Prediction on Phase Stabilities of the Zr–H System from the First-Principles

Basic fundamentals governing the hydrogenation of Zr and its alloys have both theoretical and practical importance.In this work,first-principles calculations have been performed to evaluate the relative stabilities of various possible phases in ZrH_x(x=1-2) under different temperatures and pressures.It was predicted that fct-γ and ε phases with various different H-atom configurations can be energetically favorable for ZrH_x(x=1,1.25 and 1.5),while ZrH_(1.75) and ZrH2 prefer fct-ε phase only.Fcc-δ phase is less favored in energy at any H concentrations,but can be mechanically stable in some cases.The thermodynamically stable and metastable phase stability diagrams were then constructed for a wide temperature and H concentration range,to predict the environment-dependent formation of ZrH_x during hydrogenation.     

First-Principles Study of Electronic Structure of Orthorhombic SrHfO3 under Pressure

采用第一性原理研究了压力对正交相Sr Hf O3电子结构的影响。正交相Sr Hf O3在零压力时的结构参数与已有的实验值和理论计算值一致。当施加的压力小于20 GPa时,正交相Sr Hf O3的最小间接带隙在Z-Γ之间。当施加的压力大于20 GPa时,正交相Sr Hf O3的最小间接带隙在S-Γ之间。随着压力的增加,正交相Sr Hf O3的态密度向低能量方向移动。电荷密度分析表明,Hf-O之间主要以共价键结合,Sr-O之间主要以离子键结合。随着压力的增加,Hf-O共价键和Sr-O离子键增强,而Sr-Hf O3之间的离子交互作用减弱。     

Nonstoichiometry and relative stabilities of Y2Ti2O7 polar surfaces: A density functional theory prediction

Density functional theory calculations were carried out to predict the surface structures and relative stabilities of (1 0 0) and (1 1 0) polar surfaces of a complex metal oxide, Y₂Ti₂O₇. Based on a thermodynamic defect model, surface stabilities were evaluated as a direct function of stoichiometry and environmental factors, i.e. oxygen partial pressure and temperature. Calculations show that, as the oxygen partial pressure increases, the most stable termination of the (1 1 0) changes from Y/Ti-rich to O-rich. For the (1 0 0) surfaces, the most stable termination changes from Y/Ti-rich to stoichiometric, and then to O-rich, with increasing oxygen partial pressure. All variants of the (1 1 0) surfaces were found to be more stable than (1 0 0) surfaces. In particular, non-stoichiometric (1 1 0) surfaces are always more stable than their stoichiometric counterparts.     

First-Principles Calculations of Electronic Structure and Optical Properties of Si-doped Orthorhombic SrHfO3

采用基于密度泛函理论的平面波超软赝势方法研究了正交相SrHfO3和以Si替换Hf方式形成的掺杂态SrHfO3的形成能,几何结构,电子结构和光学性质。负的形成能表明在由单元素形成Si掺杂态的SrHfO3的反应中,Si占居Hf位置与Sr位置两种情况在能量上是有利的,并且Si原子更加倾向于占居Hf位置。纯的SrHfO3计算得到的晶格常数与文献报道的实验值和理论值是一致的,而Si占居Hf位置后会导致SrHfO3的晶格常数减小。能带结构显示在掺入Si原子后会使带隙变小。布居分析与电荷密度图一致,说明在Hf位置掺入Si后掺杂位置附近的Hf-O键以共价键为主,Sr-O键以离子键为主。最后,对Si掺杂后SrHfO3在(100)方向上的介电常数、反射率、吸收系数、折射率进行了计算与分析。     

First-Principles Study on the Stabilities of the Intermetallic Compounds in Mg-Nd Alloys

Using the first-principle pseudopotential plane wave (PPW) method based on the density functional theory, structural optimization was conducted on various intermetallic compounds of the binary Mg-Nd alloy. With their ground-state energies obtained, the structural stabilities of these intermetallic compounds were studied in terms of formation heat and binding energy of the alloy. The results show that the absolute values of the binding energies of various intermetallic compounds increase with the increase of Nd content, among which the absolute value of the binding energy of MgNd is the greatest while that of Mg12Nd is the smallest. It is indicated that among all the intermetallic compounds formed in Mg-Nd, the structure of MgNd is the most stable while that of Mg12Nd is the most unstable. This result is consistent with the experiment data. The Mg12Nd phase does not exist in the phase diagram of Mg-Nd alloy. In addition, the densities of electronic state of these structures were calculated and an explanation was given in terms of the electronic structure.     

Cmcm空间群斜方SrHfO3的电子结构和光学性质理论计算

采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)框架下广义梯度近似平面波超软赝势法,计算了Cmcm空间群斜方SrHfO3的电子结构和光学性质。计算得到的Cmcm斜方SrHfO3的平衡晶格常数均与实验值相近。同时,计算得到了Cmcm斜方SrHfO3的能带结构、态密度和电荷密度,其结果表明斜方SrHfO3属于直接带隙氧化物,Hf和O之间主要是共价键结合而Sr和O之间主要呈现离子键特性。计算还得到了斜方SrHfO3的复介电函数、折射率和消光系数等,且复介电函数的实部与虚部都与实验结果接近。     

Formation and Relative Stabilities of Core-Shelled L12-Phase Nano-structures in Dilute Al-Sc-Er Alloys

First-principles thermodynamic calculations were carried out at the interface level for understanding the precipitation of coherent L1₂-phase nano-structures in dilute Al-Sc-Er alloys. All energetics, relevant to bulk substitution, interface formation, interfacial coherent strain and segregation, were calculated and used to evaluate the nucleation and relative stabilities of various possible L1₂ nano-structures. Only matrix-dissolved solute Er (or Sc) can substitute Sc (or Er) in L1₂-Al₃Sc (or Al₃Er). The inter-substitution between L1₂-Al₃Sc and Al₃Er is not energy feasible. Ternary L1₂-Al₃(Er_xSc_1-x) precipitates tend to form the Al₃Er-core and Al₃Sc-shell structure with a sharp core/shell interface. Three possible formation mechanisms were proposed and examined. The effects of Er/Sc ratio and aging temperature on the relative stabilities of L1₂-phase nano-structures in Al were also discussed.     

First-Principles Study on Stability and Mechanical Properties of Cr7C3

通过第一性原理计算研究了六方晶系和正交晶系的Cr7C3的晶格参数、稳定性、力学性质及声速各向异性。化合物的结合能与形成焓的结果表明这些化合物都是热力学稳定结构。这些化合物的弹性常数与机械模量分别是根据应力-应变方法及Voigt-Reuss-Hill近似得到的。此外,还对六方Cr7C3与正交Cr7C3的声速各向异性及力学各向异性进行了探讨。     

Ti合金化Mg2Ni氢化物能量和电子结构的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理赝势平面波方法,计算Ti掺杂Mg2Ni储氢合金及其氢化物的能量和电子结构。计算结果表明:在掺杂浓度为0≤x≤0.5的情况下,Ti优先占据Mg(II)位,Ti的掺杂使Mg2Ni合金稳定性降低,且随着掺杂浓度的升高,对稳定性的削弱效果逐渐增强。六方结构的固溶体合金Mg(2-x)TixNi(0≤x≤0.5)相对于立方结构的Mg3TiNi2化合物呈现热力学不稳定性,极易分解为Mg3TiNi2和Mg2Ni组成的复合相。Ti的掺杂使低能级区域的成键电子数减少,削弱了H-Ni的成键作用,提高了Mg2Ni氢化物的解氢能力。     

铈和铂掺杂钙钛矿催化剂的第一性原理研究

用醇盐法制备了铈和铂元素掺杂的钙钛矿催化材料。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对材料进行了表征。结果表明,催化材料颗粒均匀,直径约30 nm,以钙钛矿(CaTiO3)和烧绿石(Ca2Ti2O6)共存,铈和铂元素分散均匀并形成掺杂的固溶体结构。构建了Pt(111)和铂铈原子替代钛原子的钙钛矿掺杂模型,并采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理对CaTixPtyCezO3材料的形成能、态密度和吸附性能进行了对比研究。结果表明,CaTi0.9Pt0.05Ce0.05O3对NH3的吸附能与Pt(111)最接近,掺杂使体系吸附能降低,有利于氨氧化催化的吸附和脱附。     

Ag表面性质的第一原理计算

采用第一原理赝势平面波方法,计算了Fcc-Ag晶体及其Ag(111)、Ag(110)与Ag(100)自由表面的能量、几何与电子结构.根据表面能的计算,预测了Ag表面的结构稳定性,结果表明密排Ag(111)面结构稳定性最好,低指数奇异面Ag(100)面次之,Ag(110)面的结构稳定性最差.通过对不同表面几何与电子结构的比较,初步分析了其结构稳定性差异的产生原因.表面原子驰豫不仅引起表面几何结构的变化,而且使表面层的电子结构与键合特性发生改变.驰豫后表面层原子的部分价电子跑到了表面层以上的真空区,使表面层原子的电子态密度峰形发生变化,还新形成了表面态,这是表面能产生的主要原因,而Ag(110)表面相对于Ag(111)与Ag(110)表面具有高表面活性的主要原因则源于其表面层原子显著的结构驰豫.     

Composition-Dependent of 6 M Martensite Structure and Magnetism in Cu-Alloyed Ni-Mn-In-Co by First-Principles Calculations

The composition dependence of the crystal structure and magnetism of the 6 M martensite for the Cu-doped Ni_43.75Mn_37.5In_12.5Co_6.25 alloy at different site occupations (Cu substitution for Ni, Mn, In, and Co, respectively) is investigated in detail with the first-principles calculations. Results show that the austenite (A) phase exhibits a ferromagnetic (FM) state in all occupation manners, the 6 M martensite possesses an FM state except for the case of Cu substitution at the normal Mn (Mn1) site, and the non-modulated (NM) martensite displays a ferrimagnetic (FIM) state apart from the Cu substitution at the Ni, Mn1, or In sites. The Cu atom destabilizes the A, 6 M, and NM phases regardless of the occupation manner. The one-step martensitic transformation from the A to NM phase occurs in the case of Cu substituting for Mn1, excess Mn (Mn2), or Co; for Cu substituting Ni, a martensitic transformation including 6 M martensite happens, i.e., A → 6 M → NM; however, the martensitic transformation disappears when Cu replaces In site. From the equilibrium lattice constants, it can be speculated that the substitution of Cu for Ni can effectively reduce the thermal hysteresis (∆T_Hys). The magnetic properties are found to be greatly reduced by the substitution of the non-magnetic element Cu for the ferromagnetic Mn atom, whereas the effect is fewer in the remaining cases. It is predicted that the alloy has more favorable properties when Cu replaces Ni. The present results can lay a theoretical foundation for further development of multielement magnetic shape memory alloys.     

First-Principles Investigation on Phase Stability,Elastic and Magnetic Properties of Boron Doping in Ni-Mn-Ti Alloy

The all-d-metal Ni-Mn-Ti Heusler alloy has giant elastocaloric effect and excellent mechanical properties, which is different from the conventional Ni-Mn-based Heusler alloys. In this work, the preferred site occupation, phase stability, martensitic transformation, magnetic properties, and electronic structure of the B-doped Ni₂Mn_1.5Ti_0.5 alloys are systematically investigated by the first-principles calculations. The results show that B atoms preferentially occupy the octahedral interstitial. The doped B atoms tend to exist in the (Ni₂Mn_1.5Ti_0.5)_1-xB_x (x = 0.03, 0.06, 0.09) alloy in the form of aggregation distribution, and the martensitic transformation temperature decreases with the increase in the B content. For octahedral interstitial doping, the toughness and plasticity of the (Ni₂Mn_1.5Ti_0.5)_1-xB_x alloys decrease, but the strength and rigidity are greatly enhanced. This is because a small part of the d-d hybridization in ternary Ni-Mn-Ti alloy is replaced by the p-d hybridization in Ni-Mn-Ti-B alloy.     

硅表面自组织量子点形成机制的第一原理研究

用第一原理法对Ge/Si (113)表面的重构、表面能和表面应力及其随Ge沉积层数的变化情况进行了计算,分析了Ge/Si (001)自组织量子点DOME形成机制和稳定性.发现构成DOME的Ge/Si(113)表面在压应变条件下是能量非常低的稳定表面.Ge原子在Si(001)表面上自组织生长量子点时,首先形成HUT岛;当生长到相当于约4个(001)层厚时,Ge/Si (113)表面表现为(2×2)-TPI&R重构,并开始形成稳定的DOME岛.     

Lu2O3电子结构及物理性质的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函第一性原理平面波赝势方法对Lu_2O_3六方、单斜和立方3种结构进行计算。结合能结果表明C型Ia3立方结构最稳定。立方Lu_2O_3的力学、热力学、电子结构以及光学性质计算揭示:Lu_2O_3有良好的韧性和弹性各向异性特征;热力学稳定性较好;Lu_2O_3为直接带隙,位于导带底的电子有效质量小,非局域程度高;价带顶到导带底跃迁主要源于Lu 4f和O 2p电子。Lu原子5d轨道和O原子2p轨道的强烈杂化形成Lu–O共价键;Lu_2O_3最大光反射率为0.36,在3~10 eV能量范围内其光吸收能力较强,近红外线和可见光范围内有优异透光性能,是良好光绝缘性材料。     

IVB和VB过渡族金属碳化物及其表面的结构和电子态的第一原理研究

通过第一原理方法系统地研究了IVB和VB过渡族金属碳化物块体以及表面的结构和电子态性质．讨论了不同碳化物表面褶皱的共同特征和相互差别、碳化物表面褶皱的产生对表面电子分布情况和表面能的影响、碳化物的结合能和表面能的变化趋势、以及表面能与结合能之间的关系．提出了块体结合能和表面褶皱程度两种因素共同影响和决定IVB和VB过渡族金属碳化物（001）表面能的观点．     

第一性原理研究PbTiO_3(001)晶面的原子结构和表面偶极(英文)

采用第一性原理方法和半冻结模型研究了四方相、立方相PbTiO3的PbO和TiO2终止的(001)晶面。计算结果表明,四方相的铁电畸变束缚了表面结构的驰豫。四方相表面的净偶极背向体侧,而立方相表面的净偶极指向体侧。然而在所有涉及到的表面结构中没有观测到明显的表面诱导极化。结构稳定性分析表明PbO终止的立方相PbTiO3晶面能量最低,而立方相晶面普遍比四方相晶面稳定。而且,四方相PbTiO3不同终止面的稳定性相当,而立方相PbTiO3的PbO终止面则明显更为稳定。     

5d过渡金属在Ni3Al中掺杂效应的第一性原理研究

5d过渡金属Hf、Ta、W、Re、Ir被广泛地应用于第4、5代镍基单晶高温合金中,但对于其机理却没有系统的理论研究。采用基于密度泛函理论(density functional theory)的第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法研究5d过渡金属Hf、Ta、W、Re、Ir掺杂镍基单晶高温合金γ′-Ni3Al相前后系统的晶格常数、形成热、结合能、态密度、差分电荷密度及电荷布局。计算结果表明:5d过渡金属Hf、Ta、W、Re、Ir掺杂Ni3Al系统后有优先占据Al原子位置的倾向,且与周围的Ni 3d电子和Al 3p电子发生强烈的轨道杂化,使电子被束缚,离域性变小,峰变窄;掺杂前系统中主要是Ni原子与最近的Al原子之间的共价键作用,掺杂后系统中主要是Ni原子与最近的X原子(Hf、Ta、W、Re、Ir)之间的共价键作用,且随原子序数的增大共价键逐渐增强。     

V掺杂Ni3Al点缺陷结构及合金化效应的第一性原理研究

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理平面波赝势方法研究了V掺杂Ni3Al合金的电子结构和点缺陷结构.通过计算与实验结果对比选择了适合Ni3Al合金计算的近似方法,计算了含有各个缺陷的晶胞的晶格常数,形成热和结合能,点缺陷的形成能和平衡浓度,态密度和电荷密度.计算结果表明:Ni3Al合金中反位缺陷较空位缺陷易形成,NiAl是Ni3Al合金中最主要的反位缺陷,Al位最易形成缺陷,在1400 K时,空位缺陷的浓度远远低于反位缺陷的浓度.V加入Ni3Al合金体系中能提高合金的稳定性.     

表面梯度复合材料制备及在耐磨件上的应用

通过热喷涂、激光重熔、堆焊、铸渗等方法在材料表面制备表面梯度复合层,以此来改善材料的性能,已成为提高材料使用性能和使用寿命的重要手段。以抗磨领域的耐磨件为应用背景,简要介绍了表面梯度复合材料的制备技术,以及在实际工况中的应用效果,为耐磨材料的制备、选择和开发提供参考。