考虑产品绿色度的制造商销售模式选择研究

针对电商平台销售渠道背景下制造商的销售模式选择问题,在一个绿色产品制造商和一个平台商组成的供应链中,考虑产品绿色度,运用Stackelberg博弈理论建立不同决策模型,研究制造商引入电商平台渠道的条件、最优销售模式和产品绿色度。研究发现：制造商不引入电商平台渠道,只通过自建网络直销渠道销售绿色产品时,产品绿色度最低;引入电商平台渠道可以激励制造商提升产品绿色度。代销模式下,产品绿色度最高,制造商的利润也最多;消费者对产品绿色度敏感程度的增强会促使制造商提升产品绿色度,但绿色投资成本的增加会降低制造商生产绿色产品的积极性。     

考虑产品运输过程碳排放的供应链契约协调

考虑由制造商、第三方物流供应商和零售商组成的三级绿色供应链,其中制造商负责生产绿色产品,并通过专业第三方物流将其供应给零售商,零售商将这些产品销售给终端消费者。在产品绿色度和碳排放量同时对供应链的产品需求产生影响的基础上,考虑绿色成本共担合同和碳减排成本共担合同两种契约协调机制,采用Stackelberg博弈,研究这两种情形下供应链的最优决策。研究结果表明,引入绿色制造成本共担契约后,产品的绿色度会得到提高,物流运输过程中的碳排放量不变。引入碳减排成本共担契约后,产品的绿色度保持不变,但是碳排放量显著降低;两种合同都可以提高所有成员的利润,有效地协调供应链。     

Impact of Radio Frequency Identification Technology on Environmental Sustainability

This study is the first empirical investigation of the impact of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology utilization on a manufacturing organization’s ability to implement environmental sustainability practices and the organization’s level of environmental performance. The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationships among RFID technology utilization, environmental sustainability practices, and environmental performance. A structural model depicting the impact (direct and indirect through green supply chain management practices) on environmental performance is theorized. The efficacy of the model is assessed using a Partial-Least-Squares structural equation modeling methodology based on data from a sample of manufacturing managers. The results suggest that RFID technology utilization is positively associated with green supply chain management practices and environmental performance. This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of a specific technology, RFID, on environmental sustainability. RFID technology utilization is established as a viable component of a manufacturing organization’s environmental sustainability strategy.     

The software product line architecture: An empirical investigation of key process activities

Software architecture has been a key area of concern in software industry due to its profound impact on the productivity and quality of software products. This is even more crucial in case of software product line, because it deals with the development of a line of products sharing common architecture and having controlled variability. The main contributions of this paper is to increase the understanding of the influence of key software product line architecture process activities on the overall performance of software product line by conducting a comprehensive empirical investigation covering a broad range of organizations currently involved in the business of software product lines. This is the first study to empirically investigate and demonstrate the relationships between some of the software product line architecture process activities and the overall software product line performance of an organization at the best of our knowledge. The results of this investigation provide empirical evidence that software product line architecture process activities play a significant role in successfully developing and managing a software product line.     

A decision framework for the analysis of green supply chain contracts: An evolutionary game approach

The overwhelming growth in the struggle between economy and ecology has led managerial research to promote methodologies to reap profits ensuring sustainability of the ecosystem thus venturing into the novel domain incorporating sustainability with supply chain management and coordination. In this paper, we look for a synergetic alliance between the environmental and commercial benefits by establishing coordination between the producer and the retailer to adjudicate their strategies to trigger green practices with the focus on maximizing economic profits by leveraging upon the product’s greenness. A two player game has been developed to stand synonymous to the situation considered. Special considerations have been devised to augment the analysis with the consumer psychology towards the green products to establish a practical outlook involving the greenness and economic returns. Evolutionary dynamics has been adopted extensively to locate the optimal and the most stable point offering the best economic gains. The economically suitable solutions are then substantiated on an existing sustainability metric and hence we aim to offer a holistic view into supply chain dynamics from the perspective of environmental management. The insights drawn provide managerial implications and advantages of having environment as a key focus along with business motives.     

一个实用的软件质量评估模型

定义了一个实用软件质量评估模型,该模型包括两维：软件产品类型维和软件开发阶段维。该模型用于软件产品需求的定义、软件产品测试目标和计划的定义以及软件产品质量的评估。     

Support Vector Machines for crop/weeds identification in maize fields

In Precision Agriculture (PA) automatic image segmentation for plant identification is an important issue to be addressed. Emerging technologies in optical imaging sensors play an important role in PA. In maize fields, site-specific treatments, with chemical products or mechanical manipulations, are applied for weeds elimination. Maize is an irrigated crop, also unprotected from rainfall. After a strong rain, soil materials (particularly clays) mixed with water impregnate the vegetative cover. The green spectral component associated to the plants is masked by the dominant red spectral component coming from soil materials. This makes methods based on the greenness identification fail under such situations. We propose a new method based on Support Vector Machines for identifying plants with green spectral components masked and unmasked. The method is also valid for post-treatment evaluation, where loss of greenness in weeds is identified with the effectiveness of the treatment and in crops with damage or masking. The performance of the method allows to verify its viability for automatic tasks in agriculture based on image processing.     

Evaluating performance in the development of software-intensive products

ContextOrganizational performance measurements in software product development have received a lot of attention in the literature. Still, there is a general discontent regarding the way performance is evaluated in practice, with few studies really focusing on why this is the case. In this paper research focusing on the context of developing software-intensive products in large established multi-national organizations is reported on.ObjectiveThe purpose of this research is to investigate performance measurement practices related to software product development activities. More specifically, focus is on exploring how managers engaged in software product development activities perceive and evaluate performance in large organizations from a managerial perspective.MethodThe research approach pursued in this research consist of exploratory multiple case studies. Data is collected mainly through 54 interviews in five case studies in large international organizations developing software-intensive products in Sweden. Focused group interviews with senior managers from eight companies have also been used in the data collection.ResultsThe results of this research indicate that managers within software product development in general are dissatisfied with their current way of evaluating performance. Performance measurements and the perception of performance are today focused on cost, time, and quality, i.e. what is easily measurable and not necessarily what is important. The dimensions of value creation and learning are missing. Moreover, measurements tend to be result oriented, rather than process oriented, making it difficult to integrate these measurements in the management practices.ConclusionManagers that are dissatisfied with their performance measurement system and want to improve the current situation should not start by focusing on the current measurements directly; instead they should focus on how the organization perceives performance and how important performance criteria are being developed. By developing relevant performance criteria the first step in developing an effective performance measurement system is made. Moreover, it is concluded that manager’s perception of performance is affected by the currently used measurements, hence limiting the scope of the performance criteria. Thus, a change in the way managers perceive performance is necessary before there can be any changes in the way performance is evaluated.     

Project management in plan-based and agile companies

Agile methods are a recent set of development techniques that apply a human-centered approach to software production. The agile approach aims to deliver high-quality products faster, producing satisfied customers. We conducted an empirical study to investigate whether agile methods change and improve project management practices in software companies. Survey results show that adopting agile methods appears to improve management of the development process and customer relationships. This article has given a first analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of adopting agile methods from a project management perspective.     

成本分担机制下考虑品牌商誉的三级绿色供应链微分博弈

考虑产品绿色度和品牌商誉的动态性,引入价格加成系数刻画采购价格、批发价格和销售价格三者之间的关系,采用微分博弈研究由供应商、制造商和零售商组成的三级绿色供应链的投资策略与协调问题.探讨并对比分析集中决策模型、无成本分担契约的分散决策模型和有成本分担契约的分散决策模型的均衡结果,设计双边成本分担契约对供应链进行协调.研究表明:产品绿色度的最优轨迹具有两种变化趋势,由产品绿色度初始值和稳态值的大小关系决定;品牌商誉的最优轨迹具有3种变化趋势,由品牌商誉初始值和稳态值的大小关系决定;集中决策模型最优,有成本分担契约的分散决策模型对绿色供应链的帕累托改进有限,而在一定条件下,双边成本分担契约可以完全协调绿色供应链.此外,双边成本分担契约的成立条件和协调性与价格加成系数有关.     

软件可靠性混沌模型

在分析软件失效机理后认为：有些软件失效行为具有混沌性,所以可以用混沌方法来处理其软件可靠性推断问题。但在应用混沌方法前先要进行系统辨识,确定为混沌系统后,才能应用嵌入空间技术从软件失效时间序列重建系统相空间和吸引子,进而用吸引子的揭示的混沌属性来估计软件可靠性。文中在三个标准数据集的基础上对此进行了实证分析,结果表明其中两个数据来源于混沌机制,他们的吸引子具有低维的小数极限维数,而且预测与实际可靠性吻合较好。值得指出的是文中所提混沌方法突破了软件可靠性一贯使用随机分析的局限。     

Measuring process consistency: implications for reducing softwaredefects

In this paper, an empirical study that links software process consistency with product defects is reported. Various measurement issues such as validity, reliability, and other challenges in measuring process consistency at the project level are discussed. A measurement scale for software process consistency is introduced. An empirical study that uses this scale to measure consistency in achieving the CMM goal questions in various key process areas (KPAs) in 45 projects at a leading software vendor is reported. The results of this analysis indicate that consistent adoption of practices specified in the CMM is associated with a lower number of defects. Even a relatively modest improvement in the consistency of implementing these practices is associated with a significant reduction in field defects     

The Adoption of Electronic Innovations with Indirect Network Externalities that Compete with Standalone Physical Products

The authors consider how a change in product form impacts the adoption decision for an innovative product based on digital technology. Examples of changes in product form often arise in products that feature indirect network externalities, such as MP3 players, PDAs and e‐readers. Existing research suggests that, for innovations with indirect network externalities, the consumer's hardware adoption decision is influenced by the availability of complementary products. However, these studies of complementary products tend to focus on products that exist only as complementary products, such as DVDs, CDs, and video games. This research focuses on the case of an innovative hardware product that uses digital complementary products that compete with standalone versions of the same products. The authors argue that high levels of experience with a standalone product that competes with an innovative hardware/software bundle should increase the consumer's appreciation of (1) the utilitarian benefits of the hardware/software bundle and (2) the hedonic benefits of the standalone product, some of which may not be transferable to the electronic hardware. An analysis of data collected from 549 potential adopters of e‐readers in Japan support these hypotheses. The findings have important implications for the design and marketing of digital innovations that involve a change in product form.     

Overcoming Requirements Engineering Challenges: Lessons from Offshore Outsourcing

Requirements engineering practices have changed significantly to address the needs of global software development characterized by teams working across geographies, time zones, and organizational boundaries. By sharing real-life case studies based on experience of an Indian IT services outsourcing firm, the authors provide insights into the root causes of RE phase conflicts within client-vendor offshore relationships. On the basis of this analysis, they propose a set of strategic success factors that potentially address a variety of RE challenges in the multiparty global software development context. They also propose a holistic framework of best practices across people-process-technology dimensions to achieve the success factors. This article is part of a special issue on Global Software Development.     

考虑风险容忍度的双渠道绿色供应链运营决策及协调研究

针对双渠道绿色供应链,在考虑各方不同风险容忍度的基础上,构建以制造商为主导的供应链博弈模型,利用均值方差法分析集中式决策和批发价格契约下参与方的运营决策和期望利润,并设计协调契约.研究发现:在批发价格契约下,产品绿色度与制造商风险容忍度正相关,与零售商风险容忍度无关;最优零售价格均与双方风险容忍度正相关,且线上价格基准系数与直销价格负相关,与零售价格正相关;当绿色产品对消费者需求影响较大时,零售商的期望利润与制造商风险容忍度正相关.带有转移支付的反向收益共享与成本分担组合契约可实现双渠道绿色供应链的协调.     

A business maturity model of software product line engineering

In the recent past, software product line engineering has become one of the most promising practices in software industry with the potential to substantially increase the software development productivity. Software product line engineering approach spans the dimensions of business, architecture, software engineering process and organization. The increasing popularity of software product line engineering in the software industry necessitates a process maturity evaluation methodology. Accordingly, this paper presents a business maturity model of software product line, which is a methodology to evaluate the current maturity of the business dimension of a software product line in an organization. This model examines the coordination between product line engineering and the business aspects of software product line. It evaluates the maturity of the business dimension of software product line as a function of how a set of business practices are aligned with product line engineering in an organization. Using the model presented in this paper, we conducted two case studies and reported the assessment results. This research contributes towards establishing a comprehensive and unified strategy for a process maturity evaluation of software product lines.     

人机界面产品的架构解析

详细地阐述了典型人机界面(HMI)产品的硬件架构和软件架构,分析了各硬件模块的功能和选型标准,解析了软件模块的功能、加栽顺序、相互关系及设计思想.从产品设计和生产的角度提炼了一个完整的软硬件架构图,为HMI产品的设计和开发提供了重要的技术参考.     

Managing the business of software product line: An empirical investigation of key business factors

Business has been highlighted as a one of the critical dimensions of software product line engineering. This paper’s main contribution is to increase the understanding of the influence of key business factors by showing empirically that they play an imperative role in managing a successful software product line. A quantitative survey of software organizations currently involved in the business of developing software product lines over a wide range of operations, including consumer electronics, telecommunications, avionics, and information technology, was designed to test the conceptual model and hypotheses of the study. This is the first study to demonstrate the relationships between the key business factors and software product lines. The results provide evidence that organizations in the business of software product line development have to cope with multiple key business factors to improve the overall performance of the business, in addition to their efforts in software development. The conclusions of this investigation reinforce current perceptions of the significance of key business factors in successful software product line business.