Effects of polyols and nondigestible oligosaccharides on the quality of sugar-free sponge cakes

Interest in nutrition is driving consumer demands for less fat, sugar, and calories. In most foods, however, the removal or reduction of ingredients causes readily detectable losses in appearance, texture and mouthfeel. In this work seven bulking agents (maltitol, mannitol, xylitol, sorbitol, isomaltose, oligofructose and polydextrose) were used to totally replace sucrose in sponge cakes. The effect of this substitution on cake quality was determined by measuring texture, colour and volume after baking under controlled conditions. These parameters were established instrumentally and by sensory evaluation. Best results were obtained with xylitol and maltitol, leading to sponge cakes more similar to the control one – manufactured with sucrose – and with the highest acceptance level in sensory evaluations. Lower quality sponge cakes were those elaborated with mannitol.     

The effect of alternative sweeteners on batter rheology and cake properties

BACKGROUND: The aim of this research was to investigate whether certain polyols (mannitol, maltitol, sorbitol, lactitol), fructose, oligofructose and polydextrose can replace sugar (by an equal amount of each substitute) in cake formulations. The rheological behaviour of the cake batter and the physical characteristics of the cakes containing sugar substitutes were compared with the respective attributes of the control cake. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the effect of sugar substitutes on starch gelatinisation. Furthermore sensorial characteristics were evaluated by instrumental measurements and sensory evaluation. The correlation of the batter characteristics with the textural attributes of the final product was also attempted. RESULTS: The best results were obtained by using oligofructose, lactitol or maltitol as sugar replacers, which exhibited similar behaviour to sucrose in terms of batter rheology and increased starch gelatinisation temperature. Fructose and mannitol led to cakes of poor quality characteristics, as was demonstrated by instrumental measurements and sensory evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Batter rheological behaviour as well as the ability of sugar substitutes to increase starch gelatinisation temperature proved to be controlling factors of the textural properties and volume of the cakes. The sensory evaluation indicated that overall acceptance followed closely the scores of tenderness and taste. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Application of aged egg in enabling increased substitution of sucrose by litesse (polydextrose) in high-ratio cakes

Previous reports show that replacing sucrose by polydextrose in cakes leads to an elevation of the starch gelatinisation temperature such that it no longer coincides with the egg protein denaturation transition. It is known that as eggs age, the ovalbumin transforms to S-ovalbumin with a higher denaturation temperature. Linking these observations led to the hypothesis that baking reduced-sugar cakes with aged eggs might bring the starch gelatinisation into proximity of the protein denaturation thereby improving the final texture. Baking trials and instrumental texture evaluations of the resulting high-ratio cakes were carried out with fresh egg and egg that had been aged at 37°C for 3, 7 and 14 days. Texture changes that do exist are principally related to differences in the cake crumb density and crumb springiness.     

Replacing Fat and Sugar with Inulin in Cakes: Bubble Size Distribution,Physical and Sensory Properties

The replacement of fat and sugar in cakes is a challenge as they have an important effect on the structural and sensory properties. Moreover, there is the possibility to incorporate an additional value using novel replacers. In this work, inulin and oligofructose were used as fat and sugar replacers, respectively. Different combinations of replacement levels were investigated: fat replacement (0 and 50 %) and sugar replacement (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 %). Simulated microbaking was carried out to study bubble size distribution during baking. Batter viscosity and weight loss during baking were also analysed. Cake characteristics were studied in terms of cell crumb structure, height, texture and sensory properties. Fat and sugar replacement gave place to batters with low apparent viscosity values. During heating, bubbles underwent a marked expansion in replaced cakes if compared to the control cake. The low batter stability in fat-replaced samples increased bubble movement, giving place to cakes with bigger cells and less height than the control. Sugar-replaced samples had smaller and fewer cells and lower height than the control. Moreover, sugar replacement decreased hardness and cohesiveness and increased springiness, which could be related with a denser crumb and an easily crumbled product. Regarding the sensory analysis, a replacement up to 50 % of fat and 30 % of sugar—separately and simultaneously—did not change remarkably the overall acceptability of the cakes. However, the sponginess and the sweetness could be improved in all the replaced cakes, according to the Just About Right scales.     

保健型甜味剂——低聚果糖

<正> 近年来,随着消费者健康意识的日益加强,市场上不断推出各款使用混合甜味剂的食品与饮料产品,最普遍的是添加天冬甜素和双氧(口恶)噻嗪钾混合物。事实上,混合甜味剂确实为最终产品带来许多特点,如能有效地掩盖产品的后味,使食品风味更加完美;相对于单一甜味剂,混合甜味剂具有更相似于蔗糖的特征,并能进一步增强产品的     

The sensory properties and metabolic impact of natural and synthetic sweeteners

The global rise in obesity, type II diabetes, and other metabolic disorders in recent years has been attributed in part to the overconsumption of added sugars. Sugar reduction strategies often rely on synthetic and naturally occurring sweetening compounds to achieve their goals, with popular synthetic sweeteners including saccharin, cyclamate, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, sucralose, neotame, alitame, and advantame. Natural sweeteners can be further partitioned into nutritive, including polyols, rare sugars, honey, maple syrup, and agave, and nonnutritive, which include steviol glycosides and rebaudiosides, luo han guo (monk fruit), and thaumatin. We choose the foods we consume largely on their sensory properties, an area in which these sugar substitutes often fall short. Here, we discuss the most popular synthetic and natural sweeteners, with the goal of providing an understanding of differences in the sensory profiles of these sweeteners versus sucrose, that they are designed to replace, essential for the effectiveness of sugar reduction strategies. In addition, we break down the influence of these sweeteners on metabolism, and present results from a large survey of consumers’ opinions on these sweeteners. Consumer interest in clean label foods has driven a move toward natural sweeteners; however, neither natural nor synthetic sweeteners are metabolically inert. Identifying sugar replacements that not only closely imitate the sensory profile of sucrose but also exert advantageous effects on body weight and metabolism is critical in successfully the ultimate goals of reducing added sugar in the average consumer's diet. With so many options for sucrose replacement available, consumer opinion and cost, which vary widely with suagr replacements, will also play a vital role in which sweeteners are successful in widespread adoption.     

糖醇对鸡蛋液功能特性及无糖海绵蛋糕烘焙品质的影响

本研究用麦芽糖醇(Mal)、木糖醇(Xyl)和赤藓糖醇(Ery)取代海绵蛋糕配方中的蔗糖,分别研究其对鸡蛋液黏度、表面张力、起泡性、泡沫稳定性、鸡蛋蛋白质变性温度,以及无糖海绵蛋糕烘焙品质和蛋白质、淀粉结合状态的影响。结果表明,与蔗糖相比,麦芽糖醇会显著降低鸡蛋液的表面张力(p<0.05),气泡稳定性较好,虽然麦芽糖醇无糖海绵蛋糕中心高度与蔗糖组相比有显著下降(p<0.05),但是对蛋糕内部气孔密度CD值以及蛋糕芯淀粉和蛋白质结合状态无显著影响,蛋糕品质在三种糖醇中最好;木糖醇对鸡蛋蛋白质起泡性和泡沫稳定性无显著影响,但使蛋白质变性温度和蛋糕芯密度CD值显著下降(p<0.05),蛋糕内部观察不到裸露的淀粉颗粒;赤藓糖醇对鸡蛋蛋白质的影响作用相比蔗糖最为显著(p<0.05),其蛋糕品质和蔗糖海棉蛋糕相比下降最为显著(p<0.05)。      

Development of formulations for reduced‐sugar and sugar‐free agar‐based fruit jellies

Because of the increasing consumer awareness of health‐related issues, there is a rising demand for noncariogenic, reduced‐energy confectionery products. This study was carried out to develop formulations for reduced‐sugar and sugar‐free, agar‐based jelly products. This was obtained by substituting sucrose and glucose syrup through a combination of sugar replacers, fibre, gelling agents and sweeteners. The application of a combination of polydextrose, oligofructose, sucralose and erythritol resulted in a sensory sweetness profile that was comparable to that of a sugar‐containing standard product. Concerning texture and sensory properties, reduced‐sugar and sugar‐free jellies processed using the respective formulations were comparable to the sugar‐containing standard products. Consumer evaluation using the Just‐about‐right technique exhibited satisfactory acceptance of the sugar‐free jellies.     

High Fructose Corn Syrup Replacement for Sucrose in Shortened Cakes

Cakes were prepared with high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) at 0, 50, and 75% replacement for sucrose to study the quality of cakes prepared with HFCS. Objective measurements showed that cakes prepared with HFCS were lower in volume, darker in crust and crumb color and no different in moisture content when compared with sucrose cakes. The taste panel found the sensory evaluation of the HFCS more moist and no different in crumb color. The 75% HFCS cakes were rated sweeter than the sucrose or the 50% HFCS. The sucrose cake was rated highest for overall acceptability but the sensory differences were slight.     

Physical and Sensory Characteristics of Chiffon Cake Prepared with Erythritol as Replacement for Sucrose

ABSTRACT: The effects of erythritol on physical and sensory characteristics of chiffon cakes were studied. The results showed that chiffon cakes prepared with 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% replacement of sucrose with erythritol were lighter in crust and crumb and less sweet in crumbs than those with sucrose. There were no differences in the specific gravity of cake batter, volume, and moisture content between cakes prepared with sucrose or erythritol. Results from sensory evaluation also showed no significant differences in crumb color, moistness, and tenderness for any cakes.     

Use of berry pomace to replace flour,fat or sugar in cakes

Pomace from fruit juice production is a by‐product with a high fibre and bioactive compound content. It is commonly used as animal feed, so using it in food brings added value. The present study assessed the effect of using black currant and aronia pomace to replace either part of the flour, fat or sugar in sponge cakes. Batters in which sugar was replaced showed the highest viscosity. On the other hand, flour replacement led to batters with the lowest viscosity and gave place to softer cakes with fewer but larger‐sized air cells. Sugar replacement conferred greater hardness and a larger number of small air cells. In general, fat replacement gave rise to intermediate crumb texture and structure properties in comparison with flour and sugar replacements. In vitro starch digestion showed that the flour‐replaced sponge cakes possessed the lowest hydrolysis index and glycaemic index values. The sponge cakes with the different replacements were well accepted by consumers, who expressed a high level of buying intention for all of them.     

Structural development of sucrose‐sweetened and sucrose‐free sponge cakes during baking

The influence of sucrose, wheat starch and sorbitol upon the heat‐ and mass‐exchanging processes forming the structure of sponge cake was studied. Under the influence of wheat starch and sorbitol the structure of the sucrose‐free sponge cake was formed at more uniform total moisture release. This process was done at lower temperatures and smoother change of the sponge cake height with respect to the sucrose‐sweetened sponge cake. The porous and steady structure of both cakes was finally formed at identical time – between 18^th and 19^th minute, at the applied conditions for baking of each batter (metal pan with diameter 15.4 cm and depth 6.2 cm containing 300 g of batter and placed in an electric oven “Rahovetz – 02”, Bulgaria for 30 min at 180°C). The water‐losses at the end of baking (10.30% and 10.40% for the sucrose‐sweetened cake and sucrose‐free cake, respectively) and the final temperatures reached in the crumb central layers (96.6°C and 96.3°C for the sucrose‐sweetened cake and sucrose‐free cake, respectively) during baking of both samples were not statistically different. The addition of wheat starch and sorbitol in sucrose‐free sponge cake lead to the statistically different values for the porosity (76.15% and 72.98%) and the volume (1014.17 cm³ and 984.25 cm³) of the sucrose‐sweetened and sucrose‐free sponge cakes, respectively. As a result, the sucrose‐free sponge cake formed during baking had a more homogeneous and finer microstructure with respect to that of the sucrose‐sweetened one.     

Comparative study of texture of normal and energy reduced sponge cakes

The complete sucrose elimination and its replacement by microencapsulated aspartame (Nutra Sweet) and bulking agents (sorbitol, wheat starch and wheat germ) on the physical and textural sensory characteristics of two diabetic sponge cakes against a control sponge cake was studied. Mathematical and statistical methods were used and regression models worked out, describing the physical and textural characteristics of the three sponge cakes and their values were optimized. The effect on the porosity, springiness, volume and shrinkage of sponge takes was substantial and depended on the amount of the added ingredients. The diabetic sponge cake containing wheat germ showed the least physical and sensory deviations against the control sponge cake. The energy value of the diabetic sponge cakes against the control one was reduced with 25% for the ordinary sponge cake without sucrose and with 29% for sponge cake without sucrose containing wheat germ.     

Baking High-Ratio White Layer Cakes with Microwave Energy

Microwave energy was evaluated as a means of baking high-ratio white-layer cakes by considering the effects of various processing conditions and amounts of ingredients. Minimal water in cakes baked with microwave energy did not result in surface collapse as with cakes baked by conventional means. As the amount of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate in the baking powder blend was increased, volume and specific volume decreased and crumb firmness and internal score increased. There was no evidence of any significant internal nor surface batter flow in the conventional cake, while in the microwave cake considerable batter flow was observed on the surface and internally in the upper central regions of the cake. Scanning electron micrograph showed differences in cell structure between both types of cake. The cells in the center of the cake baked with microwave energy were more irregular and had thicker cell walls than the conventional cake.     

Relative importance of moisture migration and amylopectin retrogradation for pound cake crumb firming

Moisture migration largely impacts cake crumb firmness during storage at ambient temperature. To study the importance of phenomena other than crumb to crust moisture migration and to exclude moisture and temperature gradients during baking, crustless cakes were baked using an electrical resistance oven (ERO). Cake crumb firming was evaluated by texture analysis. First, ERO cakes with properties similar to those baked conventionally were produced. Cake batter moisture content (MC) was adjusted to ensure complete starch gelatinisation in the baking process. In cakes baked conventionally, most of the increase in crumb firmness during storage was caused by moisture migration. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) showed that the population containing protons of crystalline starch grew during cake storage. These and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data pointed to only limited amylopectin retrogradation. The limited increase in amylopectin retrogradation during cake storage cannot solely account for the significant firming of ERO cakes and, hence, other phenomena are involved in cake firming.     

The effects of various ratios of sunflower oil and surfactant on household type cake quality

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sunflower oil (0, 5, 10, 15%) and surfactant (acetic and lactic acid esters of mono and diglycerides; 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1%) on the quality of the wheat flour based household type cake. The variable ingredients were used as alone or in combinations in cake manufacture; therefore 20 different batter formulations were formed. Quality characteristics of cake samples (volume, symmetry, uniformity, shrinkage, weight loss, crumb–grain structure, crumb firmness) were investigated. Both components had a significant (P?<?0.05) impact on cake quality. In trial conditions, it was determined that the effect of surfactant on cake quality was greater than the oil. In cake batter, using up to a certain level (0.5%) surfactant was improved the cake volume and porosity. When the surfactant was used at 0.75 and 1% levels, these cake properties were deteriorated. The softness of the cakes have been measured as maximum when surfactant was used alone in increasing order from 0 to 1%. Sunflower oil improved the cake quality up to a limited extent. This improvement generally occurred at 5% level. Usage of oil with higher levels declined cake properties significantly. In combination formula, it was determined that using surfactant made using more oil in the batter formula possible. Careful attention should be paid to the appropriate level of use of oil and surfactant in cake production. Otherwise, significant declines occurred in cake quality. It was concluded that high-quality household-type cakes can be made if both ingredients were combined the use of 5–10% oil and 0.75–1% surfactant.     

Effects of sucrose on egg white protein and whey protein isolate foams: Factors determining properties of wet and dry foams (cakes)

The effects of sucrose on the physical properties of foams (foam overrun and drainage ½ life), air/water interfaces (interfacial dilational elastic modulus and interfacial pressure) and angel food cakes (cake volume and cake structure) of egg white protein (EWP) and whey protein isolate (WPI) was investigated for solutions containing 10% (w/v) protein. Increasing sucrose concentration (0–63.6 g/100 mL) gradually increased solution viscosity and decreased foam overrun. Two negative linear relationships were established between foam overrun and solution viscosity on a log–log scale for EWP and WPI respectively; while the foam overrun of EWP decreased in a faster rate than WPI with increasing solution viscosity (altered by sucrose). Addition of sucrose enhanced the interfacial dilational elastic modulus (E′) of EWP but reduced E′ of WPI, possibly due to different interfacial pressures. The foam drainage ½ life was proportionally correlated to the bulk phase viscosity and the interfacial elasticity regardless of protein type, suggesting that the foam destabilization changes can be slowed by a viscous continuous phase and elastic interfaces. Incorporation of sucrose altered the volume of angel food cakes prepared from WPI foams but showed no improvement on the coarse structure. In conclusion, sucrose can modify bulk phase viscosity and interfacial rheology and therefore improve the stability of wet foams. However, the poor stability of whey proteins in the conversion from a wet to a dry foam (angel food cake) cannot be changed with addition of sucrose.     

Yoghurt added with Lactobacillus casei and sweetened with natural sweeteners and/or prebiotics: Implications on quality parameters and probiotic survival

The effect of addition of natural sugar substitutes (stevia, erythritol or xylitol) and prebiotics (oligofructose or polydextrose) on physicochemical characteristics, probiotic survival (Lactobacillus casei) and sensory acceptance of yoghurts during storage (7 °C, 28 days) was evaluated. Yoghurts with sucrose or sucralose were also prepared. Xylitol and sucralose added yoghurts had physicochemical characteristics and sensory acceptance similar to those of the product with sucrose. Xylitol was more efficient in maintenance of textural characteristics and probiotic survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions (SGIC) than sucralose. Addition of erythritol and stevia changed the textural parameters, reduced acceptance and decreased probiotic survival in SGIC. Addition of oligofructose or polydextrose improved texture and increased probiotic survival but decreased flavour acceptance. All formulations could be considered probiotic products during shelf life (7 °C, 28 days) with counts higher than 10⁷ cfu mL⁻¹ in the product and 10⁴ cfu mL⁻¹ after SGIC.     

Ingredient Functionality During Foam‐Type Cake Making: A Review

Foam‐type cakes are complex food systems. Their main ingredients are wheat flour, hen eggs, sugar, leavening agent, and, in some cases, oil and/or surfactants. In contrast to the vast amount of research outcomes on the contribution of ingredients to the quality of batter‐type cake systems, information on the functionality and importance of the ingredients and their constituents in foam‐type cake systems is lacking. This review defines foam‐type cakes, describes how they are made, summarizes the current knowledge of factors determining their quality, and identifies the current knowledge gaps.     

Use of wheat,triticale and rye flours in layer cake production

In this study, the capacity of obtaining high quality layer cakes from rye and triticale lines was analysed and compared to wheat lines. The samples were characterised considering grain hardness, flour composition and quality parameters as protein, pentosan, damaged starch, pasting viscosity and functional predictive test – solvent retention capacity test. Cakes were analysed in weight, symmetry, volume, volume index (VI) by measuring the height in different points of the cake, crust and crumb colour, crumb structure and texture. Wheat and triticale cakes showed similar characteristics. Rye cakes showed higher volume and lower weight than those with crumbs darker in colour, higher adhesiveness, springiness and resilience. The multiple regression analysis was used to develop an equation for cake volume index prediction. The best‐fit linear regression model was: VI = 14.75 – 0.14 × protein + 0.93 × water soluble pentosan – 0.27 × total pentosan. Despite the differences, high quality cakes can be elaborated with rye, triticale and soft wheat cultivars.