GOAL SETTING AS A MEANS OF INCREASING MOTIVATION.

ON THE BASIS OF DIFFERENCES IN PERFORMANCE IN RELATION TO MAXIMAL ABILITY AND DIFFERENCES IN ATTITUDE RATINGS ON AN ADDITION TASK, A LOW-MOTIVATION AND A HIGH-MOTIVATION GROUP WERE SELECTED FOR 2 RETESTS ON THE SAME TASK. THE LOW-MOTIVATION GROUP WAS GIVEN SPECIFIC GOALS TO REACH, AND THE HIGH-MOTIVATION GROUP WAS TOLD TO DO ITS BEST ON EACH TRIAL OF EACH RETEST. BY THE END OF THE 2ND RETEST, THE GROUP GIVEN SPECIFIC GOALS HAD "CAUGHT" THE DO-BEST GROUP BOTH IN TERMS OF PERFORMANCE AND IN TERMS OF FAVORABLE ATTITUDES TOWARD THE TASK. THE RESULTS SUGGESTED THAT SPECIFIC GOALS CAN BE USED TO MOTIVATE SS WHO BRING A LOW DEGREE OF MOTIVATION TO THE TASK SITUATION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MEMORY DYNAMICS AND WORK MOTIVATION.

OF 143 WORKERS ASKED TO REPORT THEIR PLEASANT AND UNPLEASANT MEMORIES, ONLY 24 INCLUDED WORK AS A PLEASANT EXPERIENCE. THESE 24 COMPOSED THE WORK-MOTIVATED GROUP; A CONTROL GROUP WAS MATCHED FOR AGE AND JOB LEVEL. THE 2 GROUPS WERE COMPARED ON MEASURES OF MEMORY OPTIMISM (DETERMINED BY PREDOMINANCE OF PLEASANTNESS OVER UNPLEASANTNESS), ADEQUACY RATINGS AS WORKERS, AUTONOMY, AND INTERPERSONAL COMPETENCE. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN FAVOR OF THE WORK-MOTIVATED SS ON ALL MEASURES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INCONGRUENCIES BETWEEN CONTENT AND TEMPORAL MEASURES OF PATIENTS' RESPONSES TO CONFRONTATION WITH PERSONALITY DESCRIPTIONS.

IT WAS HYPOTHESIZED THAT WHEN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS WERE CONFRONTED WITH AN INTERVIEWER'S STATEMENTS PURPORTEDLY DESCRIBING THEIR PERSONALITIES (1) THEY WOULD NOT CORRECTLY DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ACCURATE AND INACCURATE STATEMENTS ABOUT THEMSELVES, (2) STATEMENTS ATTRIBUTING SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR TO THEM WOULD BE RATED AS BEING MORE ACCURATE THAN LOW SOCIAL DESIRABILITY STATEMENTS, AND (3) DIFFERENCES IN THE ACCURACY AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERVIEWER'S STATEMENTS WOULD DIFFERENTIALLY INFLUENCE TEMPORAL MEASURES OF THE SS' VERBAL BEHAVIOR. SS' RATINGS OF THE INTERVIEWER'S STATEMENTS, WHICH WERE EXPERIMENTALLY VARIED IN ACCURACY AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY, AND TEMPORAL MEASURES OF THE SS' DESCRIPTIONS OF THEIR REACTIONS TO THE STATEMENTS PROVIDED DEPENDENT MEASURES. ACCURACY RATINGS SUGGESTED THAT THE SS DID NOT DISCRIMINATE ON THE DIMENSION OF ACCURACY BUT, IN CONTRADICTION TO THIS FINDING, DIFFERENTIAL PATTERNS OF TEMPORAL RESPONSE INDICATED THAT THEY HAD DISCRIMINATED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COMPARATIVE VALIDITY OF DIFFERENT STRATEGIES OF CONSTRUCTING PERSONALITY INVENTORY SCALES.

TO EXAMINE THE DIFFERENTIAL VALIDITY OF PERSONALITY INVENTORY SCALES DEVELOPED BY DIFFERENT STRATEGIES OF SCALE CONSTRUCTION, 6 STRATEGIES WERE COMPARED: FACTOR ANALYTIC, EMPIRICAL GROUP DISCRIMINATIVE, INTUITIVE-THEORETICAL, INTUITIVE-RATIONAL, STYLISTIC-PSYCHOMETRIC, AND RANDOM. A COMMON ITEM POOL, THAT OF THE CPI, WAS USED TO CONSTRUCT SETS OF 11 SCALES BY EACH OF THE 6 STRATEGIES. THE SS WERE APPROXIMATELY 200 UNIVERSITY FRESHMAN GIRLS, FOR WHOM CPI RESPONSES AND 13 CRITERION MEASURES WERE AVAILABLE. THESE 13 CRITERIA INCLUDED AN INDEX OF SORORITY MEMBERSHIP; AN EXPERIMENTAL MEASURE OF CONFORMITY; PEER RATINGS ON THE TRAITS OF DOMINANCE, SOCIABILITY, RESPONSIBILITY, PSYCHOLOGICAL-MINDEDNESS, AND FEMININITY; A PEER RATING OF HOW WELL S WAS KNOWN; S'S AVERAGE NUMBER OF DATES PER MO.; COLLEGE GRADE POINT AVERAGE; COLLEGE ACHIEVEMENT RELATIVE TO ABILITY; COLLEGE MAJOR; AND COLLEGE DROPOUT. MULTIPLE REGRESSION PROCEDURES WERE USED IN A DOUBLE CROSS-VALIDATION DESIGN. RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE 4 PRIMARY STRATEGIES OF SCALE CONSTRUCTION DID NOT DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER IN OVERALL VALIDITY; ALL 4 WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE VALID THAN THE STYLISTIC AND RANDOM SCALES, WHICH IN TURN DID NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY FROM EACH OTHER. (2 P. REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VALIDITY OF THE JOB-CONCEPT INTERVIEW IN AN INDUSTRIAL SETTING.

INTERVIEWS BY PSYCHOLOGISTS WERE USED TO PREDICT EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES AND JOB PERFORMANCE. CORRELATIONS WERE COMPUTED BETWEEN THE PSYCHOLOGIST'S PREDICTIONS, EMPLOYEE RATINGS OF THEIR JOB ATTITUDES, AND SUPERVISOR RATINGS OF EMPLOYEE JOB PERFORMANCE. THE PSYCHOLOGISTS WERE MOST ACCURATE IN PREDICTING EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES TOWARD ADVANCEMENT AND GENERAL MORALE, BUT LEAST ACCURATE IN PREDICTING EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES TOWARD SUPERVISION AND REWARDS. THEY WERE UNABLE TO PREDICT EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AS RATED BY THE SUPERVISORS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PERCEPTUAL DEPRIVATION PHENOMENA: ROLE OF THE RECUMBENT POSITION.

A QUESTIONNAIRE, APPRAISING 22 DIFFERENT CONTENT AREAS, WAS ADMINISTERED TO AMBULATORY CONTROLS, RECUMBENT CONTROLS, AND A GROUP WHO ENDURED 1 WK. OF PERCEPTUAL DEPRIVATION. 54 SS WERE USED, 18 IN EACH OF THE 3 GROUPS. THE FINDINGS INDICATE THAT MANY OF THE DRAMATIC SUBJECTIVE PHENOMENA, PREVIOUSLY REPORTED IN THE ISOLATION LITERATURE, RESULTED SOLELY FROM PERCEPTUAL ISOLATION. AMONG THESE ARE HALLUCINATORY-LIKE EXPERIENCES, CHANGES IN BODY IMAGE, LOSS OF CONTACT WITH REALITY, TEMPORAL DISORIENTATION, AND SPEECH DIFFICULTIES. OTHER SYMPTOMS APPEARED TO BE DUE TO THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF PERCEPTUAL ISOLATION AND RECUMBENCY. CHANGES IN ONLY 4 OF THE 22 CONTENT AREAS WERE DUE TO THE RECUMBENT POSITION ALONE, I.E., COMPLEX AND VIVID DREAMS, WORRY AND FRIGHT, HUNGER, AND SUBJECTIVE RESTLESSNESS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEPRIVATION ON COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING IN INSTITUTIONALIZED RETARDATES.

2 GROUPS OF RETARDATES WERE MATCHED FOR INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING AND CA AT THE TIME OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION. THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT (E) GROUP WAS ENROLLED IN SPECIAL EDUCATION CLASSES; THE ENVIRONMENTAL DEPRIVATION (D) GROUP WAS NOT. AFTER 4 YR. OF THESE TREATMENTS, GROUP DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING WERE ATTRIBUTABLE TO IMPAIRMENTS IN GROUP D RATHER THAN INCREMENTS IN GROUP E; INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING WITHIN THESE GROUPS WERE ATTRIBUTABLE TO INITIAL INTELLIGENCE LEVEL, DIAGNOSIS, AND AMOUNT OF PARENTAL CONTACT. IN THE ABSENCE OF SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL TREATMENT, DECREMENTS IN RETARDATE COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING WERE PROPORTIONAL TO LENGTH OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION. THESE RESULTS WERE INTERPRETED AS REFLECTING THE INTERPLAY OF LEARNING, SOCIAL, AND MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS IN INFLUENCING RETARDATE COGNITION. (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DELAY OF GRATIFICATION, PORTEUS MAZE TEST PERFORMANCE, AND BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENT IN A DELINQUENT GROUP.

EXPLORED THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG A BEHAVIORAL AND VERBAL MEASURE OF DELAY OF GRATIFICATION, PORTEUS MAZE TEST MEASURES OF PLANNING ABILITY AND FORESIGHT (TEST QUOTIENT SCORE; TQ) AND IMPULSE CONTROL (QUALITATIVE SCORE), AND RATINGS OF ADJUSTMENT IN A SCHOOL FOR DELINQUENT ADOLESCENT MALES. BOTH MEASURES OF DELAY OF GRATIFICATION WERE SIGNIFICANTLY RELATED TO THE PORTEUS MEASURES AND THE ADJUSTMENT RATINGS. DELAY OF GRATIFICATION WAS PARTIALLY RELATED TO AGE AND ETHNIC GROUP MEMBERSHIP, BUT NOT IQ. FINDINGS WERE REPLICATED IN A SPANISH-AMERICAN SUBGROUP OF THE TOTAL SAMPLE EXCEPT FOR THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TQ AND THE BEHAVIORAL MEASURE OF DELAY. (16 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

CHANGES IN ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR IN INSTITUTIONALIZED RETARDATES IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT OR DEPRIVATION.

2 GROUPS OF RETARDATES WERE MATCHED FOR INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING AND CA UPON INSTITUTIONALIZATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND SEX. 1 GROUP (I) WAS ENROLLED IN SPECIAL EDUCATION CLASSES; THE OTHER GROUP (II) WAS NOT. AFTER 4 YR. OF THESE RESPECTIVE TREATMENTS. GROUP I EVIDENCED SUPERIORITY OVER GROUP II IN ACQUISITION OF PERSONAL SKILLS (BEHAVIORS REFLECTING ABILITY TO ASSUME IN PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR ONE'S SELF AND ONE'S POSSESSIONS), BUT NO SUPERIORITY IN ACQUISITION OF SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL BEHAVIORS (ABILITY TO RELATE TO OTHERS AS INDIVIDUALS AND IN GROUPS). IN EACH GROUP, MA RELATED TO THE ACQUISITION OF PERSONAL SKILLS, BUT NOT TO SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL BEHAVIORS. THESE RESULTS ARE FELT TO HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ASSESSMENT AND TRAINING OF RETARDATES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SEX ROLE, INSTRUMENTAL-EXPRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN FEMALES.

INVESTIGATED THE PREVIOUSLY EQUIVOCAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEX-ROLE IDENTITY IN LATE-ADOLESCENT FEMALES AND ADJUSTMENT. PEER RATINGS OF 30 COLLEGE SS, OBTAINED AFTER A PERIOD OF SMALL GROUP INTERACTION, INDICATED THAT MASCULINE GIRLS TENDED TO BE BOTH GOAL ORIENTED AND SOCIALLY SENSITIVE, WHEREAS FEMININE GIRLS TENDED TO BE SOCIALLY SENSITIVE BUT LACKED A GOAL ORIENTATION. COMPARISON OF THE PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES OF THESE MASCULINE AND FEMININE GIRLS WITH THEIR MALADJUSTED COUNTERPARTS FOUND LITTLE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FEMININE GROUPS. HOWEVER, COMPARISON OF THE MASCULINE GROUPS IDENTIFIED MORE EXTENDED DIFFERENCES, PRIMARILY INDICATING A LACK OF INSTRUMENTAL BEHAVIOR IN THE MALADJUSTED GROUP. MASCULINITY IN THE MALADJUSTED GROUP MAY APPEAR AS SOCIAL INDEPENDENCE WHICH MAY ACTUALLY MASK SOCIAL ALIENATION AND SOCIAL APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICTS. (21 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MATERNAL ATTITUDES ABOUT FAMILY LIFE AND CHILD REARING AS AVOWED BY MOTHERS AND PERCEIVED BY THEIR UNDERACHIEVING AND HIGH-ACHIEVING SONS.

BRIGHT TEEN-AGE BOYS ENROLLED IN SPECIAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS FOR ACADEMIC UNDERACHIEVERS AND HIGH ACHIEVERS WERE ADMINISTERED THE PARENTAL ATTITUDE RESEARCH INSTRUMENT (PARI) WITH INSTRUCTIONS TO COMPLETE THE INVENTORY THE WAY THEIR MOTHERS WOULD RESPOND. THE PARI WAS ALSO ADMINISTERED TO THE MOTHERS. THE 2 GROUPS OF BOYS DID NOT DIFFER IN PERCEPTIONS OF MATERNAL HOSTILITY, BUT THE UNDERACHIEVERS PERCEIVED THEIR MOTHERS AS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER ON MATERNAL CONTROL. THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MATERNAL ATTITUDES AVOWED BY THE 2 GROUPS OF MOTHERS, ALTHOUGH THERE WAS A TREND SUGGESTIVE OF MORE CONTROL AVOWED BY MOTHERS OF THE HIGH-ACHIEVING BOYS. MUCH GREATER DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MOTHERS' AVOWAL AND SONS' PERCEPTIONS WERE FOUND IN THE UNDERACHIEVING GROUP, WITH THE MOST PRONOUNCED DISCREPANCIES BEING EVIDENCED ON MEASURES OF MATERNAL CONTROL. WHEREAS MOTHERS' AND SONS' SCORES CORRELATED SIGNIFICANTLY FOR THE CONTROL FACTOR IN THE GROUP OF HIGH ACHIEVERS, THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ATTITUDES ASCRIBED TO THEIR MOTHERS AND ACTUAL ATTITUDES AVOWED BY MOTHERS OF THE UNDERACHIEVERS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DREAMS OF THE MALE CHILD: AN EEG STUDY.

32 6-12 YR. OLD BOYS WERE AWAKENED A TOTAL OF 249 TIMES DURING EPISODES OF REM SLEEP. SOME ITEM OF SUBSTANTIVE MENTAL CONTENT WAS REPORTED ON 72% OF THESE AWAKENINGS, A PERCENTAGE OF DREAM RECALL ONLY SLIGHTLY LOWER THAN THAT COMMONLY OBSERVED WITH ADULTS. REPORTED DREAMS WERE PREDOMINANTLY "GOOD" OR AFFECTIVELY NEUTRAL, AND THEIR MANIFEST CONTENT OFTEN DEALT IN A RELATIVELY DIRECT MANNER WITH MAJOR FOCI OF JUVENILE AND PREADOLESCENT SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT: PARENTS, SIBLINGS, MALE PEERS, RECREATIONAL OR PLAY SETTINGS AND ACTIVITIES. THE FREQUENCY OF FRIENDLY OR APPROACH SOCIAL THEMES INCREASED WITH AGE, BUT UNFRIENDLY OR ESCAPE SOCIAL THEMES WERE MORE PROMINENT AMONG THE YOUNGER BOYS. PRESLEEP VIEWING OF AN AGGRESSIVE FILM STIMULUS APPEARED TO REDUCE DREAM INTENSITY IN GENERAL AND HOSTILE-UNPLEASANT CONTENT IN PARTICULAR. (18 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

BIRTH ORDER, ANXIETY, AND VERBALIZATIONS IN GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY.

AN INITIAL STUDY AND A REPLICATION WERE CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIRTH ORDER AND ANXIETY AS THEY RELATED TO SPEECH IN GROUP THERAPY. 48 PATIENTS UNDERGOING GROUP THERAPY AT A STATE MENTAL HOSPITAL SERVED AS SS, WITH 24 IN THE INITIAL STUDY AND 24 IN THE REPLICATION. IN BOTH STUDIES, 1/2 THE SS WERE 1ST BORN, AND 1/2 WERE LATER BORN. SPEECH WAS RECORDED FOR 5 CONSECUTIVE THERAPY MEETINGS IN 6 GROUPS, FOR A TOTAL OF 30 GROUP THERAPY MEETINGS INVESTIGATED. 3 ANXIETY MEASURES AND THE MINIMAL SOCIAL BEHAVIOR SCALE WERE ALSO ADMINISTERED. RESULTS SUPPORTED ALL HYPOTHESES IN THAT: (1) 1ST-BORN AND HIGH-ANXIOUS SS SPOKE MORE FREQUENTLY THAN LATER-BORN OR LOW-ANXIOUS SS, (2) 1ST-BORN PATIENTS ASKED MORE QUESTIONS DURING THERAPY THAN LATER-BORN PATIENTS, AND (3) 1ST BORNS SPOKE MORE THAN LATER BORNS WHEN HIGHLY ANXIOUS. VERBALIZATIONS OF HOSPITALIZED MENTAL PATIENTS ARE RELATED TO THEIR BIRTH ORDER AND ANXIETY LEVEL, WHICH HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOTHERAPY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH. (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PREDICTIVE VALUE OF SVIB PRIMARY AND REJECT PATTERNS.

THE SVIB IS SOMETIMES USED WITH ALL MEMBERS OF A HIGH SCHOOL CLASS. LITTLE DIRECT EVIDENCE IS AVAILABLE, HOWEVER, WHICH INDICATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCORES MADE ON THIS INVENTORY WHEN ADMINISTERED TO LARGE GROUPS OF HIGH SCHOOL BOYS AND OCCUPATIONS THEY SUBSEQUENTLY FOLLOW. THE PRESENT STUDY ATTEMPTED TO ESTIMATE THIS RELATIONSHIP FOR A GROUP OF MEN WHO HAD COMPLETED THE SVIB WHILE HIGH SCHOOL JUNIORS OR SENIORS 6-10 YR. EARLIER, BY COMPARING THEIR PRIMARY AND REJECT PATTERNS WITH THEIR PRESENT JOBS WHEN THESE JOBS WERE CLASSIFIED ON THE BASIS OF THE INTEREST RATINGS FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE (USES) MANUAL, "ESTIMATES OF WORKER TRAIT REQUIREMENTS FOR 4,000 JOBS." SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIPS WERE FOUND TO EXIST BETWEEN 6 SVIB PATTERNS AND USES INTEREST FACTORS. THESE FINDINGS SUGGEST THAT THE SVIB SHOWS PROMISE IN ASSESSING BROAD INTEREST FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH JOBS WHEN PRIMARY AND REJECT PATTERNS ARE USED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS OF CHILDREN AS VIEWED BY TEACHERS AND THE CHILDREN THEMSELVES.

THE 50 BEHAVIORS ORIGINALLY USED BY WICKMAN ON ADULTS WERE RATED ON A 4-POINT SCALE OF SERIOUSNESS BY 455 BOYS AND 456 GIRLS IN GRADES 7-12. BY SEX AND GRADE LEVEL, THE FREQUENCIES IN EACH CELL WERE COMPARED BY CHI-SQUARE TESTS OF INDEPENDENCE TO FREQUENCIES SIMILARLY GENERATED BY THEIR TEACHERS. CONSIDERING THE 20 BEHAVIORS RATED MOST AND LEAST SERIOUS BY THE STUDENTS, DISAGREEMENT WAS OBSERVED BETWEEN BOYS AND GIRLS, AMONG GRADES, AND BETWEEN STUDENTS AND TEACHERS. SOME OF THE BEHAVIORS GAVE RISE TO MORE DISAGREEMENTS THAN OTHERS. THE RELATIVE ORDERS OF THE BEHAVIORS AS RANKED BY STUDENTS AND TEACHERS WERE COMPARED TO THE ORDER ESTABLISHED BY WICKMAN'S ORIGINAL TEACHER GROUP. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH: A RORSCHACH FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE ANALYSIS.

PRETHERAPY AND POST-20TH SESSION RORSCHACH PROTOCOLS OF 57 SS IN BRIEF TIME-LIMITED CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY WERE SELECTIVELY DIVIDED INTO 2 SETS OF SCORES. THE FUNCTION SCORE WAS DERIVED FROM RORSCHACH DETERMINANTS RELATIVELY FREE OF CLASSICAL NORMATIVE-ADJUSTMENT CRITERIA AND COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH QUALITIES FOUND IN CREATIVE INDIVIDUALS. IN CONTRAST, THE STRUCTURE SCORE WAS DERIVED FROM DETERMINANTS BASED UPON NORMATIVE-ADJUSTMENT CRITERIA. BY DICHOTOMIZING THE SS' SELF-IDEAL CORRELATION CHANGE SCORES AND THEIR THERAPISTS' OUTCOME RATINGS, 4 GROUPS WERE FORMED: A SUCCESS GROUP, A FAILURE GROUP, AND 2 MIXED-OUTCOME GROUPS. THE STRUCTURE SCORE SHOWED A GENERAL DECREMENT AFTER THERAPY FOR ALL GROUPS, WHILE THE FUNCTION SCORE INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY FOR THE SUCCESS GROUP. (22 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE EXTINCTION OF LEARNED FEARS VIA SHORT-TERM IMPLOSIVE THERAPY.

43 SS WITH AN ASCERTAINED FEAR OF RATS WERE DIVIDED INTO AN EXPERIMENTAL AND A CONTROL GROUP. THE EXPERIMENTAL SS WERE TREATED BY IMPLOSION AND THE CONTROLS WERE EXPOSED TO RELAXING CUES. ALL THERAPY WAS CONDUCTED IN 1 SESSION. A POSTTEST WHICH CONSISTED OF PICKING UP A RAT WAS THE CRITERION FOR SUCCESS OF THE THERAPY. THE BEHAVIOR OF THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP WAS SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT (CHI-SQUARE, P     

TEST ANXIETY, STRESS, AND VERBAL BEHAVIOR.

2 LEVELS OF S ANXIETY AND 2 LEVELS OF EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED STRESS WERE USED TO STUDY THE FOLLOWING VERBAL INDEXES OF TRANSITORY ANXIETY: A CONTENT MEASURE, THE TYPE-TOKEN RATIO, VERB-ADJECTIVE RATIO, SPEECH DISTURBANCE RATIOS, AND INTRUSIONS. HIGH AND LOW TEST ANXIOUS SS WERE PLACED IN HIGH AND LOW STRESS CONDITIONS, AND RESPONSES GIVEN TO 10 TAT CARDS WERE SCORED ON EACH VERBAL CATEGORY. FINDINGS WERE: CONTENT AND, TO A LESSER EXTENT, THE VERB-ADJECTIVE RATIO VARIED WITH ANXIETY STRESS GROUP; TYPE-TOKEN RATIOS WERE UNRELATED TO ANXIETY STRESS CONDITION; AND SPEECH DISRUPTION AND INTRUSION RATIOS DECREASED UNDER CONDITIONS OF MAXIMAL ANXIETY AROUSAL. RESULTS HAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR TEST ANXIETY THEORY, FOR THE VALIDITY OF THE VERBAL MEASURES, AND FOR THE REPRESENTATIONAL VS. INSTRUMENTAL MODELS OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF SOCIAL CLASS AND DEFENSE PREFERENCES.

LONGITUDINAL DATA WERE USED TO ASSESS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHILDHOOD SOCIAL CLASS AND THE DEVELOMENT OF PARTICULAR DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN ADULTHOOD. CHILDHOOD SOCIAL CLASS WAS CORRELATED WITH RATINGS OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS MADE WHEN SS WERE 30 YR. OLD. THE RESULTS SHOW THAT DENIAL IS NEGATIVELY AND PROJECTION AND INTELLECTUALIZATION ARE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH CHILDHOOD SOCIAL CLASS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL DETERMINANTS OF SPEECH.

STUDIED 48 UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN VERBAL ASSOCIATIVE PRODUCTIVITY AND AUDIENCE SENSITIVITY TEST SCORES. SS DEFINED ABSTRACT AND CONCRETE NOUNS BEFORE AN AUDIENCE OR IN THE PRESENCE OF E ALONE. DEFINITIONS WERE SCORED FOR EXTRALINGUISTIC AND STYLE FEATURES OF SPEECH. THE DESIGN WAS BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT EFFECTS OF ASSOCIATIVE PRODUCTIVITY AND STIMULUS CONCRETENESS ARE MEDIATED BY COGNITIVE PROCESSES, WHEREAS EFFECTS OF AUDIENCE SENSITIVITY AND AUDIENCE CONDITIONS ARE MEDIATED BY EMOTIONAL STATES. LATENCY OF DEFINITIONS, WORD PRODUCTION, AND FILLED PAUSES ("AHS") WERE RELATED ONLY TO THE 2 COGNITIVE FACTORS. A SIGNIFICANT INTERACTION REVEALED THAT IN THE AUDIENCE SITUATION HIGHLY AUDIENCE-SENSITIVE SS HAD THE HIGHEST SILENT-PAUSE RATIO, SUGGESTING THAT THIS VARIABLE WAS MOST AFFECTED BY EMOTIONAL AROUSAL. FREQUENCY OF SILENT PAUSES, WORD LENGTH, RATIO OF CONCRETE TO ABSTRACT NOUNS IN THE DEFINITIONS, AND EVALUATIVE RATINGS OF THE DEFINITIONS WERE RELATED TO BOTH CLASSES OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (33 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)