Characterization of Corrosion Behavior of Irradiated X65 Low Carbon Steel in Aerobic and Unsaturated Gaomiaozi Bentonite

2.98 kGy/h(1007 h) gamma irradiation and 90 ℃(2000 h) thermal aging were exerted to X65 grade low carbon steel buried in Gaomiaozi bentonite containing 17 wt% Beishan groundwater. The average corrosion rate of X65 low carbon steel was measured. The elemental and phase distribution on cross section was characterized by using electron probe micro-analysis, high-resolution X-ray diffraction, and micro-X-ray diffraction. The following conclusions can be made: the average aerobic corrosion rate of the carbon steel is(45.16 ± 1.53) μm/year. Taking the original surface as boundary, the corrosion scale is divided into an internal dense product layer(DPL) mainly composed of Fe_3O_4 with segregated FeCO_3 at the corrosion front and an external DPL mainly composed of Fe_3O_4 with segregated α-Fe_2O_3 and bentonite at some relics.Si, S, and Cl are concentrated at the corrosion front of the internal DPL, while Si and Al are concentrated at the external DPL.     

Open circuit potentials of metallic chromium and austenitic 304 stainless steel in aqueous sulphuric acid solution and the influence of chloride ions on them

Open circuit potential measurements and cyclic voltammetry of chromium and 304 stainless steel in deaerated aqueous H₂SO₄ solution of pH 1, without and containing NaCl in the concentration range 1–4 M revealed that chromium exhibits two stable open circuit potentials both having the character of a Wagner–Traud corrosion potential. One, E_corr.1, was established on the passive surface formed by previously exposing Cr to air or by potentiostatic passivation in a controlled manner, and the second one, E_corr.2, at the bare Cr surface obtained by prolonged cathodic activation. There was a small difference in the E_corr.1 values depending on the properties of the passive layer. Addition of NaCl accelerates to some extent, the hydrogen evolution reaction on the passive surface, while the same reaction on the bare surface was somewhat inhibited by NaCl. On the other hand, presence of NaCl accelerates the anodic reaction on the bare surface, and it activates the dissolution of the passive layer so that the passivation currents increase with addition of NaCl. This effect is so large that at concentrations of NaCl larger than 3 M, the destruction of the passive layer was so fast that in a matter of seconds the Cr is activated, and the only stable corrosion potential observed was E_corr.2. No pitting of Cr in the presence of NaCl was observed up to the transpassive potentials. 304 stainless steel could not be activated in sulphuric acid solution, and its open circuit potential, unlike the corrosion potential of the 400 types of stainless steel, was established by the hydrogen evolution reaction on the passive steel surface. The small anodic peak often observed on 304 stainless steel if the metal had been cathodically pre-treated is a pseudo-peak due to the anodic oxidation of hydrogen absorbed inside the metal. This finding should be elaborated more in recommendations (e.g. ASTM standards) for the application of electrochemical corrosion rate measurement to 304 stainless steel corrosion. Addition of NaCl activates the anodic dissolution of steel with the current of the passivation peak being proportional to the NaCl concentration. Unlike chromium, austenitic 304 stainless steel achieves only one corrosion potential in sulphuric acid, both in the presence and absence of NaCl, with the value of ca. −0.200 to −0.350 V (SCE) in the absence and −0.450 V (SCE) in the presence of NaCl, when steel corrodes as the active metal.     

几种缓蚀剂对钢-铝偶合体在3%NaCl溶液中的缓蚀作用研究

采用电化学测试和浸泡失重实验,对比分析了0.1 mg/g Na₂S、1%Na₃PO₄、5000 mg/L Na₂MoO₄、及其复配0.1 mg/g Na₂S+1%Na₃PO₄、1%Na₃PO₄+5000 mg/L Na₂MoO₄几种缓蚀剂的添加对10CrSiNiCu (907) 钢-ZL102铝合金偶合体 (后称钢-铝偶合体) 的缓蚀效果。结果表明：几种缓蚀剂的加入均能在一定程度上减弱钢-铝偶合体的电偶腐蚀,并减缓了钢、Al各自在3%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀,其中复配体系 (1%Na₃PO₄+5000 mg/L Na₂MoO₄) 对钢-铝电偶对的综合缓蚀效果最好。     

Electrochemical Properties of Tungsten-Alloying-Modified AISI 430 Stainless Steel as Bipolar Plates for PEMFCs used in Marine Environment

To improve the corrosion resistance and surface electrical conductivity of AISI 430 stainless steel(430 SS) as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs) used in marine environment, a tungsten alloying layer has been successfully prepared on 430 SS substrate via the plasma surface diffusion alloying technique. The tungstenmodified(W-modified) 430 SS displays a 7–8μm tungsten alloying layer with a body-centered-cubic structure. The W-modified surface also shows a better hydrophobicity with contact angle of 93.5° and a lower interfacial contact resistance compared with the untreated 430 SS. The potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements show that the corrosion resistance of 430 SS is obviously improved in simulated PEMFC environment(0.05 M H_2SO_4+ 2 ppm HF + 0.01 M NaCl solution at 70 ℃), after the plasma surface diffusion alloying process.     

激光熔覆Ni-WC/Cr3C2涂层组织及性能

采用激光技术在45钢表面熔覆Ni-WC/Cr₃C₂涂层,采用SEM,XRD等手段进行熔覆层的显微组织、相组成及成分分析,并测试熔覆层的耐蚀性和耐磨性能.结果表明,Ni-WC/Cr₃C₂熔覆层底部生成方向性较强的胞状树枝晶,中上部组织为细小的树枝晶.涂层主要是由γ-(Fe, Ni),M₂₃C₆型碳化物以及未熔的WC颗粒组成.细晶强化、合金元素固溶强化以及碳化物强化的共同作用,使熔覆层的显微硬度提高至711HV0.1.熔覆层耐蚀性明显改善,腐蚀电流密度约为45钢的1/4.随着摩擦速度的增大,激光熔覆Ni-WC/Cr₃C₂涂层和45钢磨损量增加,且熔覆层的磨损量低于45钢,表明其耐磨性能明显提高.     

300M和Cr9钢在酸性介质中的电化学性能研究

采用动电位极化、电化学阻抗和金相显微技术研究了300M和一种新型超高强度马氏体钢 (简称Cr9钢)在(H₂SO₄+Na₂SO₄)溶液中的腐蚀规律,以及pH值和Cl^-对其腐蚀行为的影响。研究表明,300M和Cr9钢的腐蚀电位E_corr随pH值增大呈升高趋势,电荷转移电阻R_ct减小,腐蚀电流密度I_corr增大。溶液pH值的降低能加速300M和Cr9钢的腐蚀。在无Cl^-的(H₂SO₄+Na₂SO₄)溶液中,300M发生均匀腐蚀,而Cr9钢则表现为点蚀;Cl^-能促进点蚀的发生,使Cr9钢的阳极反应由钝化转变为活化溶解。Cr9钢中Cr、Mo和Ni元素含量的增加能提高其在酸性介质中的耐蚀性,腐蚀速率明显低于300M钢。     

Influence of Zn and Mg Alloying on the Corrosion Resistance Properties of Al Coating Applied by Arc Thermal Spray Process in Simulated Weather Solution

In this study,Al–Zn and Al–Mg coatings were deposited on steel substrates by an arc thermal spray process.X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the deposited coatings and corrosion products.Open circuit potential(OCP),electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and potentiodynamic studies were used to assess the corrosion characteristics of these coatings after exposure according to the Society of Automotive Engineers(SAE)J2334 solution of varying durations.This solution simulates an industrial environment and contains chloride and carbonate ions that induce corrosion of the deposited coatings.However,the Al–Mg alloy coating maintained an OCP of approximately-0.911 V versus Ag/Ag Cl in the SAE J2334 solution even after 792 h of exposure.This indicates that it protects the steel sacrificially,whereas the Al–Zn coating provides only barrier-type protection through the deposition of corrosion products.The Al–Mg coating acts as a self-healing coating and provides protection by forming Mg_6Al_2(OH)_(16)CO_3(Al–Mg layered double hydroxides).Mg_6Al_2(OH)_(16)CO_3has interlocking characteristics with a morphology of plate-like nanostructures and an ion-exchange ability that can improve the corrosion resistance properties of the coating.The presence of Zn in the corrosion products of the Al–Zn coating allows dissolution,but,at the same time,Zn_5(OH)_6(CO_3)_2and Zn_6Al_2(OH)_(16)CO_3are formed and act to reduce the corrosion rate.     

烟道气氨法脱硫液对Q235碳钢腐蚀研究

采用静态挂片、极化曲线和长期点蚀实验，研究了氨法脱硫浆液中F^-和Cl^-以及 (NH₄)₂SO₄对Q235碳钢腐蚀的影响。结果表明，Q235碳钢在含卤硫铵溶液中的均匀腐蚀速率随F^-浓度和Cl^-浓度增大均呈现先降低后增高的趋势，随着 (NH₄)₂SO₄质量分数增加，均匀腐蚀速率降低；随着F^-浓度的增大，自腐蚀倾向增加；随着Cl^-浓度以及 (NH₄)₂SO₄质量分数的增大，自腐蚀倾向均降低；Q235碳钢在氨法脱硫模拟浆液中点蚀较严重，需采取重防腐措施。     

Improving the Intermittent Discharge Performance of Mg–Air Battery by Using Oxyanion Corrosion Inhibitor as Electrolyte Additive

A widely used oxyanion corrosion inhibitor(Li_2CrO_4) was used as electrolyte additive(3.5 wt% Na Cl solution was used as electrolyte solution) for Mg–air battery. The potentiodynamic polarization tests showed that the presence of 0.1 wt% Li_2CrO_4in the Na Cl electrolyte reduced enormously the corrosion current density of the tested AZ31 Mg alloys.According to the intermittent discharge tests, the use of 0.1 wt% Li_2CrO_4 as electrolyte additive increased the anode efficiency of the Mg–air battery by 28.4%. The addition of 0.1 wt% Li_2CrO_4reduced the anode self-corrosion rate of the battery in the intermittent stage effectively. The product film after discharge was observed by scanning electron microscope, and the Mg–air battery containing 0.1 wt% Li_2CrO_4has a loose product film, which is beneficial to its discharge performance. So using Li_2CrO_4 as electrolyte additive could improve the intermittent discharge performance of Mg–air battery. And the use of oxyanion corrosion inhibitor as electrolyte additive may be an excellent way to improve the intermittent discharge performance of Mg–air battery.     

Effect of Deep Sea Pressures on the Corrosion Behavior of X65 Steel in the Artificial Seawater

The corrosion behaviors of X65 steel in the artificial seawater at different hydrostatic pressures are investigated by potentiodynamic polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements and weight loss measurements.The corroded morphologies and the corrosion products are also investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman analysis.The results show that the corrosion current increases as the hydrostatic pressure increases.The charge transfer resistance decreases as the hydrostatic pressure increases.The corrosion products are mainly composed of γ-FeOOH and Fe_3O_4 at the atmospheric pressure, while the main components are γ-FeOOH, Fe_3O_4, and γ-Fe_2O_3 at the high pressure.The hydrostatic pressure accelerates the corrosion of X65 steel due to its effect on the chemical and physical properties of corrosion products, including the promoted reduction of γ-FeOOH and the wider and deeper cracks on the corrosion products layer.     

飞机起落架AMS4340M钢在3.5％NaCl溶液中腐蚀电化学行为研究

采用EIS、动电位极化曲线、浸泡腐蚀实验等测试方法研究了飞机起落架AMS4340M钢在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。AMS4340M钢的显微组织为回火马氏体、残余奥氏体、碳化物。浸泡过程中合金的腐蚀方式主要为均匀腐蚀。XRD测试结果显示,合金表面的腐蚀产物较少,Fe₂O₃、Fe₃O₄的衍射峰较弱。电化学结果表明,在3.5%NaCl溶液中,合金钢表现为阳极活性溶解,极化曲线表现出了明显的钝化特征,随着浸泡时间的延长,AMS4340M钢的自腐蚀电位 (E_corr) 逐渐增大,最大约为-225 mV,腐蚀电流密度逐渐减小 (I_corr),最小为0.004 μA·cm^-2,合金的耐蚀性增大,腐蚀速率逐渐减小。AMS4340M钢的阻抗谱在低频区域和高频区域均由一个容抗弧组成,其中,浸泡240 h状态下试样的容抗弧半径最大,总阻抗最大。     

Corrosion Behavior of Low-Alloy Pipeline Steel with 1% Cr Under CO2 Condition

Carbon dioxide corrosion behavior of low-alloy pipeline steel with 1% Cr exposed to CO₂-saturated solution was investigated by immersion experiment. SEM, EDX, TEM, EPMA and XRD were utilized to investigate the microstructure, corrosion morphologies, corrosion phases and elements distribution of corrosion scale. The results demonstrate that the microstructure of tested steel consists of ferrite and carbides. During the corrosion process, ferrite dissolves preferentially, leaving carbide particles behind. The residual carbide particles may promote the nucleation of FeCO₃ crystal. The phase comprising of the inner layer is Cr compound, and the one of the outer layer is FeCO₃. The formation process of corrosion scale can be illustrated as follows: Firstly, a thin scale consisting of thin inner layer and outer layer is formed, which represents poor corrosion resistance; then, the inner layer changes little, once it has been formed, and the outer layer becomes thick and compact, which demonstrates that a fine corrosion resistance is obtained. The chemical elements of chromium and molybdenum accumulate in the inner layer of corrosion scale. The corrosion behavior of low-alloy steel based on microstructure and morphology characterization is also discussed.     

Characterization of anodic films formed on AZ91D magnesium alloy

Anodization of die-casted AZ91D magnesium alloy was performed in 3 M KOH+0.21 M Na₃PO₄+0.6 M KF base electrolyte with and without Al(NO₃)₃ addition. The anodic film was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The corrosion resistance of the various anodized alloys was then evaluated in 3.5 wt % NaCl solution using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and immersion testing. The results showed that the anodic film was mainly composed of MgO. The addition of Al(NO₃)₃ into the base electrolyte results in the formation of Al₂O₃ and Al(OH)₃ in the anodic film. The maximum amount of Al₂O₃ was found in the anodic film when the alloy was anodized in the electrolyte containing 0.15 M Al(NO₃)₃. The results of EIS analysis and morphological examination showed that the MgO anodic film modified with Al₂O₃ exhibited the superior corrosiom resistance for AZ91D Mg alloy.     

Study and characterization by acoustic emission and electrochemical measurements of concrete deterioration caused by reinforcement steel corrosion

The durability of reinforced concrete structures becomes a matter of concern, due primarily to the increase of damage by the corrosion of steel reinforcements. This corrosion is not only related to the composition and to the procedure of concrete manufacturing (water/cement, sand/cement, etc.), but also to the aggressive agents as chlorides, carbon dioxide, etc. present in the surrounding medium (Cl⁻, CO₂, etc.). It is well known that the first kind of rebar corrosion (chloride) is more detrimental and that this process contains three basic components: chloride diffusion, electrochemical corrosion and concrete fracture. Therefore the early detection of possible degradation of structures by means of non-destructive testing is essential in order to ensure the functionality of these structures.

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the use of acoustic emission during the corrosion of steel rebars embedded in mortar and immersed in sodium chloride solution. The process of corrosion is accelerated by various imposed potentials and is followed by acoustic emission coupled to electrochemical techniques. The experimental results show that electrochemical techniques can evaluate the corrosive character of the medium used. The acoustic emission showed an activity characteristic of the corrosion initiation phase and the corrosion propagation phase. Thus, it was significantly possible to highlight the acoustic signature of the concrete damage related to the porosity of the mortar and to chloride concentration. The results also show a perfect correlation between the evolution of the acoustic activity and the current of corrosion density.     

Influence of Rust Layers on the Corrosion Behavior of Ultra-High Strength Steel 300M Subjected to Wet–Dry cyclic Environment with Chloride and Low Humidity

The influence of rust layers on the corrosion behavior of ultra-high strength steel 300 M subjected to a simulated coastal atmosphere was investigated by corrosion weight loss, surface analysis techniques, and electrochemical methods.The results exhibit the presence of a large proportion of c-Fe OOH and a-Fe OOH and a small amount of Fe3O4 in the outer rust layer. During the wet–dry cyclic process, the bonding performance and the density of outer rust layer deteriorate with the thickness of outer rust. The inner rust layer plays a main role on protectiveness, which can be attributed to the formation of an ultra-dense and adherent rust film with major constituent of a-Fe OOH and a-Fe2O3 on the steel.     

钼酸钠和三乙醇胺对Q235碳钢小孔腐蚀的抑制作用

通过动电位扫描,微区电位扫描,电化学阻抗谱及XPS等技术,考察了Na₂MoO₄和三乙醇胺 (TEA) 复配缓蚀剂对Q235碳钢孔蚀的抑制作用。结果表明：Q235碳钢在0.02 mol/L NaCl+0.1 mol/L NaHCO₃溶液中,适量的Na₂MoO₄与TEA复配对其孔蚀的抑制作用要优于单独使用Na₂MoO₄对孔蚀的抑制效果。在外加恒电位为0.3 V时,在实验溶液中碳钢表面有活性点被激活,Na₂MoO₄+TEA复配缓蚀剂能够明显抑制表面活性点的生成,并且能使形成的活性点的电位峰值迅速降低,抑制其向腐蚀小孔的转化。在加有Na₂MoO₄+TEA复配缓蚀剂的实验溶液中形成的缓蚀膜主要成分为Fe₂(MoO₄)₃,Fe₂O₃和TEA,三乙醇胺的吸附可以改善钼酸盐缓蚀膜的致密性,进一步提高缓蚀性能。     

Effect of Different Scale Precipitates on Corrosion Behavior of Mg–10Gd–3Y–0.4Zr Alloy

A large amount of directional and willow-like β' phase was precipitated in Mg-10 Gd-3 Y-0.4 Zr(GW103 K) alloy after solution treatment and subsequently aged treatment(T6). In order to explore the effect of the precipitates on the corrosion behavior of the GW103 K alloy, the alloy was subjected to solution treatment(T4) at 773 K for 4 h at first, subsequently aged at 498 K for 193 h(T6). The microstructure evolution of the GW103 K alloy after this treatment was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The high-angle annular detector dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the typical corrosion morphologies of the nanoscale precipitation phases(β') in the T6-treated alloy. The corrosion rate was measured by potentiodynamic polarization test. Combining with the potential measurement results by scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy, the effects of the skeleton-like Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_5 andf precipitates on the corrosion behavior of GW103 K alloy were explored. The results showed that the corrosion rate of the GW103 K alloy in different conditions was ranked as: as-cast alloy T4-treated alloy T6-treated alloy,attributing to the fact that the relative potential differences of skeleton-like Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_5 were lower than those of the matrix, therefore Mg24(Gd, Y)5 phase formed micro-galvanic coupling with the matrix and corrosion dissolution occurred.The nanoscale β' precipitates in T6-treated alloy can retard the cathodic process.     

Corrosion resistance of chromium nitride and oxynitride layers produced under glow discharge conditions

The paper presents the results of investigations of the structure and corrosion resistance of chromium nitride, oxynitride and oxide layers produced on steels by electrochemical chromium deposition combined with glow discharge assisted nitriding, oxynitriding and oxydizing processes. The layers obtained were of the types: CrN+Cr₂N+Cr+(Cr,Fe); Cr₂N+Cr+(Cr,Fe); CrN+Cr₂N+Cr+(Cr,Fe)₇C₃; Cr₂N+Cr+(Cr,Fe)₇C₃; Cr(N,O)+Cr+(Cr,Fe)₇C₃ and Cr₂O₃. The corrosion resistance of the layers is high and can be modified by changing the process parameters, such as the temperature and chemical composition of the gas atmosphere.     

Corrosion protection of NdFeB magnets by phosphating with tungstate incorporation

In this investigation the effect of surface treatments on the corrosion resistance of a commercial NdFeB sintered magnet has been investigated. A solution of 10 g L^− 1 NaH₂PO₄, acidified to pH 3.8 has been used for phosphating this magnet. The corrosion resistance of the phosphated magnet was investigated in a 0.10 mol L^− 1 Na₂SO₄ solution by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry with rotating disc electrode. The obtained results reveal that the resistance decreases with exposure time due to the development of pores and/or defects in the conversion coating exposing the substrate to corrosive attack. The effect of tungstate incorporation into the phosphate conversion coating resulting from a phosphating treatment prior to immersion in the tungstate solution was evaluated. The proposed treatment consists of re-immersing the phosphated samples in a 0.1 mol L^− 1 Na₂WO₄ solution during 72 h at the open circuit potential (OCP). Under these conditions, the corrosion resistance of the magnet was improved and this was attributed to the formation of a protective layer due to the adsorption of tungstate anions at the metallic substrate exposed in the coating, decreasing metal dissolution.     

Effect of Alloying Tin on the Corrosion Characteristics of Austenitic Stainless Steel in Sulfuric Acid and Sodium Chloride Solutions

The effect of tin on general and pitting corrosion behaviors of the austenitic stainless steel in sulfuric acid and sodium chloride solutions was investigated by potentiostatic critical pitting temperature, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that there is an optimal tin addition which is around(0.062–0.1) wt%, and the general corrosion resistance of B316 LX with 0.08 wt% tin addition in boiling H2SO4 increased remarkably with a corrosion rate of an order of magnitude lower than that of 316 L.Hydrolyzation of tin ions induces more metastable pit occurrence on the material surface. However, the pitting resistance of B316 LX increases because tin oxides improve the density and uniformity of the passive film, and hydroxide and oxide of tin inhabit the process of pit growing. The effect of tin on pitting corrosion process is illustrated schematically.