锂资源提取工艺现状及发展趋势

介绍了全球锂资源的分布情况及主要存在形式,从硫酸法、硫酸盐法、氯化焙烧法、纯碱压煮法等方面综述了近年来国内外从固体含锂矿石提Li的研究现状,还从沉淀法、萃取法、吸附法等方面综述了盐湖卤水提Li的技术现状,分析讨论了各种方法的机理及优缺点并提出了改进方向,最后对固体锂矿和盐湖卤水提Li技术的发展趋势及方向进行了分析展望。     

铷及其化合物的制备技术研究与应用展望

从世界铷资源及利用状况人手，综述了铷及其化合物采用分级结晶法、沉淀法、离子交换法及溶剂萃取法等提取工艺技术的研究进展；分析了铷在国防工业、航天航空工业、生物工程技术、医学、能源和环境科学等领域的应用现状，如用作铷原子频标、热离子发电、含铷特种玻璃、光电池及放射性示踪等。     

从铁矾土矿中提取镍和钴的方法

本发明涉及从含镍和钴的铁矾土矿中提取镍和钴的方法,所述方法包括：（a）在回转窑中在还原气氛中对原料矿石进行焙烧以选择性地还原镍和钴,其中在焙烧前向所述原料矿石中加入少于2．5％（重量比）的还原剂,或不加还原剂;（b）用充气的含氨的碳酸铵溶液对还原后的矿石进行浸取,将镍和钴提取到浸取液中;（c）将该浸取液与矿石残渣分离,并通过选自含氨溶剂萃取法、沉淀法或离子交换法的方法对镍和钴进行提取。     

铷、铯金属的制备技术与应用研究进展

叙述了铷、铯资源在全世界及我国的分布特点。综述了近年来铷、铯矿石的处理方法与铷、铯金属主要的制备技术研究进展,针对其中的离子交换、溶剂萃取等工艺的原理、特点进行了分析与总结。简述了铷、铯金属近些年在量子计算、特种玻璃及电子元件等领域的应用现状与前景,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。     

采用焙烧—水浸法从某多金属矿石中回收铷

根据某多金属矿石的矿物组成及前期试验成果,研究了采用焙烧—水浸工艺回收铷,考察了添加剂用量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间和矿石粒度等因素对铷浸出率的影响,确定了最佳焙烧—水浸工艺条件。试验结果表明,最佳条件下,铷浸出率达到95%以上。     

冶金工业废液中硫酸的回收

冶金工业产生大量的酸性废液,其中的无机酸和有价金属有很高的回收价值.综述了酸性废液中硫酸的回收方法,着重介绍了溶剂萃取法、离子交换法和膜分离回收硫酸的工艺原理、研究进展与应用现状,对比讨论了上述几种工艺的优势与不足之处.溶剂萃取和离子交换法反应速度快;膜分离回收硫酸的重点在于高性能膜的研发.     

西藏盐湖锂精矿制备电池级碳酸锂几种工艺探讨

西藏地区含有大量优质碳酸型盐湖锂资源,盐湖提锂技术基本突破,但由锂精矿制备电池级碳酸锂的工艺技术有待突破。本文对西藏盐湖锂精矿制备电池级碳酸锂的几种工艺进行了探讨,分析了碳化-热解法、碳化-离子交换法、岢化-碳化法、岢化-配位除杂法四种工艺的优缺点。综合比较工艺稳定性、加工成本等优势,作者认为碳化离子交换除杂工艺是相对较为稳定可靠的工艺。     

专利技术生命周期法分析盐湖提锂研究进展

随着新能源产业的发展，盐湖锂资源的开发与利用越来越受到人们的重视。在此背景下，盐湖提锂技术也得到快速发展。本文采用专利技术生命周期法分析了我国盐湖提锂技术所处的发展阶段及其未来的发展方向。结果表明，传统方法中膜法已进入技术成熟期，新旧技术替代明显；吸附法与萃取法仍处于技术成长期，技术创新较多。近几年，电化学提锂技术因其选择性高、成本低、绿色环保等优势发展迅速，是一种很有前景的盐湖提锂方法。     

青海盐湖锂资源开发现状及存在问题和对策分析

青海盐湖卤水提锂起步较晚,还处于开发、试验和示范研究阶段。研究人员亦针对不同盐湖卤水锂矿的特点成功开发了多种提锂工艺。进行了多年的探索研究,在卤水提锂技术方面取得了一些进展。但是当前青海盐湖锂资源开发综合利用率偏低,造成资源优势不能转变为经济优势,潜在的经济价值无法体现。因此资源还未遭到大规模破坏之前,要总结经验,不断提升技术,使有限的资源最大限度地服务于社会。     

从盐湖卤水萃取锂的影响因素分析

文章介绍了萃取法从盐湖卤水分离镁锂的工艺过程和机理,主要对影响萃取率的几个关键因素进行了分析,总结了TBP-FeCl3-200#溶剂汽油萃取体系适宜的配比,确定了最优萃取条件。     

白云母伴生铷矿氯化焙烧-水浸法提铷的动力学研究

采用了氯化钙氯化焙烧-水浸法提取白云母中铷的方法.通过氯化焙烧热重-差热分析曲线可知,用氯化钙混合白云母进行氯化反应的温度要比用氯化钠低100℃左右,且用CaCl₂氯化比NaCl更有效率.接着考察了氯化焙烧温度对铷提取率的影响,结果表明,只有当氯化焙烧温度提高至800℃后,才可能取得明显的铷的氯化效果,铷的提取率即达96.71%,随氯化焙烧温度升高,铷的氯化速率不断增大,特别是800℃后,铷的氯化速率明显增大,这说明高温有利于铷的氯化焙烧.最终对白云母与氯化钙氯化焙烧过程进行了动力学研究.结果表明,三维界面反应方程能较好地描述该氯化焙烧反应体系,根据阿仑尼乌斯公式计算出来的活化能为42.22 kJ·mol-1,说明白云母和CaCl₂的氯化过程的确受界面化学反应控制.      

离子液体作为绿色介质应用于盐湖卤水中锂提取的研究

离子液体是一种绿色溶剂,它作为萃取介质可避免传统湿法冶金因有机溶剂挥发产生的环境污染.制备6种1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体,然后以离子液体(IL)、磷酸三丁酯(TBP)和三氯化铁(FeCl<,3>)分别为萃取介质、萃取剂和协萃剂建立盐湖卤水锂萃取研究模型,以此考察离子液体和萃取条件对锂萃取影响.锂的萃取率随离子液体中烷基碳原子数的增加而增加.但碳原子数超过8的离子液体在室温下呈固态,在萃取过程中出现第三相.因此,1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐被确定为萃取介质.该体系的最佳萃取条件是:TBP/IL:9/1(v/v),水相酸度:0.03 moI·L<'-1>HCl,相比(O/A):1:1和Fe/Li:2:1.在此条件下,锂的单次萃取率和反萃率分别是87%和90%.有机相重复利用十次锂的萃取率变为77%,但水洗有机相去除反萃时带入的HCl锂的萃取率又上升至88%.机制研究表明,Li<'+>与TBP和FeCl<,3>形成极性较小的LiFeCl<,4>·2TBP络合物而被萃取进入有机相,在有机相中加入盐酸因H<'+>极化能力强于Li<'+>而将Li<'+>置换使Li<'+>重新进入水相.LiFeCl<,4>·2TBP在弱极性的离子液体中溶解度优于非极性的溶剂煤油,因此离子液体萃取体系具有更高的锂萃取效率和容量.此外,还进行了盐湖卤水萃取锂的串级实验,结果表明经过三级萃取和二级反萃锂的总提取率大于97%,有机相中镁/锂降低至2.2左右.     

盐湖卤水锂萃取体系的性能研究

采用溶剂萃取法从盐湖卤水中提取锂,筛选出萃取剂为TBP,协萃剂为MIBK,共萃剂为FeCl_3,稀释剂为磺化煤油。优化萃取条件如下:40%TBP+20%MIBK+40%磺化煤油、O/A=2.5、n(Fe~(3+)/Li~+)=2.5、初始水相H+0.04mol/L。结果表明,单级锂萃取率为91.21%,镁萃取率为2.10%,锂镁分离系数为483.05。经化学法、红外吸收光谱法证实了新萃合物的生成,并通过斜率法初步推断其组成为LiFeCl_4·4TBP·MIBK。根据离子缔合萃取理论讨论了萃取过程,证实了该混合体系适合从高Mg/Li、低酸度的氯化物型盐湖中萃取锂。     

温杖子金矿含铜金矿脱铜浸金研究

含铜金矿石是重要金矿资源．含铜金矿石的细菌氧化作用导致硫化物溶解，铜呈硫酸铜形式被脱除．生物浸渣用氰化物提金获得较高的金回收率．采用焙烧氧化、酸浸脱铜、氰化提金的处理方法，也能使含铜金矿达到脱铜提金的效果．细菌预氧化处理含铜金矿是一条经济有效的途径．     

酸浸法从石煤中提钒的中间试验研究

根据“从走马石煤中提钒工艺流程小型试验研究”中选定的工艺流程及参数,采用了石煤脱碳焙烧－－硫酸浸出－－固液分离－－清液萃取－－铵盐沉钒工艺流程,进行了从走马石煤钒矿中提取Ｖ２Ｏ５的中间试验,试验在年产５ｔ精钒产品的生产车间进行。日处理规模为：碳氧化焙烧２．２ｔ石煤钒矿,硫酸浸出１．２ｔ焙灰,溶剂萃取２．５ｍ＾３硫酸浸出液,连续运转３４ｄ。在石煤Ｖ２Ｏ５晶位为０．８８％时,Ｖ２Ｏ５浸邮率为７６．１％     

Molybdenum Metallurgy Review: Hydrometallurgical Routes to Recovery of Molybdenum from Ores and Mineral Raw Materials

With the vigorously growing demand of the steel industry, oil and gas industry, corrosion resistance alloys, cast iron, and catalyst industries, high-grade molybdenum ores are being exhausted gradually in the world. Thus, much attention have been drawn to the recovery of molybdenum from low-grade molybdenum ores in recent years. With the increasingly stringent environmental requirements, the shortcomings due to SO₂ emission in the roasting process of traditional technology becomes obvious. This review outlines metallurgical processes for molybdenum production from various resources, particularly focusing on recent developments in direct hydrometallurgical and recovery processes to identify potential sources of molybdenum products and by-products such as uranium which can be economically produced.

Several methods have been extensively reviewed for molybdenum separation and purification from solution which are potentially applicable to leach solutions of molybdenum ores and raw materials. The main methods include solvent extraction, ion exchange, membrane-based separation, and precipitation. Solvent extraction is highly selective for recovery of molybdenum and the most promising method recommended for future research and development. Membrane-based separation is the next preferred method for selective extraction of molybdenum, purification of molybdenum solutions, or co-recovery of other valuable metals. Ion exchange offers useful means for purification and/or co-recovery of other base metal impurities, although the scale of application of ion exchange in the industry is limited.     

铷矿熔融水淬渣的碱浸动力学

随着近年来铷及其化合物在新兴领域的开发应用,铷的市场规模迅速扩大。目前人们对铷矿的处理多采用酸法、碱法以及酸碱联合法,但是以上方法多存在酸碱耗过大,浸出效率和资源利用率低等问题。针对现有工艺存在的弊端,提出熔融水淬-碱浸综合处理复杂铷矿的新工艺。通过熔融水淬,铷矿中稳定的硅氧四面体结构被破坏,水淬渣以高活性的状态存在。为了考察水淬渣的浸出活性,采用收缩核模型研究了浸出温度和水淬渣粒度对铷浸出效果的影响。结果表明:相较于传统碱法对铷矿的处理工艺,熔融水淬-碱浸法可以在低温和低碱浓度下实现铷的高效浸出,碱浸反应的表观活化能为37.41 kJ/mol。水淬渣的碱浸过程符合混合控制模型,并且所得浸出渣为方沸石。      

复杂难选铁矿石悬浮磁化焙烧-高效分选技术

针对传统铁矿石磁化焙烧技术与装备存在焙烧产品质量差、产能低、能耗高和环境污染严重等问题，创造性提出了一种“预热-蓄热还原-再氧化”悬浮磁化焙烧新工艺。该工艺具有原料适应性广、焙烧产品质量均匀、回收率高、生产能耗低、无污染等特点，适合处理赤铁矿、褐铁矿、菱铁矿及其混合型难选铁矿石。通过多年的潜心基础研究与技术攻关，形成了非均质矿石颗粒悬浮态流动控制、蓄热式高效低温还原、铁物相精准调控与余热同步回收等一系列关键技术，建成了500kg/h复杂难选铁矿石悬浮磁化焙烧-高效分选半工业试验平台。     

Leaching behavior of metals from a limonitic nickel laterite using a sulfation–roasting–leaching process

The leaching behavior of metals from a limonitic laterite was investigated using a sulfation–roasting–leaching process for the recovery of nickel and cobalt. The ore was mixed with water and concentrated sulfuric acid followed by roasting and finally leaching with water. Various parameters were studied including the amount of acid added, roasting temperature and time, sample particle size, addition of Na₂SO₄ and solid/liquid ratio in leaching process. More than 88% Ni, 93% Co and < 4% Fe are extracted under the determined conditions. Simultaneously, about 90% Mn and Cu, 70% Mg, 45% Al, 25% Zn, 4% Cr and Ca are extracted respectively. The pH of the leach solution is about 2. The leaching efficiency is independent of sample particle size due to decomposition of ferric sulfate formed during roasting. The roasted mass was characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as DSC/TGA, XRD and SEM. This process provides a simple and effective way for the extraction of nickel and cobalt from laterite ore.     

Reductive leaching of pyrolusite ore by using sawdust for production of manganese sulfate

Manganese compounds, such as manganese sulfate, can be obtained from pyrolusite, a manganese ore. Low-grade manganese ores is usually treated by hydrometallurgical methods. In this study, the leaching and recovery of manganese from pyrolusite ore in sulfuric acid solutions containing sawdust as reducing agent was investigated. The effects of experimental parameters, such as sulfuric acid concentration, sawdust amount, solid-to-liquid ratio, stirring speed, particle size, reaction temperature, and leaching time, on the manganese extraction from ore were examined. The results showed that the leaching rate of pyrolusite ore increased with an increasing sulfuric acid concentration, sawdust amount, stirring speed, reaction temperature and leaching time, and decreasing in solid to liquid ratio and particle size. The kinetic analysis of leaching process was carried out, and it was determined that the reaction rate was controlled by diffusion through the product layer under the experimental conditions in this work. The activation energy was found to be 22.35 kJ mol^?1. Manganese can be recovered as manganese sulfate by the evaporative crystallization of the purified leach liquor.