AS和ABS塑料类食品接触材料中丙烯腈的迁移研究

目的研究AS(丙烯腈-苯乙烯)和ABS(丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯)塑料食品接触材料中丙烯腈的迁移行为。方法采用顶空气相色谱法测定丙烯腈在不同食品模拟物和不同条件下的迁移量,研究食品模拟物、温度和时间对丙烯腈迁移量的影响,并和丙烯腈单体残留量作对比。结果 AS塑料食品接触材料中丙烯腈迁移量要高于ABS塑料;在相同的使用时间和温度下,50%乙醇模拟物中丙烯腈的迁移量最大;在同种食品模拟物中,丙烯腈迁移量随着接触时间的延长、接触温度的升高而增加。结论 AS塑料食品接触材料与ABS塑料食品接触材料相比,AS塑料食品接触材料中丙烯腈在食品模拟物中更容易析出,存在的安全风险更大。     

外卖食品接触材料中有害物质迁移研究进展

近年来外卖行业发展迅速,随之产生的食品接触材料安全问题也不容忽视。食品接触材料（FCM）由于反应副产物、低聚物、降解过程、包装材料与食品之间的化学反应或生产所用原料中的杂质而含有有害物质,在与食品接触时这些物质会迁移至食品中从而对人体造成危害。常见外卖食品接触材料为塑料与纸制品,其中含有塑化剂、抗氧化剂、光稳定剂等添加剂,而传统中式食品又以高温、高油食品为主,在使用一次性餐具盛装该类外卖食品时,添加剂极可能迁移到相关外卖食品中,具有较大的安全风险与隐患。本文对常见外卖食品接触材料中主要有害物质的性质、检测方法与迁移研究现状进行简述,了解外卖食品接触材料中有害物质的迁移情况,从而给外卖食品接触材料的安全监管提供一定的参考依据。     

AS和ABS塑料类食品接触材料中丙烯腈的 迁移研究

采用顶空气相色谱法,研究AS、ABS塑料食品接触中丙烯腈单体残留量与迁移量的关系和在不同迁移条件下丙烯腈在6种食品模拟物中的迁移量,并得出其迁移结论：AS塑料食品接触材料中丙烯腈迁移量要高于ABS塑料;在相同的使用时间和温度下,50%乙醇模拟物中丙烯腈的迁移量最大;在同种食品模拟物中,丙烯腈迁移量随着接触时间的延长、接触温度的升高而增加.     

国内外纸塑复合食品包装材料安全法规的现状

纸塑复合食品包装材料因其便利性而得到广泛应用,但纸、塑料以及印刷油墨、胶粘剂中的小分子化学残留物通常会迁移到食品中,造成食品污染并威胁到消费者的健康。本文论述了美国FDA、欧盟EC及中国的纸塑复合食品包装材料的相关法律法规,重点对法规中规定的需检测的有害物质进行了论述,介绍了FDA规定的间接食品添加剂、"阀值管理"方式、EC规定的重金属迁移量指标以及中国针对塑料、纸和具体产品的相应规定。     

食品接触塑料中化学成分迁移研究方法进展

塑料以其优良的物理化学性能和低廉的价格广泛应用于食品接触制品中。然而食品长期与塑料包装接触可能导致塑料中化学成分向食品中迁移,进而造成食品污染,并最终危害消费者的身体健康。故食品接触塑料中化学成分的迁移行为受到国内外政府机构和科研工作者的广泛关注。本文简述了食品接触塑料迁移实验中食品模拟物的选择、迁移实验条件的设定,以及受限物质的检测方法。并对食品接触塑料中的光引发剂、重金属元素、增塑剂等三类化学成分的迁移规律的研究进行综述。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定塑料食品接触材料中3种非邻苯塑化剂含量及其迁移量

建立了气相色谱-质谱联用法测定塑料食品接触材料中3种非邻苯塑化剂含量及其迁移量的方法。结果表明,3种目标化合物在质量浓度0.1～10 mg/L的范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r均大于0.999。3种非邻苯塑化剂在塑料食品接触材料中含量的定量限为10 mg/kg,迁移量定量限为0.1 mg/kg。选取4种塑料食品接触材料及4种食品模拟物为基质,在高、中、低3水平下加标回收率为82.7%～110%,相对标准偏差为0.279%～7.97%。利用该方法检测市售80批次塑料食品接触材料,有10批次PVC保鲜膜的。己二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, DEHA)和环己烷-1,2-二羧酸二异壬酯(Diisononyl hexahydrophthalate, DINCH)含量及迁移量有检出,接触油脂性食品时需考虑迁移风险。该方法前处理简单、重复性好,可为今后对食品接触材料中非邻苯塑化剂的安全性评价提供科学依据和技术支持。     

食品接触材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质迁移的 研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类物质是食品接触材料中广泛使用的增塑剂,具有神经毒性和生殖发育毒性。接触材料中添加的邻苯二甲酸酯类物质在与食品的长期接触过程中会向食品中迁移,其安全性直接影响食品安全和消费者的健康。因此,研究食品接触材料中邻苯二甲酸酯的迁移对保障食品安全具有十分重要的意义。本文介绍了食品中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染情况,综述了国内外食品接触材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的迁移试验研究方法、模拟物选择、分析检测方法及近年来的迁移研究现状,提出了目前研究存在的主要问题同时对今后的研究趋势和方向进行了展望。建议进一步加强对脂肪性模拟液、检测方法、迁移模型及迁移机制的研究,以期为准确评估食品接触材料的安全性、保障食品质量安全提供理论基础。     

塑料食品包装材料中受限物迁移研究进展

塑料食品包装材料为了达到应有的机械强度,韧性,常常需要在包装材料中添加一些加工助剂,但这些加工助剂在包装材料包装食品的过程中,会迁移到食品中,从而对人体产生危害。本文综述了塑料食品包装材料中添加的四大类受限物质,包括增塑剂、抗氧化剂、热稳定剂以及紫外吸收剂,检索了在中国期刊全文数据库CNKI和Web of Science中相关文献的信息,系统地分类分析了查阅到的文献,并且介绍了4类添加剂的作用机制和目前国内国外对4类添加剂发生迁移的研究现状,比较了我国与发达国家关于4类受限物质的法律法规及迁移限量,提出了减少食品中受限物质迁移量的方法措施以及加强我国塑料食品接触材料中受限物质使用与管理的建议。     

食品模拟物中双酚A迁移量的间接竞争免疫PCR检测方法

通过抗原-抗体的特异性反应,结合荧光PCR,建立了食品接触材料中双酚A在食品模拟物中迁移量的快速、灵敏的间接竞争免疫PCR检测方法。通过优化包被抗原浓度、探针DNA的量、抗体质量浓度等一系列条件,双酚A的线性质量分数范围在0.01~10 pg/g之间,检测低限为3.0 fg/g,4种食品模拟物中双酚A的添加回收率在82.8%~115.2%,该方法特异性好、灵敏度高,适用于食品接触材料中双酚A及其他小分子化学物的痕量迁移检测,为其迁移行为及迁移模型的建立提供了技术支撑。     

酒接触材料及制品锰迁移量的ICP-OES分析

1981年版国家卫生标准《蒸馏酒及配制酒》中规定锰含量(以Mn计)应小于等于2 mg/L~([1]),但在2012版国家卫生标准《蒸馏酒及配制酒》中却取消了锰的限量指标,同时在2014版《食品安全国家标准食品添加剂使用标准》也禁止高锰酸钾作为酒的食品添加剂。饮料酒生产企业逐渐认为未添加含锰的添加剂也就不会造成锰污染,并且政府监管部门也减少了对酒中锰指标的风险检测。但是,重金属污染无处不在,贮存酒的容器很多采用的不锈钢材质,且很多不锈钢牌号中Mn的含量就在1%以上,玻璃陶瓷容器中也因为原料不稳定的因素会引入Mn元素,即使饮料酒生产企业不添加高猛酸钾作为氧化剂氧化酒中的还原性物质,酒接触材料及制品中的Mn也会随着与酒的长时间接触迁移到酒中形成重金属污染,所以酒企不能忽视酒接触材料及制品中锰的迁移影响。国家食品标准中已经有锰的分析方法,但并没有酒接触材料及制品锰迁移量的分析方法,本文作者通过大量的科学试验和印证,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法建立了一套酒接触材料及制品锰迁移量检测方法,可帮助饮料酒生产企业及酒类包材企业完善质量管理和提升产品质量。     

EVALUATION OF PLASTICS PACKAGING MATERIALS FOR FOOD PACKAGING APPLICATIONS: FOOD SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

In evaluating a packaging system for food packaging applications, consideration must be given to the physical properties, chemical composition and extractivity of the packaging material. The last point, extractivity, or migration from the packaging material to a food contact phase, is of major concern in the selection and use of plastics packaging materials for food packaging.
The present article deals specifically with migration of indirect food additives from plastics packaging materials and the scientific principles related to migrant transport or diffusion, as they apply to food safety. These principles and their experimental basis are discussed.     

Polymer additive migration to foods - a direct comparison of experimental data and values calculated from migration models for high density polyethylene (HDPE)

To reduce the amount of compliance testing for food contact polymers the use of migration modelling has been proposed. This study was conducted to provide valid data for the independent evaluation of two such diffusion-based models using a range of different high density polyethylene (HDPE) polymers and plastics additives. Seventy-two experimental migration data have been obtained in triplicate and used to evaluate two Fickian-based migration models in the prediction of specific migration of four HDPE additives into olive oil. All tests were conducted using olive oil, representing the most severe case for fatty foods with test conditions of 2h at 70oC, 6h at 70oC, 10 days at 40oC representing short term exposures at high temperatures and room temperature storage. Predicted migration values were calculated by inserting the measured initial concentration of additive in the polymers (Cp,0) into the equations together with known variables such as additive molecular weight, temperature and exposure time. The results indicate that both models predict migration values into olive oil close to, or in excess of, the experimental results. The Piringer migration model, using the 'exact' calculations of the Migratest Lite program, gave an overestimation for 83% of the migration values generated in this study. The highest overestimation was 3.7 times the measured value. For all measurements, the predicted migration from the Migratest Lite program was greater than 50% of the observed value. The FDA model was found more accurately to predict migration in most situations but underestimated migration more frequently. Differences in the polymer specification had little effect on specific migration of the additives investigated.     

Kinetic migration studies from packaging films into meat products

One of the main concerns regarding safety of food packaging is the possible migration of chemical substances (monomers and other starting substances, additives, residues) from food contact materials into foods. To evaluate the effect of the fat content and of the temperature of storage on the migration from plastics packaging films into meat products as an important class of foodstuffs, the kinetic mass transport of a model migrant (diphenylbutadiene) from low density polyethylene (LDPE) film in contact with different meat products was investigated. From the data, the diffusion coefficients were calculated for the applied test conditions, by use of a mathematical model. The results showed that migration increased with fat content and storage temperature. Analysis of migration data corresponding to minced pork meat containing different amounts of fat, stored for 10 days at 25°C, revealed an excellent relationship between migration level and fat content. This behaviour was also found for other types of meat products (chicken and pork neck). A simplifying mathematical model was applied to derive effective diffusion coefficients in the polymer which, however, do take kinetic effects in the meat also into account. In the case of pork meat contact, the effective diffusion coefficients derived from mathematical modelling were ten times higher for storage at 25°C (1.88×10(-9)cm(2)s(-1)) than for storage at 5°C (1.2×10(-10)cm(2)s(-1)).     

A critical survey of predictive mathematical models for migration from packaging

The migration of chemicals from food contact materials into foods is an important issue in food safety. The assessment of materials compliance with regulations includes migration monitoring for many monomers and additives. However, it is recognized that predictive mathematical modelling can be used in many cases, to avoid or to reduce the effort on migration experiments. This article reviews the approaches followed to apply mathematical models to migration, particularly the models used, the approaches to estimate model parameters, and the systems used to experimentally validate the models. Conclusions on the issues requiring further research are drawn.     

Polymer additive migration to foods-a direct comparison of experimental data and values calculated from migration models for polypropylene

To reduce the amount of compliance testing for food contact polymers the use of migration modelling is under discussion and being evaluated by an EU Commission funded project (Evaluation of Migration Models No. SMT4-CT98-7513). The work reported in this paper was exclusively funded by industry to provide data for the independent evaluation of a diffusion based model using eight different samples of polypropylene (PP) covering the range of polymers specification and five commonly used plastics additives. One hundred and fifty experimental migration data have been obtained in triplicate and used to evaluate a Fickian-based migration model in the prediction of specific migration of five additives into olive oil. All tests were conducted using olive oil, representing the most severe case for fatty foods, with test conditions of 2h at 121 ° C, 2h at 70 ° C and 10 days at 40 ° C, representing short term exposures at high temperatures and room temperature storage. Predicted migration values were calculated using the Piringer 'Migratest Lite' model by entering the measured initial concentration of additive in the polymers(C_p,0) in to the equations together with known variables such as additive molecular weight, temperature and exposure time. Where necessary the data generated in this study have been used to update the model. The results indicate the Piringer migration model, using the 'exact' calculations of the Migratest Lite program, predicted migration values into olive oil close to, or in excess of, the experimental results for > 97% of the migration values generated in this study. For all measurements, the predicted migration from the Migratest Lite program was greater than 70% of the observed value. This study has identified the possibility that random co-polymers of propylene and ethylene give higher migration than other grades of polypropylenes and could be treated as a separate case. However, further work on more samples of random co-polymers is required to confirm this finding.     

Trace contamination of foods by migration from plastics packaging—A review

Plastic packaging often contains many components in addition to the base polymer. Additives are required both for the manufacturing process to give acceptable results and for the finished product to have the desired characteristics. Furthermore, decomposition products may arise from these additives, while the base polymer itself will contain monomer and oligomers in addition to traces of constituents of the polymerisation mixture (such as catalysts) and any decomposition products arising from these. Printing inks, laminates and their adhesives further complicate the picture. Consequently, the final product can contain a multitude of components at all levels from traces to perhaps 20–30% by weight.Where these components are of low molecular weight, a potential exists for their migration into packaged foods. It is essential, therefore, that manufacturers and users of plastic packaging intended for food contact be aware of the chemical nature of the range of potential migrants expected from a given polymer/additive/food system and have some understanding of the underlying mechanisms and kinetics of migration.This paper presents an overview of current knowledge of migration. After an outline of the physical basis of migration, the concept of—and problems inherent in—measuring overall migration are described, followed by a discussion of selected specific migrants.Although information on contamination from residual monomers forms the bulk of the available literature on specific migrants, migration of other base polymer constituents and of non-volatile plastics additives and their decomposition products can be of importance and is reviewed here.     

Comparison of isopropanol and isooctane as food simulants in plasticizer migration tests.

In the last 25 years, plastics have faced a massive demand in packaging technology due to their desirable properties, such as flexibility, light weight, etc. Moreover, their packaging applications have spread in the area of food and pharmaceutical products. Much concern has arisen from that fact as most of these plastics contain high amounts of additives which tend to migrate when they come into contact with liquid or solid surrounding media. Plasticized PVC is one of the most popular polymers in packaging technology and at the same time is subject to criticism for the high concentration levels of plasticizer in most of its applications. In an attempt to carry out simple and realistic migration tests, many investigators used simple organic substances which simulate as much as possible the behaviour of foods towards plasticizer migration. Much of our previous work intended to examine migration of dioctyl phthalate (DOP) from PVC sheets into some simple surrounding media, such as methanol, white spirit, paraffin oil, etc. The present work is focused on the examination of the plasticizer migration into two promising food simulants, namely isopropanol and isooctane. Radioactivity measurements were employed in order to detect quantitatively the plasticizer which had migrated into the surrounding liquid. In contrast to similar studies, the phenomenon of migration was studied until equilibrium was reached.     

Determination of the mass transport properties of chemical additives in polypropylene material/simulated food system

The mass transport process (migration) of five additives from three different types of polypropylene (PP) films into selected food simulants was studied. The migration tests were carried out at different time-temperature conditions, and the concentration of additives in polymer matrix and food simulants were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). With all data, the mass transport properties for migration kinetics (partition and diffusion coefficients) were determined. Results showed that the partition coefficient was affected significantly by the temperature and simulants’ properties, whereas little affected by the types of PP film and molecular weight of substance. The polarity, structure and shape of substances can also have an influence in their partition between the polymer matrix and food simulants. Additionally, comparison results between the experimental diffusion coefficients and the calculated values by Piringer model suggested that the current migration model with the default modelling parameters for PP does not describe realistically the diffusion coefficients of additives. The calculated diffusion coefficients were greater than the experimental values, as a consequence, the migration of chemical additives will be overestimated. For more realistic migration calculations, more accurate modelling parameters in Piringer model should be established and the effect of food on migration should be high interest in future work.     

Migration from food contact plastics. Part I. Establishment and aims of the PIRA project

In the European Community regulatory approaches adopted by individual Member States to the control of food contact plastics differ markedly and, as a result, the European Commission has identified a need for harmonized legislation in this sector. The Commission requested its Scientific Committee for Food to advise on the toxicity of monomers and other starting substances used in the production of such plastics and the Committee's report has recently been published. It is apparent that, although some monomers have been studied in depth, for many little or no information was available to the Committee on either the levels migrating into food or their likely toxic effects. The Committee has requested that such information be provided within 3 years. Following discussions between the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, PIRA and companies involved in either the manufacture or use of food contact plastics, a Project has been established at PIRA to develop sensitive analytical procedures for the relevant UK-required monomers and to provide the required migration data. As a second part to this project the methodology for determining overall migration is being examined with a view to resolving existing experimental difficulties. The first analytical methods to be developed in the project are those for the determination or terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid. Residual levels of these monomers in plastics and the quantities migrating into food simulants and food have been shown to be very low.