耐高温水基压裂液研究进展

随着勘探技术的发展,油气勘探向纵深发展,而越往深井发展地层温度越高,国内外对高温油藏的开发愈加重视。水基压裂液由于其施工方便、价格低廉以及性能优异等优点,一直是应用最为普遍的压裂液。但早期压裂液的耐温性能较差,无法满足高温油藏的压裂施工需求。因此开发可用于耐高温油气藏的水基压裂液具有重要的研究价值和实际应用价值。本文介绍了国内外耐高温水基压裂液的研究进展,对于胍胶压裂液,通过提高稠化剂用量,进行稠化剂、交联剂的改性,以提高其耐温性能;耐温清洁压裂液稠化剂类型由早期的阳离子、阴离子型向双子及复合型发展,近年还有学者将纳米体系用于改性表面活性剂;耐温合成聚合物压裂液发展较快,多是通过设计多元共聚物提升耐温能力。对于胍胶压裂液体系,研发满足特高温油藏压裂施工需求的低浓度胍胶压裂液还是今后的主要研究方向。文中指出清洁压裂液体系成本过高,无法大规模使用;合成聚合物压裂液耐温性能好,研究含有支链聚合单体或磺酸基团等的多元共聚物,引入合适的疏水基团作为稠化剂,是合成聚合物的研究方向。     

耐高温超低浓度纳米胍胶压裂液性能评价研究

致密砂岩储层孔渗低、物性差,必须经过水力压裂改造后才能具有较好的产能。为了降低施工成本和压裂液对储层的伤害,同时在高温条件下具有良好的耐剪切性能和破胶性能,需要研发一种耐高温、低伤害的压裂液体系。以改性纳米二氧化硅为交联剂,对新型耐高温超低浓度纳米二氧化硅压裂液性能进行了较为全面的评价研究。结果表明,该压裂液体系在135℃条件下剪切2 h后平均黏度为100 m Pa·s,具有良好的携砂能力。破胶液残渣质量为常规胍胶压裂液质量的37.2%,破胶液的表面张力小,具有良好的返排性,压裂液与地层水配伍性好。超低浓度纳米胍胶压裂液大幅降低了对地层的伤害程度,适用于低渗的致密砂岩储层。     

新型树枝状交联剂的合成及其交联压裂液的研究

降低压裂液稠化剂浓度不仅可以降低压裂液成本,同时还可以降低对储层伤害。利用树枝状大分子合成了一种新型树枝状有机硼交联剂,此交联剂可大幅度降低羟丙基胍胶压裂液稠化剂浓度。通过不同量p H调节剂条件下压裂液耐温性能研究,确定了0.25%羟丙基胍胶压裂液最佳p H调节剂用量为0.6%。在p H调节剂为0.6%条件下,交联剂质量分数分别为0.5%、0.6%、0.7%、0.8%时,0.25%羟丙基胍胶压裂液在90、100、110、120℃条件下具有良好的耐温耐剪切性能。通过黏弹性测试可以看出,0.25%低质量分数的羟丙基胍胶压裂液具有良好的黏弹性能。     

纳米交联剂BC-27的制备及性能研究

使用硅烷偶联剂对纳米二氧化硅表面进行化学改性和修饰,制备出一种纳米有机硼交联剂BC-27,采用FTIR、SEM、高温流变仪、高温高压失水仪对交联剂BC-27及其配制的压裂液进行了结构表征与性能测试,考察了改性纳米SiO2含量、稠化剂羟丙基胍胶（HPG）质量分数、交联比（压裂液基液与交联剂的质量之比）、pH值对交联剂BC-27交联性能的影响,并测试了交联剂形成羟丙基胍胶压裂液的抗温抗剪切性能、静态滤失性能、破胶与反排性能以及岩芯渗透率伤害性能。研究结果表明：w（改性纳米SiO2）=0.18%时制备得到纳米交联剂BC-27的性能最佳;当压裂液基液中w（HPG）=0.35%,交联比为100:0.3,调节pH值约为11时,形成的压裂液冻胶效果最好,最高抗温温度为130℃,交联时间在89～225s可调;纳米有机硼交联剂BC-27配制的压裂液在130℃下连续剪切120min,其黏度仍保持在440mPa·s以上,而普通有机硼交联剂OS-150配制的压裂液仅为280mPa·s左右;有机硼交联剂OS-150形成的压裂液对储层岩芯伤害率为23.08%,而交联剂BC-27形成的压裂液仅为19.47%。该纳米交联剂性能优异,具有良好的延缓交联性能,可有效降低羟丙基胍胶用量。     

低浓度羟丙基胍胶压裂液体系研究

为有效控制和降低压裂液对储层的伤害,提高压裂液效果,降低压裂成本,针对不同地层温度开发了满足低渗透储层压裂需要的低质量分数、低残渣、低伤害的羟丙基胍胶压裂液体系。压裂液体系分别为:耐温80、90℃的压裂液体系羟丙基胍胶用量为0.30%,交联剂用量为0.35%;耐温100、110℃的压裂液体系羟丙基胍胶用量为0.325%,交联剂用量为0.35%;耐温120℃的压裂液体系羟丙基胍胶用量为0.325%,交联剂用量为0.40%;耐温130℃的压裂液体系羟丙基胍胶用量为0.35%,交联剂用量为0.40%;其他助剂加量分别为:起泡剂0.50%,助排剂0.50%,粘土稳定剂0.50%,温度稳定剂0.08%,杀菌剂0.10%,Na_2CO_30.12%。通过对体系破胶研究,过硫酸铵用量为0.0033%,胶囊破胶剂用量为0.0111%,破胶时间为3h,与常规羟丙基胍胶体系相比破胶残渣下降率大于50%;通过对岩心伤害率与静态滤失进行研究发现伤害率下降均大于50%,故低浓度胍胶压裂液体系有利于降低对储层的伤害。     

纳米二氧化硅增强胍胶压裂液性能研究

为提高压裂液性能,适应复杂油气藏的开发需求,往往采用改性稠化剂、温度稳定剂和新型交联剂来实现,但是这些方法目前对压裂液的性能提升已达到极限,本文采用纳米杂化的方式来提升压裂液综合性能。考察了纳米二氧化硅加入到胍胶压裂液中对其耐温性能、携砂性能、破胶性能和伤害程度的影响。结果表明,在相同的胍胶浓度下,在压裂液中加入3 000 mg/L的纳米SiO_2能使硼交联剂的用量减少0.05%,而压裂液冻胶黏度却提高了76 mPa·s。纳米SiO_2杂化压裂液相比于空白压裂液的耐受温度提高了20℃,在压裂液基液和冻胶中的沉降速度都明显变慢,说明纳米SiO_2增强了压裂液的黏弹性能,即增强了压裂液的携砂性能;杂化压裂液破胶后的黏度、表面张力和残渣含量都符合"水基压裂液通用技术指标";并且纳米SiO_2的加入能减小压裂液对岩心和支撑剂充填层导流能力的伤害。纳米SiO_2杂化胍胶压裂液满足现场施工和低伤害的要求。     

低浓度胍胶压裂液在泥盆系东河塘组的研究应用

巴麦井区东河塘组储层泥质含量高、储层物性差、克氏渗透率在0.06~0.82md(平均0.34md),孔隙度4.7%~10.6%(平均7.7%),属于特低孔特低渗-超低孔超低渗透储层。为有效控制和降低压裂液对储集层的伤害,提高压裂效果,降低压裂成本,研发了满足特低孔特低渗-超低孔超低渗透储层压裂需要的低伤害、耐高温的低浓度胍胶压裂液体系配方。通过室内实验研究,对低浓度胍胶压裂液体系配方的耐温耐剪切能力、流变性能、静态滤失、破胶性能及残渣含量进行了评价。室内实验评价表明,该体系能够大大降低胍胶的使用浓度,降低压裂液的残渣含量,降低压裂液对储集层的伤害,具有优良的破胶、返排、降滤失性能,是一种低成本、低伤害压裂液。     

新型羧甲基羟丙基高温压裂液体系性能评价与研究

东北油气分公司腰深3井储层埋藏达4400m,温度高达150℃,针对该储层特点,室内进行了高温低伤害压裂液的配方优选试验,并进行了新型羧甲基羟丙基高温压裂液体系的性能评价,室内实验结果表明,羧甲基羟丙基胍胶压裂液具有耐高温(160℃)、低浓度、低残渣、低伤害、低磨阻的特点。适合在超深层高温火山岩气藏中应用。     

纳米交联剂BC-27的制备及性能

使用硅烷偶联剂KH550对纳米二氧化硅表面进行化学改性,制得Si O2-KH550,将其与含硼有机螯合物进行反应,制备出纳米有机硼交联剂BC-27。采用FTIR、1HNMR和SEM对交联剂BC-27进行了结构表征,采用高温流变仪、高温高压失水仪对BC-27配制的压裂液进行了性能测试,考察了Si O2-KH550质量分数、稠化剂羟丙基胍胶(HPG)质量分数、交联比(压裂液基液与交联剂的质量比)、pH对压裂液交联性能的影响,并测试了交联剂形成羟丙基胍胶压裂液的抗温、抗剪切性能、静态滤失性能、破胶与反排性能,以及岩芯渗透率伤害性能。结果表明,w(Si O2-KH550)=0.18%时,制备得到纳米交联剂BC-27的性能最佳;当压裂液基液中w(HPG)=0.35%,交联比为100∶0.3,调节pH约为11时,形成的压裂液冻胶效果最好,最高抗温温度为130℃,交联时间在89~225 s可调;纳米有机硼交联剂BC-27配制的压裂液在130℃下连续剪切120 min,其黏度仍保持在440m Pa·s以上,而普通有机硼交联剂OS-150配制的压裂液仅为280 m Pa·s左右;有机硼交联剂OS-150形成的压裂液对储层岩芯伤害率为23.08%,而交联剂BC-27形成的压裂液仅为19.47%。该纳米交联剂性能优异,具有良好的延缓交联性能,可有效降低羟丙基胍胶用量。     

低浓度胍胶压裂液体系室内研究

目前全球瓜尔胶原材料紧缺,导致胍胶价格飙升,压裂成本攀升。因此,研究优选满足携砂要求的低浓度胍胶压裂液体系具有重大意义。通过实验,对低浓度胍胶压裂液体系的配方进行了研究,评价了低浓度胍胶压裂液体系的耐温耐剪切性能、流变性能、滤失性能、破胶性能、静态伤害和残渣伤害。实验结果表明,低浓度胍胶压裂液可满足压裂施工时的携砂要求,并且破胶后的残渣含量明显减少,降低了对储层的伤害,是一种低成本、低伤害压裂液体系。     

Pentaerythritol encapsulated with boric acid: An efficient composite crosslinker for guar gum fracturing fluid

Commonly used crosslinker agents often have a low crosslinking efficiency with guar gum, the major component of fracturing fluid for crude oil recovery, and it often required a high loading of guar gum for achieving desired recovery from low-permeability reservoir. Nevertheless, a high-loading of guar gum might result in excessive residue and reduce the conductivity of the reservoir. Therefore, boric acid, a commonly used crosslinking agent, was introduced onto the surface of pentaerythritol to afford a composite crosslinking agent denoted as PB. The as-prepared PB crosslinker was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry. The guar gum fracturing gel crosslinked with the PB had fantastic viscoelasticity and thermal stability and could reduce the guar gum loading by 16.7%, with boric acid as a control. Besides, the gel-broken liquid had good compatibility with the simulated water and caused reduced damage to rock core, showing potential for hydraulic fracturing of low-permeability reservoirs. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020 , 137, 48528.     

Boric acid incorporated on the surface of reactive nanosilica providing a nano‐crosslinker with potential in guar gum fracturing fluid

Small molecule borate crosslinker widely used in hydraulic fracturing treatment has a low crosslinking efficiency of less than 1%. Thus boric acid was introduced onto the surface of reactive nanosilica (denoted as nano‐SiO₂; size: about 20 nm) containing ? NH₂ group to obtain a nanosilica‐based crosslinker (denoted as nano‐crosslinker) with increased crosslinking efficiency, thereby broadening the application of nano‐SiO₂ in guar gum fracturing fluid. Moreover, the influence of the as‐prepared nano‐crosslinker on the rheological behavior of guar gum gel was investigated with borate crosslinker as a reference. Results show that boric acid chemically reacts with the amino group of the reactive nano‐SiO₂ to form N? B bond, which is beneficial to the formation of the network structure of guar gum gel. The guar gum gel crosslinked with the 57 ppm of borate based on the carrier of nano‐SiO₂ exhibits better temperature tolerance and shear resistance as well as breaking behavior than the counterpart crosslinked with 200 ppm of borate. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134 , 45037.     

Research on the viscosity-increasing mechanism and performance analysis of modified polysaccharide natural polymer fracturing fluid gel

In this paper, a guar gum-based hydraulic fracturing fluid suitable for low permeability oil and gas reservoirs was prepared using alkylamine guar gum (J580) as a thickening agent. The viscosification mechanism and comprehensive properties were analyzed to provide theoretical support for improving the fracturing fluid utilization rate and oil and gas field development in Changqing Oilfield. In this experiment, the properties and microstructure of thickener J580 were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The rheometer, dynamic filtration device, and acid erosion fracture conductive ability device were used to study the temperature and shear resistance performance, viscoelastic properties, dynamic filtration performance, and fracture conductive ability damage of the system. the gel breaking performance, formation water compatibility, and anti-swelling performance of the system were measured according to the standard. The results show that J580 is an amine modified product of guar gum, and its viscosity increasing mechanism is similar to that of guar gum. The breaking time of the system is 375 s, the residue content is 413 mg/L, and the surface tension is 26.49 mN/m. At 90°C, the viscosity of the solution can be maintained at 180 mPa · s, loss modulus G" dominates, the anti-swelling rate is 82.5%, the damage rate of the conductive ability is 22.40%, and the dynamic filtration coefficient is 1.3 × 10⁻⁵ m/s^1/2. The fracturing fluid system has good dynamic filtration performance, conductive ability, temperature and shear resistance, good structural strength, can easily break glue and return, and less residue content.     

Synthesis and performance evaluation of crosslinker for seawater-based fracturing fluid

Zirconium is one of the most commonly used crosslinkers for guar gum-based fracturing fluid. Nevertheless, it is difficult for zirconium crosslinkers applied in fracturing to possess both high temperature resistance and adjustable crosslinking time. Meanwhile, few people did systematical research on the crosslinking process of fracturing fluid. In this study, an organic zirconium crosslinker with high temperature resistance and controllable crosslinking time was synthesized. The seawater-based fracturing fluid gel prepared with the crosslinker could perform well under 170°C. Oscillatory shear experiments were conducted to analyze the rheology of the gelation process. Moreover, steady-state shear and micro-rheological tests were conducted to analyze the dynamic and static crosslinking process of the fracturing fluid, respectively. Meanwhile, rheo-kinetic equation was used to fit the data and the effects that various factors had on the gelation process were illustrated thoroughly. This study not only prepared an organic zirconium crosslinker with good performances, but also explored the crosslinking process of fracturing fluid gel, which could improve its further application in oilfields.     

改性瓜胶压裂液的合成与性能评价

针对目前水力压裂液耐温性不足的缺点,基于最常用瓜胶为原材料,对瓜胶经行醚化改性,先用Na OH碱化,再进行卤代烃取代,筛选出最佳合成条件。以改性瓜胶为稠化剂,优选出交联剂TMP-8A作为改性瓜胶的稠化剂,流变测试表明该体系在170 s~(-1)剪切和140℃的条件下测试2h后,能满足压裂液要求。体系中粘土稳定剂DF-21的防膨率达到了90.34%,胶囊破胶剂GC07在114 min完成破胶,助排剂DV-04返排液表面张力达到18.5 m N/m。表明该体系具有很好配伍性,满足现场施工要求。     

胍胶压裂液加重技术的研究应用

在常规胍胶压裂液基础上,通过优选无机盐类加重剂,对胍胶压裂液进行了加重技术研究,加重密度在1.12-1.22g/cm3之间可调,从而增大了液柱压力,有效降低了施工井口压力,确保了压裂施工的顺利实施。同时对加重后胍胶压裂液高温流变性、破胶性及粘土稳定性和对支撑辅砂层的伤害进行了评价,阐述了加重压裂液的选择应根据储层的压力系数和盐敏程度确定加重压裂液的密度。该技术现场应用8井次,共用加重压裂液3210m3,减少井口压力10-30%,施工成功率100%,压后增产效果良好。     

一种新型水基压裂液酸性交联剂的制备

采用无机锆盐为原料,制备了一种酸性压裂液用交联剂。所合成产物具有低伤害、耐温、延缓交联时间等特点。经过实验,得到最佳反应条件为反应介质是异丙醇的水溶液,m(氧氯化锆)∶m(H2O)∶m(异丙醇)=1∶1.25∶2.5,m(葡萄糖酸钠)∶m(氧氯化锆)∶m(丙三醇)=1∶16∶20,反应温度50～55℃,pH=2,反应时间4h。通过实验研究,由所合成交联剂LY-2与羟丙基瓜尔胶交联得到的压裂液具有良好的性质,交联时间120s,冻胶黏度可以达到524mPa.s,耐温温度170℃,加入2%破胶剂(质量分数15%过硫酸铵)1h后,冻胶黏度可降至1.56mPa.s。     

一种酸性压裂液研制及其性能评价

针对低渗透、碱敏性储层,研制了一种以有机锆为交联剂,羧甲基羟丙基胍胶为增稠剂的酸性压裂液体系,并对压裂液相关性能进行了系统评价。实验结果表明,当增稠剂溶液浓度为0.4%,交联比为100∶2,破胶剂加量为0.06%时,与压裂液助剂粘土稳定剂、缓蚀剂、助排剂等配制的压裂液破胶液粘度为1.013 mPa.s,残渣含量为261 mg/L,防膨率为90.5%,表面张力为27.6 mN/m,平均缓蚀速率为0.826 g/(h.m2),在90℃下滤失速率为0.575×10-5 m/min0.5,对储层的伤害率小于15%。     

低浓度低伤害胍胶压裂液室内实验评价

压裂工艺是低渗油藏的开发的必要手段,压裂液在压裂工艺中起着非常重要的作用,为进一步提高压裂效果,新型的压裂液也被不断的研发出来,对压裂液性能的分析评价,是实践应用的前提。介绍了低浓度胍胶压裂液,并通过室内实验分析该压裂的性能,研究表明:该压裂液耐温耐剪切能力强,高温下仍能保持120 mPa·s以上的黏度;悬砂能力强;破胶效果优于普通胍胶压裂液;具有较低的表面张力和界面张力。适用于低渗储层压裂工艺,能起到更加良好的压裂效果。