Combined momentum, heat and mass transfer in vertical slug flow absorbers

Numerical solutions have been obtained for the system of equations of momentum, heat and mass transfer describing the absorption of a refrigerant vapour from a Taylor bubble into the refrigerant-absorbent solution film around the bubble. The numerical results are compared with Nusselt's solution of the energy equation and with the penetration theory solution of the mass diffusion variation. Experimental data have been collected in vertical tubular absorbers in the slug flow region with the systems ammonia-lithium nitrate and ammonia-sodium thiocyanate. Four different absorber tubes have been tested with internal diameters of 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm. These data are compared with the numerical and theoretical results. The effect of the bubble nose on mass transfer is studied. Typical temperature profiles during the absorption process in absorption cooling/heating systems are shown.     

垂直管吸收器内泡式吸收过程的数值研究

建立垂直管吸收器管内泡式吸收过程中传热传质的数学物理模型，对其泡式吸收过程进行数值研究，获得泡式吸收方式的一些传热传质特性，为吸收器的优化设计提供一定理论指导。     

垂直管内TFE/NMP降膜吸收过程中热质传递试验研究

作为一种新型的吸收式制冷工质时-TFE/NMP（2，2，2-trifluo-roethanol/N-methylpyrolidone，中文名：三氟乙醇/氮甲基吡咯烷酮），因其良好的工作特性而被国际制冷界所重视，但有关吸收式制冷/热泵系统运行中的一个重要环节-TFE/NMP降膜吸收过程中的传热、传质现象却有人进行过研究。在国家自然科学基金的资助下，我们建立了单根管吸试验台以研究TFE/NMP降膜吸收过程中热、质传递规律。在不同TFE/NMP溶液流量和不同冷却水流量条件下，测得两组试验数据，对试验数据进行处理并对其数据结果加以分析后，得出垂直管内TFE/NMP降膜吸收过程中热量和质量传递规律的一些特性。     

Surfactants with NH3H2O

To avoid rivulet flow in compact absorbers, which consist of compact heat exchanger plates, the surface tension of the ammonia-water solution has to be reduced by surfactants. The influence of these additives on the absorption of ammonia into water is investigated for two anionic tensides, two non-ionic tensides and the alcohol 1-octanol in a stagnant pool measuring cell. All four tensides had no influence on the absorption in the concentration range investigated (0.25–0.91 wt%), although they were able to reduce the surface tension of water down to 30mN m⁻¹. In order to increase the mass transfer, 1-octanol was used in three concentrations, which probably lead to a convection in the liquid layer, called Marangoni convection. The experiments have shown that the presence of surfactant islands is not necessary to induce Marangoni turbulence. The best result was achieved with 50 ppm 1-octanol dissolved in water.     

大压差下静止氨水表面吸收特性研究

基于对大压差下静止氨水溶液表面吸收氨蒸气过程中热质传递现象的分析,建立了该吸收过程传热传质相互耦合的数学物理模型。在氨蒸气压力不变的情况下,推导出氨水溶液温度场、浓度场以及表征相界面传质的无量纲准则数的理论表达式,结果证明:相界面处氨浓度、温度均为定值,该值只取决于吸收的初始条件。在引入氨水相平衡方程的前提下,拟合出了传质准则数与初始压差、氨水溶液初始参数的半经验关联式,获得了一定初始条件下时均传质量随时间的变化曲线。曲线显示:在吸收开始时,时均传质量最大,随着吸收时间的增加,时均传质量迅速下降。     

A critical review of models of coupled heat and mass transfer in falling-film absorption

In absorption space-conditioning systems, the performance of the absorber is critical to the overall system performance, size, and first-cost. The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the significant efforts that researchers have made to mathematically model the coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena that occur during falling-film absorption. A detailed review of the governing equations, boundary conditions, assumptions, solution methods, results, and validation of these investigations is presented. This review excludes experimental work in this area, the effect of additives, and the effect of non-absorbable gases. It is shown that most work found in the literature has focused on the particularly simplified case of absorption in laminar vertical films of water-lithium bromide. Fewer researchers have considered the important situations of wavy films, turbulent films, and films on horizontal tubes. Investigations of the ammonia-water fluid pair have been generally more empirical in nature and/or restricted to vertical laminar films. This review is used to highlight key areas which need attention such as film and vapor hydrodynamics, especially the non-periodicity, instability, and recirculatory motion of waves in the vertical wall case and droplets and waves in the horizontal tube case. Also the potential interaction of the heat and mass transfer process on the film hydrodynamics, surface wetting, heat transfer in the vapor phase, and common simplifications to the governing equations should all be considered carefully. Finally, emphasis must be placed on experimental validation of the local conditions and transfer processes within the absorber, not just overall transport values.     

Numerical design of ammonia bubble absorber applying binary nanofluids and surfactants

The objectives of this paper are to analyze the combined heat and mass transfer characteristics for the ammonia bubble absorption process and to study the effects of binary nanofluids and surfactants on the absorber size. The ammonia bubble absorbers applying binary nanofluids and surfactants are designed and parametric analyses are performed. In order to express the effects of binary nanofluids and/or surfactants on the absorption performance, the effective absorption ratios for each case are applied in the numerical model. The values of the effective absorption ratio are decided from the previous experimental correlations. The kinds and the concentrations of nano-particles and surfactants are considered as the key parameters. The considered surfactants are 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2E1H), n-octanol, and 2-octanol and nano-particles are copper (Cu), copper oxide (CuO), and alumina (Al₂O₃). The results show that the application of binary nanofluids and surfactants can reduce the size of absorber significantly. In order to reach 16.5% ammonia solution under the considered conditions, for example, the addition of surfactants (2E1H, 700 ppm) can reduce the size of absorber up to 63.0%, while the application of binary nanofluids (Cu, 1000 ppm) can reduce it up to 54.4%. In addition, it is found that the effect of mass transfer resistance is more dominant than that of heat transfer resistance. That is, the enhancement of mass transfer performance is more effective than that of heat transfer performance.     

添加剂和纳米粒子强化溴化锂水溶液／氨水吸收特性研究进展

吸收式制冷以其节能、环保等诸多优点得到了越来越广泛的应用。本文总结与分析添加剂和纳米粒子强化溴化锂水溶液及氨水吸收特性的机制和相关实验研究的发展现状。针对吸收式制冷系统中吸收器传质系数和换热系数小而导致的制冷效率低的问题,很多学者进行了添加剂和纳米粒子对吸收过程影响的实验研究,并据此采取措施增大传质传热效率。实验主要包括以下几个方面：表面张力实验、静态池吸收实验、降膜吸收实验和氨水鼓泡吸收实验。实验结果均表明添加剂和纳米粒子可以提高吸收器中溴化锂水溶液及氨水的传热传质性能。该研究对于提高吸收式制冷系统的制冷效率有很大帮助,同时为该技术在实际系统中的应用奠定基础。     

A study on numerical simulations and experiments for mass transfer in bubble mode absorber of ammonia and water

An absorber is a major component in the absorption refrigeration systems, and its performance greatly affects the overall system performance. In this study, both the numerical and experimental analyses in the absorption process of a bubble mode absorber were performed. Gas was injected into the bottom of the absorber at a constant solution flow rate. The region of gas absorption was estimated by both numerical and experimental analyses. A higher gas flow rate increases the region of gas absorption. As the temperature and concentration of the input solution decrease, the region of gas absorption decreases. In addition, the absorption performance of the countercurrent flow was superior to that of cocurrent. Mathematical modeling equations were derived from the material balance for the gas and liquid phases based on neglecting the heat and mass transfer of water from liquid to gas phase. A comparison of the model simulation and experimental results shows similar values. This means that this numerical model can be applied for design of a bubble mode absorber.     

微型制冷系统研究进展

得益于制造技术的进步和传热传质理论的发展完善,制冷系统不断向小型化、便携化发展,近年来出现了不少形式的微型制冷系统。本文介绍了3种主要的微型制冷系统:蒸气压缩制冷、吸收式制冷和半导体制冷系统。结合近年来国内外文献,介绍了制冷系统微型化的最新发展状况,并对各种系统的优缺点进行对比,重点介绍了微型蒸气压缩制冷系统及其核心部件—微型压缩机的发展现状。最后论述了制约制冷系统微型化的瓶颈问题,提出了微型制冷系统的发展方向。     

吸收式制冷技术的研究与应用

简单回顾了吸收式制冷技术的发展背景;较详细地介绍了国内外吸收式制冷技术的研究热点,主要包括对新工质对、吸收循环、传热与传质、智能化控制方式等几方面的研究。目前,溴化锂吸收式机组已经被广泛地应用于空调系统,本文对其在国内外的应用现状进行了详细介绍,主要包括热电冷联产、直燃型吸收式冷热水机组、蒸汽型吸收式冷水机组、热水型吸收式冷水机组、太阳能吸收式机组等：最后对吸收式制冷技术的前景进行了展望。     

表面活性剂对溴化锂吸收式制冷机吸收过程强化机理的研究概况

吸收式制冷技术具有环保、节电和利用余热等不可替代的优点，在我国应用广范。溴化锂机组的吸收器是系统中换热面积最大、成本最高的换热部件，采用添加剂强化吸收器传热传质是一种不可缺少的手段。但是添加剂的强化机理却一直没有研究清楚，各国对添加剂的强化机理的研究很重视，已经有了不少研究成果，本文对国外添加剂对溴化锂制冷机吸收器的强化机理的研究进行简要介绍和分析。     

膜接触器用于氨吸收式制冷精馏过程

氨水吸收式制冷装置是一种可以有效利用余热制取0℃以下低温的制冷系统,且氨作为一种天然工质,有很好的环保特性,但氨-水的标准沸点相差133.4℃,在较低蒸发温度的要求下需加精馏装置.介绍了目前传统分离单元传质性能的研究进展,强调了加强精馏器传质性能的必要性,提出采用能提供更大传质比表面积的膜接触器提高传质性能与效率,为改进氨水精馏塔的设计提供参考.     

Mass transfer characteristics of a structured packing for ammonia rectification in ammonia–water absorption refrigeration systems

In ammonia–water absorption refrigeration systems a purification process of the vapours produced in the generator is required. One type of equipment to carry out the purification process is a packed column. However, detailed experimental studies at the normal operating conditions found in ammonia–water absorption refrigeration systems have not been found. An experimental facility has been designed and built to study the ammonia–water rectification in packed columns. Experimental tests have been performed at the normal operating conditions found in the high-pressure stage of a small power ammonia–water absorption refrigeration system. In this paper, the experimental set-up is described and experimental results of the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of a rectifying section with the Sulzer BX packing are presented. The HETP values and the experimental mass transfer coefficients are compared with different data and correlations proposed in the literature; it has been found that the differences are appreciable.     

R134a-DMF垂直管内鼓泡吸收特性研究

为研究垂直管内R134a-DMF(二甲基甲酰胺)鼓泡吸收过程的热、质传递特性,本文搭建了垂直管内鼓泡吸收实验测试装置,构建了管内R134a被R134a-DMF混合溶液鼓泡吸收过程的热、质传递数学模型.进一步通过模型分析了当吸收压力为0.35 MPa,蒸气入口温度为5℃,稀溶液入口质量流量为12.0 kg/h时,吸收过程...     

Analytical investigation of two different absorption modes: falling film and bubble types

The objectives of this paper are to analyze a combined heat and mass transfer for an ammonia–water absorption process, and to carry out the parametric analysis to evaluate the effects of important variables such as heat and mass transfer areas on the absorption rate for two different absorption modes — falling film and bubble modes. A plate heat exchanger with an offset strip fin (OSF) in the coolant side was used to design the falling film and the bubble absorber. It was found that the local absorption rate of the bubble mode was always higher than that of the falling film model leading to about 48.7% smaller size of the heat exchanger than the falling film mode. For the falling film absorption mode, mass transfer resistance was dominant in the liquid flow while both heat and mass transfer resistances were considerable in the vapor flow. For the bubble absorption mode, mass transfer resistance was dominant in the liquid flow while heat transfer resistance was dominant in the vapor region. Heat transfer coefficients had a more significant effect on the heat exchanger size (absorption rate) in the falling film mode than in the bubble mode, while mass transfer coefficients had a more significant effect in the bubble mode than in the falling film mode.     

吸收式制冷(热泵)循环流程研究进展

吸收式制冷作为最早的人工制冷方法,诞生至今已有200多年。在民用和工业中的实际应用有60多年。近20余年来,吸收式制冷在理论与应用等方面都取得了迅速发展,并在制冷机市场上占有相当的份额,得到国内外厂商和学者的广泛关注与研究。随着人类能源消耗量的不断增加,需要进一步深入研究新能源、分布式能源及能源的高效利用。余热、废热、可再生的太阳能、地热能等的利用使得热能驱动的吸收式制冷(热泵)技术得到越来越多的关注。与采用电驱动蒸气机械压缩式制冷(热泵)系统不同,吸收式制冷(热泵)技术可利用采用低品位热源的热能直接驱动,运行成本远低于电驱动系统。吸收式系统多采用H2O-LiB r溶液、NH3-H2O溶液等自然工质作为制冷剂,具有环境友好特性,同时具有安全、可无噪音运行、可靠性高等显著优点。但也具有占地面积大、初投资高,冷却负荷高,一次能源效率低(直燃形式)等不足。针对这些特性,现阶段的主要研究方向包括:循环设计优化、工质对选择、系统部件热质传递强化、系统控制策略优化等。狭义的吸收式循环是指闭式、溶液吸收制冷剂蒸气的吸收式制冷(热泵)循环。该类循环按照循环形式分类包括单吸收循环、多吸收循环和复合循环。单吸收循环主要包括基本单效吸收循环、扩散吸收循环、膜吸收循环、热变换器循环、重力驱动的阀切换循环以及自复叠循环;多吸收循环主要包括再吸收循环、多效循环、中间效循环、多级循环、中间级循环以及GAX循环;复合循环主要包括喷射-吸收复合、压缩-吸收复合和膨胀-吸收复合等复合形式。现有吸收式制冷技术研究热点主要包括且不局限于太阳能、中低温余热利用、冷热电联产、储能(蓄冷、蓄热),膜交换材料、高温下耐腐蚀材料,塑料热交换器等方面。吸收式循环现有循环结构的提出针对的是一定温度和浓度下循环,面对新的应用场景、新材料以及新吸收工质对,吸收式循环可以提出多种更高效、更宽热源驱动温度范围和溶液浓度范围的新循环。     

Experimental study on LiCl solution falling-film generation process outside a vertical tube

For the purpose of the development of a generator with higher performance utilizing LiCl/H₂O as the working pair in a two-stage absorption refrigeration system, an experimental investigation of LiCl solution falling film generation outside a vertical tube as the high-pressure stage solution cycle was conducted. An experimental setup was established to study heat and mass transfer process in a falling-film generator for LiCl/H₂O using low-temperature heat source. The experiments showed effect of the flow rates of hot water and falling film solution, temperature of heat source, concentration of the solution and generation pressure on the LiCl/H₂O generation process. To compare with conventional LiBr/H₂O solution, some comparative experiments of falling film generation were tested in order to discuss the mass transfer performance of two different working pairs in a high-pressure generator. The results showed that the two working pairs had similar mass transfer rate. The LiCl/H₂O solution had a similar mass transfer rate to that of the LiBr/H₂O solution, while the concentration of LiCl/H₂O solution was much lower with smaller circulation ratio of the solution, and it could make for possible improvement in the thermal performance of the absorption refrigeration system.     

三元吸收制冷的研究进展

氨—水和溴化锂—水是目前使用最广泛的两种二元吸收工质对，但各有缺陷，为此人们希望采用三元吸收工质克服这两种二元工质对的不足。国外许多学者对三元吸收制冷尤其是氨—水—溴化锂三元吸收制冷作了大量理论和试验研究，国内未见这方面的文献发表，该文从物性和循环两方面对这些研究作简单介绍，并对三元吸收制冷研究简单展望。     

Prediction of transport properties of R22-DMF refrigerant-absorbent combinations

The present work aims to evaluate the transport properties of R22-DMF solutions; one of the most promising combinations for absorption refrigeration. A number of methods have been used to estimate the thermal conductivity, viscosity and surface tension. The selection of suitable methods has been made by computing the properties of ammonia-water mixtures and comparing them with available experimental data. Other thermophysical properties, i.e. thermal diffusivity, specific heat and liquid density, have been predicted using standard, well established methods over a wide range of temperature and composition. Correlations have been developed to express each property as a function of composition and temperature. The properties are also presented in a suitable graphical form.