我国电力工业改革的首要问题——商业化

论述了电力工业改革商业化的重要性及其与公司化的关系：提出了电力企业商业化的标准，指出了我国电力企业在发、送、迹、配方面实施商业化的目标中上前应当完成的几项工作。     

智能用电互动化业务的运营风险评估分析

摘要： 互动化是未来智能电网发展的主要方向。提出基于多层次模糊评价法的双向互动服务商业化运营模式风险评估模型。给出双向互动服务商业化运营模式风险评估的一般原则,并据此提出基于多层次模糊综合评价法的商业化运营模式风险评估方法。针对新型双向互动服务,给出其风险评估的基本技术路线。最后,以电动汽车充换电的合作和独立运营模式为例进行风险评估。结果表明,电动汽车充换电的合作运营模式优于独立运营模式。     

基于能效竞争的我国电网节能减排调度

本文试图拓展电力系统调度的传统方法学,通过"节能调度"这一我国电网所面临的调度管理新目标,重建具有中国特色的、在中国能源新战略现实目标约束下,传承并创建基于能效的节能调度新方法,在外部节能减排和低碳经济体系中促进电网的市场化运营,进而独立创建中国电力工业市场化改革的新调度机制,挖掘我国电力工业绩效与能效的巨大潜力。     

电力行业的循环经济模式

分析了我国电力工业现状,指出我国电力工业受到能源和环保的双重压力,走循环经济模式是电力行业的必由之路。提出了电力工业发展走循环经济的措施,即调整电力结构、合理利用资源、加强综合利用、强化污染物控制等。     

储能技术在电力系统中的应用价值和运营模式

随着可再生能源的迅速发展,各种能源的出现使得能源互联网的构建逐渐完善,储能在电力系统中的作用越来越重要.现代科技发展的速度也越来越快,在科技强国战略背景下,储能技术也越发成熟.当前我国已基本具备了储能技术推广条件,进一步推动储能技术在电力系统中的应用,满足我国能源变更和电力发展的实际需求,则需要更加深入的了解储能技术、储能市场和政策环境以及各种储能技术的应用原理和商业运营模式,以便推动储能技术的研究和应用向规模化、商业化快速迈进.华志刚所著《储能关键技术及商业运营模式》(中国电力出版社)一书针对适用于电力系统的规模化储能技术关键问题和商业运营模式进行了系统分析,对于研究储能技术在电力系统中的应用价值与运营模式具有较大的参考价值.     

我国电力工业的发展前景分析

电力工业是我国经济发展战略中的重点产业,介绍了我国电力工业的发展现状和存在的结构问题,从可持续发展角度出发,提出了今后应控制火电,适度发展核电,重视可再生能源的开发,大力发展分布式冷热电联产的电力工业的发展模式。     

关于进一步促进风力发电发展的若干意见

发展新能源是我国能源建设实施可持续发展战略的需要，对促进电力工业结构调整、减少环境污染、推进技术进步、培育新的经济增长点具有重要意义。风力发电是新能源发电中技术最成熟、最具规模化开发条件和商业化发展前景的发电技术之一。近年来，我国风力发电得到了快速发展，已成为电力工业的组成部分。为了进一步促进我国风力发电事业快速、健康发展，提出如下意见： 一、各级电力行政主管部门和电力企业要从加强环境保护、调整电力工业结构和推进技术进步的高度，充分认识发展风力发电的重要性，积极促进风力发电事业的发展。国家将根据…     

我国电力工业发展预测

我国正处于经济高速增长、城市化全面展开的重要时期,电力工业的健康发展将为国民经济可持续发展提供有力保障,研究我国电力工业发展趋势是当前重要课题。本文通过研究发达国家电力消费水平的发展规律,为我国发电量与消费的发展研究提供依据,进而指导我国电力工业的发展。本文收集整理了世界上5个发达国家从上世纪初以来的国内生产总值、发电量总量和人口总量等统计数据,深入分析各数据的相关性,将电力工业发展分成四阶段。根据统计数据,预测我国所处的发展阶段和电力工业未来40年的发展规模。并根据低碳发展的需求,提出了2010-2050年电力工业发展分阶段的实施目标,对电力结构进行了预测分析。     

国外电力工业重组模式及其对我国的启示

从20世纪80年代末期开始,世界各国相继电对电力工业进行了改革。在对国外电力工业重组的六类典型模式及其主要经验分析基础上,对我国深化电力体制改革及进行输、配、售电业务重组模式的选择提出了建议和对策。     

市场经济下的电力体制改革思考

党的十四大报告明确指出,我国经济改革的目标模式是建立社会主义市场经济体制。这一具有伟大历史意义和现实意义的决策,将极大地推动改革开放和社会主义建设的进程。 长期以来,在我国高度集中的计划经济体制中,电力工业由于它的重要性和特殊性,使其集中程度尤甚于其他行业和部门。改革以来,电力工业在改革方面做了不少探索,最显著的是打破了建国以来由国家独家办电的模式,逐步形成多家集资办电的新格局。但是总的来看,电力行业的改革和发展远不能适应国民经济发展和建立市场经济的需要。为适应建立社     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.