Selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein over supported V2O5/Nb2O5 catalysts: An in situ Raman, IR, TPSR and kinetic study

The vapor-phase selective oxidation of propylene (H₂CCHCH₃) to acrolein (H₂CCHCHO) was investigated over supported V₂O₅/Nb₂O₅ catalysts. The catalysts were synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation of V-isopropoxide/isopropanol solutions and calcination at 450 °C. The catalytic active vanadia component was shown by in situ Raman spectroscopy to be 100% dispersed as surface VO_x species on the Nb₂O₅ support in the sub-monolayer region (<8.4 V/nm²). Surface allyl species (H₂CCHCH_2*) were observed with in situ FT-IR to be the most abundant reaction intermediates. The acrolein formation kinetics and selectivity were strongly dependent on the surface VO_x coverage. Two surface VO_x sites were found to participate in the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein. The reaction kinetics followed a Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism with first-order in propylene and half-order in O₂ partial pressures. C₃H₆-TPSR spectroscopy studies also revealed that the lattice oxygen from the catalyst was not capable of selectively oxidizing propylene to acrolein and that the presence of gas phase molecular O₂ was critical for maintaining the surface VO_x species in the fully oxidized state. The catalytic active site for this selective oxidation reaction involves the bridging VONb support bond.     

Dual enzyme activated fluorescein based fluorescent probe

A simple dual analyte fluorescein-based probe (PF3-Glc) was synthesised containing β-glucosidase (β-glc) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) trigger units. The presence of β-glc, resulted in fragmentation of the parent molecule releasing glucose and the slightly fluorescent mono-boronate fluorescein (PF3). Subsequently, in the presence of glucose oxidase (GOx), the released glucose was catalytically converted to D-glucono-δ-lactone, which produced H₂O₂ as a by-product. The GOx-produced H₂O_2, resulted in classic H₂O₂-mediated boronate oxidation and the release of the highly emissive fluorophore, fluorescein. This unique cascade reaction lead to an 80-fold increase in fluorescence intensity.     

MnFeO3和MnFe2O4氧载体在稻草化学链气化中的应用

通过溶胶凝胶燃烧法合成了MnFeO₃和MnFe₂O₄两种锰铁复合氧载体。通过原位红外实验探究其与稻草的化学链气化过程,发现其加速了稻草热解产物的析出,并通过气化反应促进CO和CO₂的产生,提高了碳转化率。固定床实验结果表明MnFeO₃和MnFe₂O₄在与水蒸气耦合气化的条件下大幅提高了合成气中H₂和CO的产率,气化效率分别达到94.49%和92.76%。并通过XRD分析,发现MnFeO₃和MnFe₂O₄在气化过程主要还原为(Fe,Mn)O,且在氧化反应后能回到初始晶相。在固定床的10次循环实验以及SEM的结果表明,MnFeO₃在循环反应中逐渐形成的颗粒状多孔结构有利于维持稳定的气化效率,而MnFe₂O₄由于团聚和烧结作用形成了块状结构,气化效率呈缓慢下降趋势。因此,认为MnFeO₃在生物质化学链气化中具有更好的适用性。     

Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide over Pd nanoparticles embedded between HZSM-5 nanosheets layers

Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (DSHP) was studied over Pd loaded on HZSM-5 nanosheets (Pd/ZN). Pd nanoparticles with average size of ca. 4.3 nm were introduced into the adjacent nanosheet layers (thickness of ca. 2.9 nm) by impregnation method. Pd/ZN with theoretical Si/Al molar ratio of 25 showed the highest selectivity for H₂O₂ among the prepared catalysts, together with highest formation rate of H₂O₂ (38.0 mmol·(g cat)^-1·h^-1), 1.9 times than that of Pd supported on conventional HZSM-5 zeolite (Pd/CZ-50). Better catalytic performance of nanosheet catalysts was attributed to the promoted Pd dispersion which promoted H₂ dissociation, more Brønsted acid sites and stronger metal-support interaction which inhibited the dissociation of O-O bond in H₂O₂. The embedded structure sufficiently protected the Pd nanoparticles by space confinement which restrained the Pd leaching, leading to a better catalytic stability with 90% activity retained after 3 cycles, which was almost 3 times than that of Pd/CZ-50 (30.4% activity retained).     

KBaB5O9的两步法制备及其过程动力学研究

本文利用溶液法制备了K₂Ba[B₄O₅(OH)₄]₂·8H₂O,并将其进行热处理制备得到了KBaB₅O₉,利用XRD、FT-IR、TG-DTA-DTG对样品进行了表征。分析研究了由K₂Ba[B₄O₅(OH)₄]₂·8H₂O热处理制备KBaB₅O₉过程中的物相变化过程,其物相变化经历脱结晶水、脱羟基、重结晶、再分解、熔融再结晶5个阶段,其中结晶水的脱失分两步进行。运用Kissinger法、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法、Šatava-Šesták法对K₂Ba[B₄O₅(OH)₄]₂·8H₂O结晶水第二步脱失过程的动力学参数进行了计算,可知K₂Ba[B₄O₅(OH)₄]₂·8H₂O结晶水第二步脱失过程的活化能E_s为151.94 kJ/mol,指前因子的对数值lg A_s为21.25 min^-1,机理函数G(α)=(1-2α/3)-(1-α)^2/3(其中α为转化率)。     

活化过硫酸盐修复苯胺污染地下水及其环境风险

采用砂柱实验对模拟苯胺（AN）污染地下水进行连续处理,研究了碱（NaOH）活化、铁（Fe²⁺）活化和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）活化三种过硫酸盐（PS）活化方式对AN的去除效果及环境风险。结果表明,H₂O₂活化PS处理对AN去除效果最好,4天内AN累计去除率达到了60%。当H₂O₂浓度递减注射时,4天内AN累计去除率达到了83%,克服了恒定浓度注射时的氧化剂浪费问题。各处理的总有机碳（TOC）矿化率远小于AN去除率,表明大量AN不完全降解。GC/MS分析表明,降解产物主要有对苯醌、偶氮苯和直链烷烃。碱活化显著提升了体系pH,其他反应体系均为中性,反应后pH均下降。H₂O₂活化PS处理的氧化还原电位稳定保持较高水平。处理后的水质急性毒性均高于处理前,主要源于过硫酸钠分解后残留的硫酸盐,使修复后地下水饱和带形成高盐区。因此,采用活化PS原位注射修复时,需对二次污染风险进行严格地评估和防控。     

四元体系硼酸锂-硼酸钾-硼酸镁-水在308.15 K时固液相平衡研究

采用等温溶解平衡法研究四元体系硼酸锂-硼酸钾-硼酸镁-水在308.15 K时固液相平衡,测定了体系溶解度和平衡液相的密度、折光率和pH。研究发现：该体系308.15 K时的稳定相图中包含一个共饱点（L+Li₂B₄O₇·3H₂O+K₂B₄O₇·4H₂O+Mg₂B₆O₁₁·15H₂O）,其液相组成：w（Li₂B₄O₇）=3.112%、w（K₂B₄O₇）=16.64%、w（Mg₂B₆O₁₁）=0.101 8%;3个固相结晶区：Li₂B₄O₇·3H₂O、K₂B₄O₇·4H₂O、Mg₂B₆O₁₁·15H₂O,体系无复盐或固溶体生成。溶液中硼酸锂、硼酸钾对多水硼镁石有很强的盐析效应,液相的密度、折光率和pH随溶液中硼酸盐浓度的增加呈规律性变化。     

磁性纳米粒子类型和质量浓度对微波热解含油污泥的影响

鉴于传统微波吸收剂在协同微波热解含油污泥时存在热解效率较低、处理成本较高等问题,本文引入磁性纳米粒子作为新型微波吸收剂,探究了磁性纳米粒子种类和质量浓度在强化微波热解含油污泥中的作用效果和规律。实验结果表明：(1)在6种磁性纳米粒子(Zn Fe₂O₄、Fe₃O₄、Ni、Ni Fe₂O₄、γ-Fe₂O₃和Co₃O₄)中,添加Zn Fe₂O₄的实验组热解终温最高,为284℃,气、液相产物最多,分别为382m L和10.5m L;(2)当微波功率为800W、微波加热时间为20min时,添加纳米Zn Fe₂O₄实验组的热解终温在质量浓度5.0mg/g时最高;(3)随着纳米Zn Fe₂O₄质量浓度的增加,气相热解产物中H₂、CH...     

Intensification of levofloxacin sono-degradation in a US/H2O2 system with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles

Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesised, characterised, and used as a peroxidase mimetic to ac-celerate levofloxacin sono-degradation in an ultrasound (US)/H2O2 system. The Fe3O4 MNPs were in nanometre scale with an average diameter of approximately 12 to 18 nm. The introduction of Fe3O4 MNPs increased levofloxacin sono-degradation in the US/H2O2 system. Experimental parameters, such as Fe3O4 MNP dose, initial solution pH, and H2O2 concentration, were investigated by a one-factor-at-a-time approach. The results showed that Fe3O4 MNPs enhanced levofloxacin removal in the pH range from 4.0 to 9.0. Levofloxacin removal ratio in-creased with Fe3O4 MNP dose up to 1.0 g·L?1 and with H2O2 concentration until reaching the maximum. More-over, three main intermediate compounds were identified by HPLC with electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry, and a possible degradation pathway was proposed. This study suggests that combination of H2O2, Fe3O4 MNPs and US is a good way to improve the degradation efficiency of antibiotics.     

H4SiW12O40-catalyzed oxidation of nitrobenzene in supercritical water: kinetic and mechanistic aspects

The catalytic effect of a heteropolyacid, H₄SiW₁₂O_40, on nitrobenzene (20 and 30 μM) oxidation in supercritical water was investigated. A capillary flow-through reactor was operated at varying temperatures (T=400–500 °C; P=30.7 MPa) and H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀ concentrations (3.5–34.8 μM) in an attempt to establish global power-law rate expressions for homogenous H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀-catalyzed and uncatalyzed supercritical water oxidation. Oxidation pathways and reaction mechanisms were further examined via primary oxidation product identification and the addition of various hydroxyl radical scavengers (2-propanol, acetone, acetone-d₆, bromide and iodide) to the reaction medium. Under our experimental conditions, nitrobenzene degradation rates were significantly enhanced in the presence of H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀. The major differences in temperature dependence observed between catalyzed and uncatalyzed nitrobenzene oxidation kinetics strongly suggest that the reaction path of H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀-catalyzed supercritical water oxidation (average activation E_a=218 kJ/mol; k=0.015–0.806 s⁻¹ energy for T=440–500 °C; E_a=134 kJ/mol for the temperature range T=470–490 °C) apparently differs from that of uncatalyzed supercritical water oxidation (E_a=212 kJ/mol; k=0.37–6.6 μM s⁻¹). Similar primary oxidation products (i.e. phenol and 2-, 3-, and 4-nitrophenol) were identified for both treatment systems. H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀-catalyzed homogenous nitrobenzene oxidation kinetics was not sensitive to the presence of OH√ scavengers.     

化学链过程中Cu低浓度掺杂改性Fe-基载氧体反应性能：实验与理论模拟

基于热重实验(TGA)和密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,对Cu低浓度掺杂Fe2O3载氧体(Cu-Fe2O3)与H2在化学链燃烧过程中反应活性和微观分子反应机理进行研究。TGA结果显示,Cu低浓度掺杂降低Fe2O3载氧体与H2反应表观活化能Ea(从83.9 kJ/mol降低至72.3 kJ/mol),因此,低浓度Cu掺杂由于原子尺度Cu掺杂缺陷的引入的确提高了Fe2O3载氧体转化率和晶格氧释放速率。DFT计算从分子水平证实Cu低浓度掺杂改变了Fe2O3载氧体与H2反应路径,路径分析表明,Cu掺杂使Fe2O3载氧体与H2反应能垒从2.30 eV分别降低至1.81 eV(Fe原子top位反应)和1.68 eV(Cu原子top位反应),Cu掺杂的Fe-基载氧体的氢还原反应优先发生在掺杂的Cu原子位,其次为Fe原子位。此外,计算结果表明,因Cu-O和Cu-Fe键的引入,低浓度Cu掺杂改变了Fe2O3载氧体微观结构,这对于载氧体的晶格氧快速释放是有利的。     

Reactivity of low-concentration Cu-doped modified Fe-based oxygen carrier in chemical looping: experiments and theoretical simulations

Based on thermogravimetric experiment (TGA) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the reaction activity and microscopic molecular reaction mechanism of Cu low-concentration doped Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier (Cu-Fe₂O₃) and H₂ in the process of chemical looping combustion were studied. TGA results showed that the low concentration of Cu-doped reduced the apparent activation energy of Fe₂O₃ reaction with H₂ (from 83.9 kJ/mol to 72.3 kJ/mol). And improved the conversion rate and lattice oxygen release rate of Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier, which was attributed to the introduction of Cu element. From the atom/molecular level, DFT calculations verified that the low concentration of Cu-doped altered reaction pathway of Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier reaction with H₂. The calculation results showed that the energy barrier of Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier reaction with H₂ decreased from 2.30 eV to 1.81 eV (Fe atom top site) and 1.68 eV (Cu atom top site), respectively. The reaction preferentially occurred at the Cu atom site, followed at Fe atom site. Furthermore, the micro-structure characteristic change of Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier (Cu—O and Cu—Fe bonds introduced) is more favorable for the rapid lattice oxygen release in chemical looping process.     

Effect of Rh loading on the performance of Rh/Al2O3 for methane partial oxidation to synthesis gas

Catalytic performance for partial oxidation of methane (POM) to synthesis gas was studied over the Rh/Al₂O₃ catalysts with Rh loadings between 0.1 and 3 wt%. It was found that the ignition temperature of POM reaction increased with the decreasing of the Rh loadings in the catalysts. For the POM reaction over the catalysts with high (≥1 wt%) Rh loadings, steady-state reactivity was observed. For the reaction over the catalysts with low (≤0.25 wt%) Rh loadings, however, oscillations in CH₄ and reaction products (CO, H₂, and CO₂) were observed. Comparative studies using H₂-TPR, O₂-TPD and high temperature in situ Raman spectroscopy techniques were carried out in order to elucidate the relation between the redox property of the Rh species in the Rh/Al₂O₃ with different Rh loadings and the performance of the catalysts for the reaction. Three kinds of oxidized rhodium species, i.e. the rhodium oxide species insignificantly affected by the support (RhO_x), that intimately interacting with the Al₂O₃ surface (RhⁱO_x) and the Rh(AlO₂)_y species formed by diffusion of rhodium oxides in to sublayers of Al₂O₃ [C.P. Hwang, C.T. Yeh, Q.M. Zhu, Catal. Today, 51 (1999) 93.], were identified by H₂-TPR and O₂-TPD experiments. Among them, the first two species can be easily reduced by H₂ at temperature below 350 °C, while the last one can only be reduced by H₂ at temperature above 500 °C. The ignition temperatures of POM reaction over the catalysts are closely related to the temperature at which most of the RhO_x and RhⁱO_x species can be reduced by CH₄ in the reaction mixture. Compared to the Rh/Al₂O₃ with high Rh loadings, the catalysts with low Rh loadings contain more RhⁱO_x species which possess stronger RhO bond strength and are more difficult to be reduced than RhO_x by the reaction mixture. Higher temperature is therefore required to ignite the POM reaction over the catalysts with lower Rh loadings. The oscillation during the POM reaction over the Rh/Al₂O₃ with low Rh loadings can be related to the behaviour of Rh(AlO₂)_y species in the catalyst switching cyclically from the oxidized state to the reduced state during the reaction.     

Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over Co/Ca/Al2O3 catalysts

A series of calcium-modified alumina-supported cobalt catalysts were prepared with a two-step impregnation method, and the effect of calcium on the catalytic performances of the catalysts for the partial oxidation of methane to syngas (CO and H₂) was investigated at 750 °C. Also, the catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, TPR and (in situ) Raman. At 6 wt.% of cobalt loading, the unmodified alumina-supported cobalt catalyst showed a very low activity and a rapid deactivation, while the calcium-modified catalyst presented a good performance for this process with the CH₄ conversion of 88%, CO selectivity of 94% and undetectable carbon deposition during a long-time running. Characterization results showed that the calcium modification can effectively increase the dispersion and reducibility of Co₃O₄, decrease the Co metal particle size, and suppress the reoxidation of cobalt as well as the phase transformation to form CoAl₂O₄ spinel phases under the reaction conditions. These could be related to the excellent catalytic performances of Co/Ca/Al₂O₃ catalysts.     

Phenol cogeneration with electricity by using in situ generated H2O2 in a H2–O2 PEMFC reactor

In the present work, direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol by using in situ generated H₂O₂ with electricity cogeneration was carried out in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) reactor. Phenol was produced only when there was current through the external circuit. No other organic products were detected during this electrochemical process. A rotating ring-disc electrode (RRDE) technique was used to quantitatively detect the intermediate H₂O₂ in an acid electrolyte solution at different potentials and temperatures. The RRDE studies showed that the in situ generated H₂O₂ may play a crucial role during the formation of phenol. The formation rate of phenol could be controlled by adjusting the current or cell potential.     

Comparative evaluation of Fe and TiO2 photoassisted processes in solar photocatalytic disinfection of water

A lost of culturability of bacteria Escherichia coli K12 was observed after exposition to a solar simulator (UV–vis) in a laboratory batch photoreactor. The bacterial inactivation reactions have been carried out using titanium dioxide (TiO₂) P25 Degussa and FeCl₃ as catalysts. At the starting of the treatment, the suspensions were at their “natural” pH. An increase in the efficiency in the water disinfection was obtained when some advanced oxidation processes such as UV–vis/TiO₂, UV–vis/TiO₂/H₂O₂, UV–vis/Fe³⁺/H₂O₂, UV–vis/H₂O₂ were applied. The presence of H₂O₂ accelerates the rate of disinfection via TiO₂. The addition of Fe³⁺ (0.3 mg/l) to photocatalytic system decreases the time required for total disinfection (<1 CFU/ml), for TiO₂ concentrations ranging between 0.05 and 0.5 g/l. At TiO₂ concentrations higher than 0.5 g/l the addition of Fe³⁺ does not significantly increase the disinfection rate. The systems: Fenton (H₂O₂/Fe³⁺/dark), H₂O₂/dark, H₂O₂/TiO₂/dark showed low disinfection rate. The effective disinfection time (EDT₂₄) was reached after 60 and 30 min of illumination for the Fe³⁺ and TiO₂ photoassisted systems, respectively. EDT₂₄ was not reached for the system in the absence of catalyst (UV–vis). The effect on the bacterial inactivation of different mixture of chemical substance added to natural water was studied.     

钒铬还原渣酸浸液中钒铬初步分离工艺

钒铬还原渣是钠化提钒过程的典型危险固体废弃物,其资源化利用需求迫切。中国科学院过程工程研究所提出钒铬还原渣硫酸酸解-钒铬初步分离-铬/钒/铁络合深度分离技术路线,并在攀钢集团建成万吨级示范工程。本文重点考察钒铬还原渣酸解液中钒铬初步分离原理及工艺,研究了H₂O₂和Na₂S₂O₈两种氧化剂对沉钒效果的影响,并通过实验确定了最佳工艺条件。结果表明：以H₂O₂为氧化剂时,H₂O₂与钒摩尔比为0.75、氧化温度为60℃、初始溶液pH为2.0、氧化时间为60min、水解温度为95℃、水解时间为2.5h的条件下可得到84.2%的沉钒率;以Na₂S₂O₈为氧化剂时,Na₂S₂O₈与钒摩尔比为0.65、氧化温度为90℃、氧化时间为45min、沉钒初始溶液pH为2.5、沉钒温度为90℃、沉钒时间为2.5h的条件下可获得93.1%的沉钒率。过硫酸钠氧化过程温和,沉钒率高,铬损失小,更适合工业推广应用。采用SEM获得了沉淀产物的微观形貌,煅烧后得到V₂O₅产品,采用XRF获得了产品组成,通过X射线衍射确定得到的V₂O₅产品为正交晶型。     

Renewable hydrogen production from steam reforming of glycerol (SRG) over ceria-modified γ-alumina supported Ni catalyst

Excess crude glycerol derived as a by-product from biodiesel industry prompts the need to valorise glycerol to value-added chemicals. In this context, catalytic steam reforming of glycerol (SRG) was proposed as a promising and sustainable alternative for producing renewable hydrogen (H₂). Herein, the development of nickel (Ni) supported on ceria-modified mesoporous γ-alumina (γ-Al₂O₃) catalysts and their applications in catalytic SRG (at 550-750 °C, atmospheric pressure and weight hourly space velocity, WHSV, of 44,122 ml·g^-1·h^-1 (STP)) is presented. Properties of the developed catalysts were characterised using many techniques. The findings show that ceria modification improved Ni dispersion on γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst support with highly active small Ni particles, which led to a remarkable catalytic performance with the total glycerol conversion (ca. 99%), glycerol conversion into gaseous products (ca. 77%) and H₂ yield (ca. 62%). The formation rate for H₂ production (14.4 × 10^-5 mol·s^-1·g^-1, TOF (H₂) = 3412 s^-1) was significantly improved with the Ni@12Ce-Al₂O₃ catalyst, representing nearly a 2-fold increase compared with that of the conventional Ni@Al₂O₃ catalyst. In addition, the developed catalyst also exhibited comparatively high stability (for 12 h) and coke resistance ability.     

Fe/Fe cycling promoted by Ta3N5 under visible irradiation in Fenton degradation of organic pollutants

Ta₃N₅ was synthesized by nitridation of Ta₂O₅ under NH₃ flow at 700 °C. The catalyst was pure Ta₃N₅ according to X-ray diffraction (XRD), and was about 5 nm in size with a BET specific surface area 52.8 m²/g. When Ta₃N₅ was added to Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ solution (known as Fenton-like system), most Fe³⁺ were adsorbed on the Ta₃N₅ surface and could not react with H₂O₂ in the dark, which is different from the general Fenton reaction. Under visible light irradiation, adsorbed Fe³⁺ ions were reduced to Fe²⁺ rapidly and Fe²⁺ were reoxidized by H₂O₂ on the Ta₃N₅ surface, thus a fast Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ cycling was established. Kinetics and ESR measurements supported this mechanism. The Ta₃N₅/Fe³⁺/H₂O₂ system could efficiently decompose H₂O₂ to generate hydroxyl radicals driven by visible light, which could accelerate significantly the degradation of organic molecules such as N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP). A mechanism was proposed for iron cycling on the basis of experimental results.     

介孔氧化铝的结构调控及除氟性能研究

以铝酸钠（NaAlO₂）和氯化铝（AlCl₃·6H₂O）为铝源,分别以葡萄糖、壳聚糖、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）为结构导向剂,采用水热反应和高温煅烧技术制备了纳米氧化铝粉体材料。用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、氮气吸附-脱附和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）等手段对产物进行了表征。结果表明,产物均为介孔γ-氧化铝（γ-Al₂O₃）,呈纳米颗粒状形貌,分散较为均匀。其中,葡萄糖调控的γ-氧化铝具有较大的比面积（437 m ²/g）和孔体积（0.60 cm ³/g）。4种γ-氧化铝对氟离子（F ^-）的吸附结果表明,葡萄糖调控的γ-氧化铝除氟效果最好。