烤烟"种烤分离"生产模式研究与探讨

通过示范实施“种烤分离”这一新的烤烟生产模式,使烤烟种植与烘烤脱钩,大批劳力可以从烘烤的紧张劳动中解放出来,减轻了劳动强度,烘烤更专业化,烤后质量有保障;同时,在优惠政策的激励下,“种烤分离”调动了想种烟却苦于无烤房烟农的积极性,是新形势下的一种有效的生产模式。     

“6+6S”烟叶采烤一体化服务模式研究与应用

烟叶采烤是烟叶生产中的重要环节。黔西南州安龙县依托烟农综合服务合作社,采取“6+6S”烟叶采烤一体化服务模式,即6道操作工序（将烟叶采烤划分为成熟采收、鲜烟运输、分类编竿、分类装炕、专业烘烤、下炕初分称重）,“6S”现场管理（整理、整顿、清洁、素养、安全、节约）,具有流程作业工序化,组织管理车间化,采烤操作标准化的特点,实现了烟叶生产组织化程度、烟叶采烤质量的提高和过程的精准把控,具有一定推广价值。      

雪茄种植户的农机使用情况对其雇工的影响研究——基于四川什邡烟农调研数据

  目的  探究雪茄种植户的农机使用情况与雇工行为的关系, 以指导雪茄烟农业生产。  方法  首先对烟叶种植中的机械和劳动力使用的变迁进行回顾分析,再以四川什邡的雪茄烟农调查数据为基础,运用二元Logit模型和因变量受限Tobit模型分析雪茄种植户农机使用对其雇工行为的影响。  结果  ① 近15年来烟田亩均投入的租赁作业费、机械作业费、人工成本持续上升,印证了烟草种植劳动与资本“双密集”的特征。②在以小规模家庭经营为基础的雪茄烟叶种植模式下,农机的使用并未明显替代人工投入,反而对雪茄种植户雇工有正向显著的影响。③是否加入合作社、种植规模、家庭外出打工成员情况对小规模农户农业雇工也有正向显著的影响,而种植经验、是否为生产组长、购买农业保险则对农业雇工呈现负向显著影响。  结论  雪茄种植过程中使用农业机械能够显著提高雇工概率,这是种植过程中机械与人工环节的不完全替代性以及种植规模扩大的结果,同时雪茄种植户不能仅靠使用农机来提高生产效益,需要进一步优化生产组织模式来提质增效。      

福建省龙岩市鲜食葡萄生产现状与建议

龙岩市位于福建省西南部，紧靠北回归线。属中亚热带海洋季风气候，地处中亚热带南缘，年平均气温18.4～20.3℃，年降雨量1450～2200mm,且降雨量分布极不均匀。葡萄主要生长季节总的气候特点为：高温高湿多雨。因此，本地只能适当种植抗病性强的大粒、优质的欧美杂交种葡萄。1 葡萄生产现状1.1 主要气候条件与葡萄生长物候期1.1.1 降水 在所有气候因素中，降水量的季节性分布，强烈地影响葡萄的生产经营与管理。本地常年降水分为3个阶段：①2～4月份为春雨阶段，雨日多，雨量约为420mm，占全年降雨量的24%。此期葡萄处于萌芽长梢期、花…     

"漂河烟"质量特点及生产技术

从自然条件、调制工艺、生产经验等方面分析了“漂河烟”的质量特点，并对其主要生产技术进行了介绍。     

烟叶家庭农场发展的影响因素分析——基于山东省潍坊市542家烟叶家庭农场的调查

基于山东省潍坊市542 家烟叶家庭农场的调查,运用多元有序Logit 回归模型分析了烟叶家庭农场经济效益、社会效益和生态效益的影响因素。结果表明:经营管理能力、自有资金、外界支持力度和合作社服务能力具有最重要的影响。建议应通过加强培训提高农场主素质、完善农场基本经营条件、降本增效、加大支持力度等方面入手支持烟叶家庭农场发展。      

有机物料对植烟土壤养分、酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性的影响

  目的  为探究有机物料施用对土壤养分和生物学特性的影响。  方法  采用盆栽试验,研究了草炭、花生壳炭、蒸汽爆破烟梗和玉米秸秆对植烟土壤的影响,采用BIOLOG ECO平板培养技术分析了土壤微生物群落功能多样性。  结果  施用有机物料能够显著提高土壤有机碳、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量;汽爆玉米秸秆处理土壤MBC、MBN含量及脲酶、蔗糖酶活性提高幅度最大。BIOLOG分析结果表明,有机物料提高了土壤微生物AWCD和多样性指数。主成分分析结果表明,生物炭促进了以羧酸类和多聚物类物质为碳源的微生物的生长,汽爆玉米秸秆有利于以碳水化合物类、氨基酸类、酚酸类和胺类物质为碳源微生物的生长。  结论  施用有机物料可提高植烟土壤养分含量,改善土壤微生态环境,其中以汽爆玉米秸秆效果最好。      

News,views, trends: a world-wide survey of recent developments,fresh ideas and production plans

Recent developments in the tobacco industry in several countries are described: 1) in the USSR the policy is not to encourage smoking but to produce pleasant cigarettes which are as harmless as possible; 2) in the US, a survey shows that in 1975 not more than 12.4% of men over age 21 smoked a pipe; 3) in Britain a new cigarette tax structure will cripple the cigarette industry's coupon scheme of which manufacturers make great use to secure brand loyalty; 4) in the Philippines a proposal to print a health warning on cigarette packets and in advertisements might affect cigarette and tobacco taxes, which contribute 47% of government income; 5) in the Netherlands health warnings will be printed on cigarette packs, 6) in Austria there has been an increase of 4.2% in cigarette smoking since late 1975; 7) in Poland anti-smoking officials have proposed that the name of the popular "Sport" cigarette be changed; 8) in Indonesia there has been a recovery in kretek sales; 9) in Denmark cigarette consumption increased 6% from 1974; and 10) in western Europe it has been shown that up to 99% of grocery stores in Ireland sell tobacco products, 91% in Britain, 30% in Austria, 17% in Spain, and 7% in Italy.     

产地、部位和颜色对初烤烟叶石油醚提取物的影响

对K326和云852个品种各8个产地、3个部位和2种颜色的初烤烟叶进行了石油醚提取物含量测定并分析了产地、部位和颜色3个因素及其互作对其含量的影响,结果表明:3个因素均对初烤烟叶石油醚提取物含量有极显著影响;因素间互作因品种而异,K326品种的部位和颜色互作(即等级)、云85品种的产地和部位互作对初烤烟叶石油醚提取物含量有极显著影响;初烤烟叶石油醚提取物含量与纬度极显著或显著正相关;上部烟叶石油醚提取物含量极显著高于中下部位烟叶,中下部位间差异不显著;橘黄色烟的石油醚提取物含量极显著高于柠檬黄色烟。      

Alternaria toxins in wheat from the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina,Serbia: a preliminary survey

Although Fusarium species remain a main source of mycotoxin contamination of wheat, in recent years, due to the evident climatic changes, other mycotoxigenic fungi have been recognised as important wheat contaminants. Alternaria species, especially A. alternata, have been found as contaminants of wheat as well as wheat-based products. Under favourable conditions A. alternata very often produce alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA) and others Alternaria toxins. The aim of the present study was to examine the presence of three Alternaria toxins (AOH, AME and TeA) in wheat samples harvested during three years (2011–13). To this end, 92 samples were collected during wheat harvesting from different growing regions of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, which represents the most important wheat-growing area in Serbia. The presence of Alternaria toxins was analysed by HPLC with electrospray ionisation triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Among all the analysed wheat samples, 63 (68.5%) were contaminated with TeA, 11 (12.0%) with AOH and 6 (6.5%) with AME. Furthermore, the maximum and mean toxin concentrations were 2676 and 92.4 µg kg^?1, 48.9 and 18.6 µg kg^?1, and 70.2 and 39.0 µg kg^?1 for TeA, AOH and AME, respectively. Co-occurrence of three Alternaria toxins in wheat samples was detected in six samples; a combination of two toxins was found in two samples; and 64 samples contained one toxin. The results showed that among 92 analysed wheat samples, only 20 (21.7%) samples were without Alternaria toxins. The presence of Alternaria toxins was also investigated in terms of weather conditions recorded during the period of investigation, as well as with the sampling region. This study represents the first preliminary report of the natural occurrence of Alternaria toxins in wheat (Triticum aestivum) from Serbia.     

基于DEA的烟叶生产效益分析——以贵州省某县为例

为探索适合贵州山区最佳生产效益的种植规模,以贵州某县187户烟农为对象,对其年龄结构、文化素质、烟叶生产收益进行了调查分析,并用DEA分析了最佳种植规模与效益。结果表明,烟农平均种烟规模2.82 hm2,平均年龄达47岁,不同农户生产水平差异较大,赢利水平变异较大。高中中专的烟农生产效益最高。0~1.33 hm2区间的规模收益递增,6.67 hm2以上区间的规模收益递减。4 hm2以上的烟农,无效投入较多,产出不足。1.33~4 hm2区间的烟农综合效率最佳,是适合贵州当地的最宜烟叶种植规模。建议:一要引导高中中专、20~40岁的农民加入到烟农队伍,使烟农的整体素质得以提升。二要严控大规模种植,提高小户（0~1.33 hm2）的种植面积,形成以种植1.33~4 hm2为主体的烤烟种植模式,以达到效益最优值。      

Comparative studies on the qualities of green teas in Karst and non-Karst areas of Yichang,Hubei Province,PR China

Green teas (Camellia sinensis) from the non-Karst and the Karst areas of Yichang, Hubei Province, PR China, have been compared as regards l-proline content of the green tea and the quality, as well as the soil properties. The results showed that some qualities of green tea from the Karst region, such as a higher content of l-proline and a lower contents of aluminum and fluoride were beneficial. Other qualities of green tea from the Karst region, for example, the lower content of tea polyphenols, were not beneficial. The differences in amino acids and caffeine contents were not statistically significant.