起动初始条件对GDI汽油机反转直接起动模式实现的影响

针对一台4G15缸内直喷汽油机试验研究了冷却水温、活塞初始位置、油轨内燃油压力等起动初始条件对反转直接起动模式实现的影响,并分析了在不同初始条件下膨胀缸和压缩缸控制参数的优化选取策略。研究结果表明:随着初始条件的变化,与之相匹配的优化控制参数也有所改变。燃油压力和冷却水温降低后,需采用较浓的混合气。冷却水温在70~80℃之间时有利于反转起动模式的实现,提高燃油压力同样也有利于反转起动模式的实现。为使反转直接起动模式成功实现,活塞初始位置需要控制在适当的范围内,当压缩缸活塞初始位置处于上止点后曲轴转角为-60°~70°之间时,在压缩缸和膨胀缸相继着火后可使发动机获得较大的正向转动速度,有利于提高起动响应性。     

冷却液温度对柴油机起动首循环燃烧的影响

冷却液温度是柴油机起动过程中影响失火与燃烧不稳定性的重要因素。喷油首循环的燃烧对后续工作循环着火有较大影响。为了分析冷却液温度对柴油机起动首循环燃烧和排放的影响规律,利用基于循环控制的柴油机起动过程燃烧、排放测控系统,在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了试验研究。试验结果表明冷却液温度对柴油机起动首循环燃烧的稳定性有较大影响。提高冷却液温度对于消除起动过程首循环燃烧状态的不稳定性具有较明显的作用。冷却液温度较低时,使着火滞后期增长,很容易导致失火或不完全燃烧现象,生成较高HC排放。试验也验证了所建立的测控系统为研究柴油机起动过程提供了一种有效的测试手段。     

GDI发动机怠速停止技术无起动机起动的试验研究

不使用起动机的条件下,在一台4G15缸内直喷汽油机上研究了直接向处于膨胀冲程气缸喷油点火正转直接起动模式和向处于压缩冲程气缸喷油反转后再向膨胀冲程气缸喷油正转的起动模式.结果表明:首次喷油气缸过量空气系数在0.84左右时可以获得最高燃烧压力;正转起动模式处于膨胀冲程气缸活塞初始位置在上止点后105°CA时较为理想,能保证膨胀冲程气缸活塞转过其下止点,从而使起动成功;对于先反转后正转起动模式,处于压缩冲程气缸活塞位置控制在上止点前80°CA时,保证了该活塞反转且不能转过其下止点,其次使处于膨胀冲程的气缸有较多的气体并尽量的被压缩,有利于顺利起动.     

复合喷射汽油机冷起动首循环颗粒物数量排放与失火控制

基于复合进气道喷射与缸内直喷两套喷射系统的汽油机,使用进气道喷射(PFI)、缸内直喷(GDI)及复合喷射(PDI)方式,研究不同喷射模式对汽油机冷起动首循环及前10循环的燃烧以及颗粒物数量排放的影响.研究结果表明:复合喷射可大幅降低直喷发动机冷起动首循环颗粒物数量排放;基于离子电流缸内诊断技术可实现冷起动首循环失火诊断与补火控制,避免失火,失火循环补火再燃后的颗粒物数量排放与GDI模式冷起动基本相同,但可避免HC排放恶化.     

缸内直喷汽油机直接起动的燃烧和排放特性

分析了不同起动位置下缸内直喷汽油机直接起动过程中起动缸的燃烧和排放性能,采用快速HC采集仪对起动缸缸内以及排气中的 HC 进行测量,研究起动缸缸内混合气浓度和排放性能,通过缸压和运动规律的研究确定优化后的喷射量和起动位置．研究结果表明,喷油量同缸内实际当量比呈线性关系,起动缸容积越小,喷射燃油的加浓比例越大．在保证着火可靠性不出现失火现象的前提下,增大燃油喷射量,使得起动缸内燃烧变差,HC 排放量增加;增大起动缸的容积,则起动性能及排放均有所改善,较为优化的起动缸位置为压缩上止点前70°～80°,CA.     

排气门正时对柴油机冷起动性能的影响

通过在一台单缸直喷柴油机上进行实验,分析了不同排气门正时条件对柴油机冷起动过程燃烧及排放性能的影响.结果表明,通过调节排气门关闭正时,适当增大缸内残余废气量,可显著改善起动过程初始着火循环的着火燃烧性能和提高起动过程缸内燃烧的稳定性.不同排气门关闭条件对起动过程的排放有着非常重要的影响.适当提前排气门关闭时刻,可以显著降低冷起动过程的烟度排放,特别是降低冷起动过程初始阶段的烟度排放.而对于NO2排放,由于残余废气具有很强的热效应,随着排气门关闭时刻提前,Nox排放呈上升趋势.     

基于并行计算的二次喷射式HCCI汽油机的三维数值模拟

建立了缸内直喷HCCI汽油机带进、排气道的燃烧系统的三维工作过程循环数值模型,实现了HCCI发动机包括进气、压缩、燃烧、膨胀和排气工作过程的三维循环模拟并进行了验证.首先基于并行计算进行了不同当量比(负荷)工况下HCCI发动机缸内过程的对比分析,研究了负荷对HCCI发动机着火、燃烧和排放的影响.进而模拟了缸内直喷二次喷射的HCCI发动机循环工作过程,解析了HCCI发动机着火燃烧和排放过程,揭示了HCCI发动机缸内直喷二次喷射控制着火的规律.计算结果有助于对HCCI燃烧过程的深入理解,为HCCI发动机燃烧过程的优化提供了依据.     

进气和喷油方式对缸内混合气温度和浓度分布的影响

缸内混合气的温度和浓度分布影响均质充量压缩着火汽油机的着火时刻.为此,利用平面激光诱导荧光法(PLIF)在可视化汽油机上研究进气道喷射方式下进气门相位及升程、燃油缸内直喷方式下喷油时刻对缸内混合气温度及浓度分布的影响.结果表明:在进气门升程保持不变时,随着进气门开启时刻推迟,缸内混合气平均温度呈现先增大后减少的趋势,而混合气的温度及浓度不均匀性增大;在进气门开启时刻一定时,随着进气门最大升程的增大,缸内混合气平均温度先增大后减少,缸内混合气温度及浓度的不均匀性减小;在相同的气门相位及升程下,直喷方式下缸内混合气的平均温度低于进气道喷射方式下的,并且随着直喷燃油时刻的推迟,缸内混合气平均温度降低.     

燃料分层对乙醇/柴油双燃料发动机循环波动的影响

基于一台单缸柴油机,采用进气道喷射乙醇同时缸内直喷柴油的方式实现双燃料预混压缩着火(PCI)燃烧模式.固定发动机转速和负荷,通过调整预混乙醇比例以及柴油直喷策略,实现了不同程度的混合气燃料分层,并测量了相应的发动机循环波动特性,试验中NOx排放和COVIMEP分别控制在0.4 g/(kW·h)和7%以下.结合数值模拟研究了混合气燃料分层对双燃料发动机循环波动的影响,结果表明:燃料分层直接影响双燃料发动机循环波动.首先,着火正时在上止点附近时有助于降低双燃料发动机循环波动,乙醇预混当量比、柴油直喷中主喷油量以及主喷正时直接影响混合气初始着火区域燃料活性以及当量比,进而影响混合气着火正时.其次,混合气着火正时稳定性对于保证双燃料发动机燃烧稳定性较为关键.此外,燃烧相位以及缸内爆压不变,采用较高的乙醇预混比例结合推迟的主喷正时可以实现更加稳定的着火,进而降低双燃料发动机循环波动率.     

高压缩比活塞顶形状对湍流动能和缸内气流的影响

基于一台排量1.0L的小型涡轮增压直喷汽油机,研究了压缩比、活塞形状和结构尺寸对缸内气流和湍流动能的影响。结果显示,随着压缩比的提高,缸内滚流在压缩过程中减弱,压缩末期的湍流动能减小,压缩比16.0的活塞在压缩末期的湍流动能大约为压缩比9.6活塞的27%。而对于活塞形状来说,较大尺寸的球面凹坑形状有利于压缩末期湍流动能的保持,而不规则的活塞会使得压缩末期的湍流动能下降41%。凹坑的尺寸存在一个最佳值,凹坑深度过浅或过深都会降低缸内湍流动能。选择压缩比为12.0且湍流动能最高的活塞加工并试验,基于4种不同形状的活塞和最佳油耗的工况分析燃烧特性,结果显示随着工况的改变,缸内湍流动能的峰值和相位会改变,但结构对湍流动能影响的优劣基本不变。火焰扩散方向为缸内湍流动能较大的位置,缸内平均湍流动能越大,火焰传播越快,燃烧特性越好。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.