Residual Shear Strength Mobilized in First-Time Slope Failures

This paper presents a review of long-term stability of stiff clay and clay shale slopes, and detailed reanalyses of 99 case histories of slope failures in 36 soft clays to stiff clays and clay shales. We analyzed 107 sections using the observed actual slip surface. In a first-time slope failure in clay or shale, part or all of the slip surface is unsheared prior to the occurrence of the landslide. Most stiff clays and clay shales contain stratigraphic discontinuities such as bedding planes and laminations. The fully softened shear strength is shown to be the lower bound for mobilized shear strength in first-time slope failures in homogeneous soft to stiff clays and on the slip surfaces cutting across bedding planes and laminations. For many of the first-time slope failures it appears that part of the slip surface is at the residual condition. For excavated slopes, the residual condition could be present before the final slope is formed, or it may develop in response to excavation by progressive deformation along nearly horizontal surfaces including bedding planes or laminations. In addition to the permeability dependent rise in porewater pressure, and softening, delayed first-time failure of slopes in stiff clays and clay shales is caused by propagation of the residual condition into the slope, on horizontal or subhorizontal surfaces including stratigraphic discontinuities. The residual condition is present on the entire surface of reactivated landslides.     

Give me a disaster.

This article presents the experiences of a psychologist working with the Red Cross Mental Health Disaster Team after the Xenia, Ohio tornado of September 30, 2000. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Caring for children affected by disaster

The child and adolescent psychiatrist must play an essential role in the wake of disaster. The focus of the community and the world understandably turns to the physical devastation wrought, and emergency and medical efforts take center stage. Physical evidence of the past may be lost, but the child psychiatrist is able to maintain focus on what cannot be seen. He or she may be the only one to advocate the child's emotional needs. It may be too difficult for others who lack the specialized expertise of mental health training to attend to both the child's physical and emotional needs, and it may be impossible for those without medical training to impress on medical personnel the importance of emotional issues. The child and adolescent psychiatrist, with his or her understanding of medical, mental health, and developmental concerns, is well positioned to support the child, the child's community, and the helpers whose own responses may complicate recovery.     

Kayak Hunting and Space Flight.

Notes that, in view of the somewhat analogous conditions existing between kayak hunting and space flight, the observations of Freuchen and Salomenson in The Arctic Year (New York: Putnam, 1958. Pp. 277-278) on the psychological effects of the former activity on Eskimos may be of current interest in anticipating the possible hypnotic effect of space flight on humans and in suggesting corrective measures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological functioning following an acute disaster.

We investigated personal and organizational functioning following an acute disaster in an explosives factory in which 14 people were killed and 14 others were injured. Multivariate analyses of covariance (controlling for age and organizational tenure) assessed whether there were any differences between the experimental group (40 individuals physically exposed to the explosion) and two control groups (one from the same site performing a different job, the second from a separate site performing the same job; n?=?76 and n?=?40, respectively). During the 2nd week following the blast and 2 months afterward, there were no between-group differences in terms of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, marital satisfaction, or psychological distress. Failure to find any differences was attributed to the acute (as opposed to chronic) nature of the disaster. At both time periods, family support was correlated with personal functioning, whereas supervisory support was associated with job satisfaction; this is discussed in terms of the source of the stressor being consistent with the source of the support and the nature of the outcome. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some reactions to a hypothetical disaster.

Individual response to a disaster situation is investigated by requiring subjects to describe what action they would take if faced with an impending bombing plane poison gas raid. For 34 Ss the disaster situation involved threat of death, for 33 Ss, only a mild, temporary incapacitation. Three patterns of action appear, evacuation, active defense, and encapsulation, with some probability that the tendency to take the safest path varies with the degree of threat. The willingness to assist others varies inversely as the degree of threat, while the saving of objects is more fundamentally associated with the mode of escape the individual takes than with the degree of threat. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

QLH800．30型混匀取料机的改造

通过对双斗轮混匀取料机的小车体运行机构和斗轮驱动形式进行改造优化，提高了设备的稳定性，作业率提高25％，设备故障率降低79％。     

Autopilot Supported by Nonlinear Model Following Reconfigurable Flight Control System

The reconfigurable flight control system was developed, applying a nonlinear aircraft model following control algorithm to support the autopilot. The model of a six degrees of freedom airplane with nonlinear aerodynamics and second-order dynamics of control system actuators was supplemented by aircraft autopilot based on classical control laws. The autopilot commands the aircraft in normal operations. In failure cases, the control system reconfiguration is performed using comparison of control external loads on damaged aircraft with loads in undamaged aircraft operation. Fuzzy logic method produces the control signals preventing the consequences of failures. The objective of reconfiguration is to continue the performed flight, including maneuvers, and, if this is not possible, to obtain the steady flight. The aircraft simulation model was tested for consistency with the expected flight performance. The selected autopilot functions were validated and reconfiguration applied in selected cases of failures. The final simulations proved the efficiency of reconfiguration.     

宣钢1800m3高炉富氧强化冶炼实践

宣钢1800m3高炉在炼钢余氧充足的情况下,较短时间内富氧率达到3.0%,通过及时调整各项制度,保证了炉况的稳定顺行,达到了提高煤比、增加产量的目的.     

800 mm圆坯连铸机45钢生产工艺优化

对于超大截面积钢坯往往采用模铸工艺生产,莱钢于2013年进行特殊钢升级改造项目,新建5机5流大圆坯连铸机,圆坯截面尺寸分别为500、650和800 mm。45钢(碳质量分数为0.42％～0.50％)800 mm铸坯的生产流程为100 t EAFLFVD800 mm大圆坯连铸机。从设备和工艺方面进行研究和优化,通过“三恒”浇注、超弱冷配水工艺、结晶器电磁搅拌参数优化提高铸坯芯部质量,中心缩孔为0.5级,中心疏松为1.0级,中心碳偏析指数不高于1.10;缓冷工艺优化,消除了中心裂纹;全程保护浇注工艺减少连铸过程吸气,实现钢中氧质量分数不高于0.001 5%,氮质量分数不高于0.007 0%。     

Characterization of residual stresses in bent incoloy-800 tubing by neutron diffraction

The circumferential distributions of axial, hoop, and radial residual strains in a bent INCOLOY-800* tube have been measured by neutron diffraction. High residual axial tensile strains are observed just above the neutral axis with corresponding compressive strains just below the neutral axis. There are marked and systematic differences in the amount of strain in grains with a [001] direction aligned along the axis of the tube and those with a [111] direction aligned along the tube axis. Model calculations show that these differences originate in the different yield points and elastic moduli for different crystallographic directions.     

Innovations in disaster mental health: Psychological first aid.

Professional psychologists are called upon to deal with a broad array of crises and traumatic events. However, training and expertise in crisis response varies widely among practitioners, and there has been considerable controversy about the value of widely disseminated mental health crisis intervention protocols that include "debriefing" as an essential feature. This article gives an overview of the developmental process, guiding principles, and core actions of the Psychological First Aid Field Operations Guide (PFA Guide), which provides guidance for practitioners in responding to immediate mental health needs of children, adults, and families who have recently experienced a disaster or terrorist event. Issues in training, provider self-care, and evaluation research are also presented. The PFA Guide presents approaches thought to be most consistently supported by current research and practice so that they can be taught, used, and evaluated in field settings. Although we expect further refinement as more systematic research becomes available, the PFA Guide represents a sustained collaborative effort to define current evidence-informed best practices that can be utilized now by practitioners involved in disaster mental health responses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Countertransference issues in crisis work with natural disaster victims.

Effects of trauma work on mental health workers and intervention methods were studied in a group of American mental health professionals who volunteered to provide crisis intervention and a group of Armenian counselors-in-training who were themselves victims of the catastrophic 1988 earthquake in Soviet Armenia. American clinicians' reactions were addressed through psychodynamic peer support group meetings, while a didactic experiential group instruction program resulted in changes in the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms of indigenous counselors. Issues related to intergenerational trauma, seeing self as victim, repetition compulsion, and assigned roles in the therapeutic relationship are addressed. Benefits of group process in trauma work, training issues, and implications for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychic aftershocks: Crisis counseling and disaster relief policy.

Though crisis counseling following disasters has become a commonplace in the 21st century, we have little to no sense of how and when it became part of federally supported disaster relief services. In 1974, as part of a broad overhaul of federal disaster policy, an authorization to fund counseling services, and mental health training to disaster relief workers, was inserted into the Disaster Relief Act passed in that year—despite little to no empirical evidence that such counseling was necessary or effective. As this article demonstrates, unlike the drive for community mental health programs at mid-century, federal support for disaster mental health did not come as a result of a long campaign waged from well-connected institutions. Rather, it was largely the result of local practitioners, informed by larger currents in thinking about crisis intervention, who discerned these needs in a spontaneous and ad hoc manner. Disaster mental health services came into being thanks to the flourishing of a broad network of therapeutic practitioners in places as far flung as Rapid City, South Dakota, Wilkes-Barre Pennsylvania, and Logan County, West Virginia, who implemented mental health pilot projects in response to disasters in the early 1970s. Their efforts caught the attention of journalists already attuned to therapeutic discourse, and to sympathetic national legislators, to whom the proposition that disaster victims would suffer from psychological damage simply seemed like common sense and a logical service to include as part of a general broadening of federal assistance to disaster victims. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)