富油煤地下原位热解余热利用过程数值模拟

富油煤作为一种公认的特殊煤炭资源,储量巨大,是我国重要的战略能源。富油煤原位热解是一种摒弃传统煤炭开采,直接在地下热解提油的新技术。前人对原位注气加热研究主要集中在油页岩开采利用。地块热解后的残余热量具有重要经济效益,然而鲜见其余热利用过程研究。通过构建富油煤半焦层降温冷却的二维大尺度模型,研究了冷却介质种类、入口流速及温度、半焦层初始温度、布井方式、水平裂缝数目、加热时长和加热介质入口流速对余热利用过程的影响规律。结果表明,冷却介质流速对半焦层冷却效果提升有限;加热介质流速对平均温度上升的贡献有限。相较N₂和水蒸气,CO₂作为冷却介质能加快半焦层冷却。增加注气井数量有助于改善半焦层温度的均匀性、提高冷却效率,但半焦层冷却效果几乎不受注气井位置影响。双水平裂缝布置能满足有效冷却的要求。通过对半焦层冷却初始状态各参数优化,有助于了解冷却过程的温度变化规律,提高余热利用效率,为富油煤原位热注入开采全过程研究提供理论依据。     

富氧条件下分解炉三维流场数值模拟

以前期实验为基础,将某水泥厂KDS分解炉为原型修改成富氧燃烧的分解炉,运用fluent软件,模拟30％氧气浓度下,炉内气固两相流,根据速度云图、压力云图、CaCO3分解率的结果显示,炉内流场与实际工况较为一致,说明结果具有一定可靠性;温度云图整体高出实际工况,反映出富氧燃烧能够使分解炉内煤粉燃烧更加充分,提高燃烧效率的优点,在水泥行业中有很好的应用前景.     

三维小球随机堆积多孔介质内黏弹性流体流动数值模拟分析

复杂流体在多孔介质内的流动广泛存在于自然界和工业生产中,研究复杂流体的非牛顿特性对多孔介质内流动的影响具有重要的意义。基于黏弹性流体本构方程,对三维颗粒随机堆积的多孔介质模型进行研究,获得了流体流变性质对多孔介质内流动特性的影响规律。研究发现,流体的流变性质对多孔介质流场内流动的压力降和渗透率等有着显著的影响。对于黏弹性流体来说,随着弛豫时间的增大,即流体的弹性增强,导致流场内压力降减小,渗透率增大;当表征剪切稀化效应的迁移因子增大时流场内部压力降减小,渗透率增大。     

不同布井模式下富油煤原位热解传热规律数值模拟

原位热解技术是可将富油煤在地下煤层中直接进行加热而无需开采的一种新型富油煤开发利用技术,能够实现对富油煤资源的高效清洁利用。为了探究布井模式对加热过程中升温效果的定量影响,通过Fluent数值模拟的方法,研究了不同布井数量(单口注热井、四口注热井、六口注热井)、不同加热介质流速(2 m/s, 4 m/s, 6 m/s, 8 m/s, 10 m/s, 12 m/s)、不同加热介质温度(500℃,550℃,600℃,650℃,700℃)等因素对煤层整体温度场均匀性以及煤层加热速率的影响。此外,探究了多井注热对不同井间的流量配置偏差的调节作用。结果表明：多井注热的模式改善了裂缝中流体分布不均匀的问题,六井注热有效区域是单井注热有效区域的2.2倍,煤层平均温度提高了约100℃。六井注热模式下,提高流速和提高加热介质温度均可大幅改善煤层升温的速率,当加热介质为650℃,入口折算流速为10 m/s时,加热三年后的有效加热区域范围已经达到70%。单井的流量出现偏差时,有效加热区域占比从50.7%下降至47.9%。当三口井同时出现流量偏差时,井群的调节能力减弱,有效加热区域占比从50.7%下降至44....     

LPG埋地储罐泄漏渗流扩散多相混合数值模型及模拟（Ⅱ）数值模拟验证

采用本文（Ⅰ）报建立的LPG（liquefied petroleum gas）埋地储罐泄漏渗流扩散多相混合数值模型分别对气态和液态LPG在含水量不同的砂池中渗流扩散到外界环境的过程进行数值模拟,得到砂池中的流场、浓度场和LPG渗透到外界环境的质量流速。在数值模拟的基础上,对LPG气相、液相两种状态渗流扩散在砂池出口处LPG流速随时间的变化过程进行分析,总结出LPG渗透到外界的流速变化规律。模拟结果表明重力和出口位置对渗流扩散的方向影响很大,压力驱动是LPG渗流的重要影响因素;流体进出口处是流体流动活跃区域,非达西效应明显。数值模拟结果与LPG气体渗流扩散试验数据吻合较好,验证了理论模型和数值模拟的可靠性。     

油煤浆输送管道弯管部位流场的数值模拟与磨损预测

针对煤液化工业中油煤浆管道,利用fluent软件对7种不同管径,8种弯径比的弯管部位的流场进行了模拟计算,得到在湍流状态下管内速度场分布。通过二次开发将磨损模型嵌入到Fluent软件中,实现了对弯管部位的磨损预测。数值计算结果表明,弯径比不同,弯管的磨损区域与磨损量有较大差异;同一管径时,随着弯径比增大,最大磨损量减小。考虑到管路经济性,弯径比取4—6是比较适宜的。     

LPG埋地储罐泄漏渗流扩散多相混合数值模型及模拟（I）模型建立

在混合模型理论基础上,建立LPG（1iquefied petroleum gas）在非饱和砂土中渗流扩散的传热、传质模型,研究LPG埋地储罐在砂土介质中发生泄漏时LPG渗流扩散的物理过程。该模型综合考虑了LPG泄漏相态、重力、黏滞力、毛细压力、扩散、非达西效应、气液相之间相互作用等影响因素的作用;在Forehheimer方程基础上,推导出多相混合流的非达西流动方程,并根据LPG实际渗流过程中流动状态的变化,将多相流非达西系数根据Reynolds数变化进行相应的改变,实现对多相流体从非达西流动向达西流动的转变现象的描述,能够模拟多种流动状态变化,扩展了模型的适用范围;根据LPG不溶于水的特性,简化了组分方程,推导出LPG体积浓度计算式。该模型能描述LPG埋地储罐泄漏后在砂土中流动趋势和对周围造成的影响,为埋地储罐场地选取、周边区域规划和事故预防、预测、应急提供依据。     

热风循环隧道烘箱的流场模拟及结构优化

采用CFD数值模拟方法研究热风循环隧道烘箱的内部温度及流场分布,提出了6种结构优化方案,考察了不同方案下的气流分布特性。结果表明,烘箱出口面局部温差在1 K以内,温度分布较均匀;气流速度分布是影响烘干品质的主要因素,原始结构下出口气流分布极不均匀,出口面角落位置出现局部高速区,最大速度达3.48 m/s,平均速度为0.94 m/s,相对均方根值为0.73;相比原始结构,6种改进方案中,弯头三隔板结构出口面的相对均方根值最低,最大速度降低51.4%,最佳风速区域占比提升至75.17%,整流效果最明显;弯头内设置三块隔板后,风罩内再设置隔板对气流均匀性的改进作用不大。     

LPG埋地储罐泄漏渗流扩散多相混合数值模型及模拟（Ⅰ）模型建立

在混合模型理论基础上,建立LPG（liquefied petroleum gas）在非饱和砂土中渗流扩散的传热、传质模型,研究LPG埋地储罐在砂土介质中发生泄漏时LPG渗流扩散的物理过程。该模型综合考虑了LPG泄漏相态、重力、黏滞力、毛细压力、扩散、非达西效应、气液相之间相互作用等影响因素的作用;在Forchheimer方程基础上,推导出多相混合流的非达西流动方程,并根据LPG实际渗流过程中流动状态的变化,将多相流非达西系数根据Reynolds数变化进行相应的改变,实现对多相流体从非达西流动向达西流动的转变现象的描述,能够模拟多种流动状态变化,扩展了模型的适用范围;根据LPG不溶于水的特性,简化了组分方程,推导出LPG体积浓度计算式。该模型能描述LPG埋地储罐泄漏后在砂土中流动趋势和对周围造成的影响,为埋地储罐场地选取、周边区域规划和事故预防、预测、应急提供依据。     

基于CT显微图像的烧结矿孔隙特征分析及有效热导率预测

全面了解获取多孔烧结矿的热物理特性对于在钢铁企业中相关过程的运行优化和节能减排具有重要意义。在此前景下,无损的高精度X射线显微断层扫描技术被应用到表征烧结矿的孔隙结构并结合数值模拟来预测烧结矿的有效热导率。以40 μm的分辨率扫描了3个熟石灰添加水平下的烧结杯试验中获取的烧结矿样品。三维重建后的烧结矿可观测到各向异性的非常复杂的孔隙分布,导致其有效热导率也各向差异较大,形成复杂的内部温度场分布。烧结矿中0～300 μm的小孔隙在数量频率上占据大多数（约45%～50%）,但仅占小部分的大于1 mm的大孔隙则贡献了约95%的孔隙体积占比,并主要决定了烧结矿的导热行为。3个烧结矿样品的有效热导率分别为0.645、0.682和0.784 W·m^-1·K^-1,对应的孔隙率分别为53.8%、53.1%和49.7%。通过与文献中的类似铁系聚合物的导热值,典型的经验式预测方程和结构分析模型等比较,证明了CT三维重建结合数值模拟的技术手段可有效捕捉烧结矿真实的多孔结构,从而比简单的经验式方程或结构分析模型能获取更精确的热物理行为的预测效果。     

Numerical simulation and application experiment of the spontaneous combustion tendency of a coal stockpile covered with pulverized coal

In this paper, we developed a new method for preventing the spontaneous combustion of a coal stockpile covered by pulverized coal. This technique is based on the numerical-simulation analysis of endothermic/exothermic balance in coal stockpile. Depth and height are confirmed to be the main factors influencing the endothermic/exothermic balance in coal stockpiles and the hot-spot region is easily formed at a coal stockpile height of 1-1.5 m and a depth of 2-3 m, where there is the highest tendency for spontaneous combustion. The numerical simulation and the 120-day application test both confirm that the diffusion process of oxidation can be prevented and the coal oxidation reaction can be hindered by covering the surface of the hot region with pulverized coal. As a result, the coal spontaneous combustion is prevented effectively.     

分解炉内煤矸石悬浮煅烧的数值模拟

煤矸石制备水泥辅助胶凝材料的应用研究对水泥行业的节能减排与大宗固废的高值利用均具有重要意义。本文以河北某地不同矿区的6种煤矸石为原料,采用XRD,热重等方法分析判断其化学成分和矿物组成,通过静态煅烧实验研究了其煅烧活化条件,并通过胶砂实验测定其胶凝活性。结果表明,煅烧温度和时间会影响产品的胶凝活性,煤矸石经过适当的热处理后,可用作辅助胶凝材料替代部分水泥熟料,在实现煤矸石资源化利用的同时,也为水泥工业碳减排提供了新路径。但煤矸石成分复杂,活化煅烧需要注意煅烧制度。采用CPFD（Computational Particle Fluid Dynamics）数值模拟方法模拟了分解炉内煤矸石传热、传质及化学反应,分析了不同工况下分解炉内气固两相流场。结果表明：入炉空气的温度较低时无法点燃煤矸石中的可燃组分,通过高温烟气点火和分级司料可有效解决这一问题。     

多喷嘴对置式粉煤气化炉的数值模拟

采用k-ε湍流模型对多喷嘴对置式粉煤气化中试装置进行了三维数值模拟研究。引入了多反应进程变量MSPV方法分别模拟了煤的脱挥发分、焦炭与氧气、焦炭与二氧化碳和焦炭与水蒸气的4个过程;用截断高斯分布的PDF函数表示湍流对化学反应的影响。模拟结果显示:常压下,火焰主体温度约2 500 K;除喷嘴区域外,煤中释放的气体在气化炉内分布均匀;焦炭与二氧化碳、焦炭与水蒸气的气化反应主要集中在折返流区。喷嘴高度上移0.2 m,撞击流股速度增加约50%,拱顶附近温度上升108 K。氧煤比/水蒸气煤比增大,撞击流对炉顶的冲刷力显著增加。     

稀土电解槽石墨内衬高温氧化过程中孔隙结构演化规律及其分形特征

针对稀土电解槽石墨内衬破损问题,采用显微CT研究稀土电解槽石墨内衬在不同氧化时间下内部微观孔隙结构演化特征,考察了孔隙率、孔喉尺寸、孔喉形状因子、孔隙分形维数等参数的变化规律。结果表明: 石墨内衬氧化0、1h、2h、3h后的平均孔隙率在逐渐增大,分别为4.02%、8.53%、11.18%、13.35%,孔喉尺寸为5～25μm与孔喉形状因子为0.02～0.05的孔喉数量从17903增加到39388。进一步应用分形理论分析发现：氧化不同时间的石墨内衬孔隙构造均符合分形规律,且随着氧化时间的增大,石墨内衬的氧化腐蚀越来越严重,石墨内衬孔隙分形维数从1.5722增加到1.6985。因此可以间接地用分形维数来判断石墨内衬的氧化腐蚀程度。最后建立了石墨内衬渗透率的分形表达式,由此计算氧化0、1h、2h、3h的石墨内衬理论渗透率分别为0.10 \mathrm{\mu } m²、0.25 \mathrm{\mu } m²、0.37 \mathrm{\mu } m²、0.52 \mathrm{\mu } m²。计算结果与其实际渗透率0.09 \mathrm{\mu } m²、0.18 \mathrm{\mu } m²、0.38 \mathrm{\mu } m²、0.57 \mathrm{\mu } m²相差不大,可以用此式来预测石墨内衬的渗透率。     

Facile preparation of ultralight polymer-derived SiOCN ceramic aerogels with hierarchical pore structure

SiOCN ceramic aerogels with lightweight, high surface areas, and macro-meso pores have been synthesized by a facile method combining freeze-drying technique and polymer-derived ceramic route. The wet gels are synthesized via the hydrosilylation reaction between polysilazane and divinylbenzene with cyclohexane as solvent. The solvent is then removed by a freeze-drying process to form pre-ceramic aerogels. The SiOCN ceramic aerogels are finally obtained by pyrolyzing the pre-ceramic aerogels at 1000°C in ultrahigh purity N₂. The thermogravimetric and mass spectrometry system (TG/DSC-MS) is used to investigate the polymer-to-ceramic conversion process during pyrolysis. The phase composition, structure, and morphology of the SiOCN ceramic aerogels are investigated by XRD, FT-IR, XPS, and SEM. The results show that SiOCN ceramic aerogels are composed of amorphous matrix phase and “free carbon” phase. The SiOCN aerogels possess three-dimensional (3D) network porous structure with low density (0.19 g/cm³), high specific surface area (134 m²/g), large pore volume (0.49 cm³/g), and hierarchical pore structures of both macro and meso pores. The formation mechanism and evolution process of SiOCN ceramic aerogels are discussed.     

3D structure of oil droplets in hardened geopolymer emulsions

Geopolymer (GP) cements have the ability to integrate huge amounts of organic oils by direct emulsion in the fresh paste. Moreover, the oil emulsion remains stable during GP hardening. This allows to design tailored GP/oil (GEOIL) composites for an array of industrial applications. Using 3D X-ray micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT), this research determines the spatial distribution of an industrial oil emulsion inside a GP cement (emulsification in the fresh state, imaging in the hardened state), depending on the oil volume fraction (from 5% to 60% total volume). The oil droplet size distribution, mean distance between droplets, and connectivity of the oil system are determined quantitatively.     

3D characterization of cubic boron nitride (CBN) composites used as tool material for high precision abrasive machining processes

Cubic boron nitride (CBN) composites are widely used as cutting tool materials for high precision abrasive machining processes. They are composed of super hard CBN abrasives and a softer binder. CBN abrasives are one of the hardest materials. They are embedded in the binder which can be metallic, polymeric or ceramic. The binder supports the abrasives and offers suitable toughness. The two components are consolidated by sintering processes under high pressure and temperature. Hence, abrasive particles exhibit an irregular spatial distribution in terms of size, location and orientation. In this work, X-ray computed tomography (CT scan) is used to investigate the geometrical properties of CBN abrasives in the volume regarding quantity, dimension and shape. A three-dimensional (3D) model is generated and the CBN abrasives are correspondingly characterized. The contribution includes both detailed explanation of CT scan and 3D modeling implementation, as well as quantification analysis of the key microstructural features for CBN composites.     

Numerical and physical modeling of the permeability of paper to CMC and coating liquids

The penetration of CMC solutions and coating liquids into paper sheets was investigated experimentally and modeled using a Lucas-Washburn equation (Lepoutre, 1978) adequately modified to account for the dynamic contact angle and the coating fluid rheology. A numerical simulation of the fluid penetration based on the finite element resolution of the Navier-Stokes equations was carried out as well. The numerical predictions and the predictions of the Lucas-Washburn equation were compared with the experimental data showing the limitations of the models.