENT OUTCOMES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

16.
SEVERAL INVESTIGATIONS INDICATE THAT, FOR THE AVERAGE S, ENDORSEMENT OF PERSONALITY INVENTORY ITEMS HAS ONLY A LOW TO MODERATE CORRELATION WITH SOCIAL DESIRABILITY (SD), UNLIKE THE CASE WHEN PROBABILITY OF ENDORSEMENT BY A GROUP IS RELATED TO DESIRABILITY. THESE STUDIES HAVE USED POINT-BISERIAL CORRELATION FOR THE INDIVIDUAL AND THE PRODUCT-MOMENT COEFFICIENT FOR THE GROUP. WHEN A SINGLE S'S RESPONSES ARE ANALYZED IN A WAY THAT PERMITS ESTIMATION OF PROBABILITY OF ENDORSEMENT, THE PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION BETWEEN THIS PROBABILITY AND SD TYPICALLY IS HIGH, APPROACHING MUCH CLOSER TO THE GROUP VALUE. HIGH AVERAGE INDIVIDUAL CORRELATION BETWEEN ENDORSEMENT AND DESIRABILITY DOES NOT PREVENT A DIAGNOSTIC SCALE FROM DISCRIMINATING BETWEEN DISPARATE GROUPS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

17.
IT IS SHOWN ON THE BASIS OF 7 SAMPLES, INCLUDING 2 SAMPLES OF BOGUS DATA, THAT EDWARDS' SOCIAL-DESIRABILITY-BASED PREDICTION EQUATION DOES NOT PREDICT ACTUAL SCORES ON OTHER TRUE-FALSE SCALES BUT, AT BEST, MERELY PREDICTS THE MAGNITUDE OF THE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALE AND THE OTHER SCALES. IT IS FURTHER SHOWN BY ANALYSIS OF EDWARDS' EQUATION THAT THIS RELATIONSHIP IS MATHEMATICALLY NECESSARY, AND THAT THE VERY STRUCTURE OF EDWARDS' EQUATION MAKES MORE ADEQUATE PREDICTIONS IMPOSSIBLE. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN ACTUAL AND PREDICTED SCORES ARE DEMONSTRATED TO DEPEND ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ITEM CONTENT, STRUCTURAL LIMITATIONS IMPOSED BY THE PREDICTION EQUATION, AND INTRINSIC RESPONSE BIAS. IN GENERAL, CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALE AND OTHER SCALES ARE AN INACCURATE REFLECTION OF A POTENTIAL UNDERLYING RELATIONSHIP AND TEND TO BE SPURIOUSLY LOW. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

18.
PREVIOUS RESEARCH SUGGESTS A DIFFERENT ETIOLOGY FOR SOLITARY AS OPPOSED TO SOCIAL DELINQUENTS, WITH SOLITARY DELINQUENTS COMING FROM SOCIOLOGICALLY NORMAL AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY DISTURBED HOMES, WITH THE REVERSE GENERALLY BEING THE CASE FOR SOCIAL DELINQUENTS. OTHER RESEARCH DEMONSTRATES THAT DELINQUENTS, AS A WHOLE, VIEW THEIR FATHERS' MORE THAN THEIR MOTHERS' BEHAVIORS AS BEING OF A TYPE THAT MIGHT BE CALLED PATHOGENIC. WHEN DESCRIPTIONS OF PARENT BEHAVIOR BY SOLITARY AND SOCIAL DELINQUENTS ARE COMPARED, SOLITARY DELINQUENTS REPORT MORE DEVIANT MATERNAL BEHAVIOR. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT SOLITARY AND SOCIAL DELINQUENTS DIFFER IN THE ETIOLOGY OF THEIR BEHAVIOR DIFFICULTIES, WITH BOTH VARIETIES HAVING DISTURBED RELATIONS WITH MALE AUTHORITY FIGURES, BUT ONLY THE SOLITARY DELINQUENTS HAVING DISTURBED RELATIONS WITH FEMALE AUTHORITY FIGURES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

19.
H. G. GOUGH'S (SEE 40:8) SOCIAL MATURITY INDEX ACCURATELY IDENTIFIED THE PERPETRATOR OF AN ANTISOCIAL ACT OUT OF A GROUP OF 66 COLLEGE SS. IN ADDITION, IT IDENTIFIED BLUFFERS ON A MIDTERM ESSAY AND THOSE WHO FAILED TO PICK UP THEIR GRADED FINAL EXAMINATIONS. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT GOUGH'S INDEX ALLOWS FOR A SURPRISING DEGREE OF ACCURACY IN IDENTIFYING LESS RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUALS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

20.
SS WERE 40 MALADJUSTED MALE PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED ON A PSYCHIATRIC WARD AND 40 ADJUSTED MALE PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED ON A MEDICAL SURGICAL WARD. THE MEDICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC GROUPS WERE EACH COMPOSED OF EQUAL SUBGROUPS OF LOW- AND HIGH-COMPETENCE REPRESSORS AND SENSITIZERS. ALL SS COMPLETED A SOCIAL DESIRABILITY MINIMIZED Q-SORT FOR "REAL SELF" AND FOR "IDEAL SELF." RESULTS SHOWED THAT SELF-ACCEPTANCE AS EXPRESSED IN A SELF-IDEAL DISCREPANCY SCORE IS SIGNIFICANTLY RELATED TO THE DEFENSIVE-STYLE CONTINUUM OF REPRESSION-SENSITIZATION, WITH REPRESSORS EXPRESSING SIGNIFICANTLY SMALLER SELF-IDEAL DISCREPANCIES THAN SENSITIZERS. NO RELATIONSHIP WAS FOUND BETWEEN SELF-ACCEPTANCE AND THE DIMENSIONS OF ADJUSTMENT OR SOCIAL COMPETENCE. (33 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

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