Self-reported hostility as a function of offense characteristics and response style in a sexual offender population.

The Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), the Hostility Toward Women Scale (HTWS), and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Social Desirability and Defensiveness scales were examined in a sample of 239 sexual offenders, 23 of whom had previously been studied. Sexual offenders against adolescents and adults had higher BDHI scores than sexual offenders against children. However, multiple regression equations revealed that the MMPI Defensiveness scale accounted for more of the shared variance in both types of self-reported hostility than did the maturity of the subjects' victims or the level of force used in the commission of the sexual offenses. Social desirability was significantly associated with the HTWS but not with the BDHI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Temperamental and familial predictors of violent and nonviolent criminal convictions: Age 3 to age 18.

This study examined the relations between family characteristics, childhood temperament, and convictions for violent and nonviolent offenses at age 18 in a representative birth cohort of men who are part of a longitudinal study. Three groups of men were identified on the basis of their conviction status at age 18: Participants who had never been convicted (n?=?404), participants who had been convicted for nonviolent offenses only (n?=?50), and participants who had been convicted for violent offenses (n?=?21). Multivariate analysis of variance and logistic regression analyses indicated that family factors were associated with both types of conviction outcomes, whereas childhood temperament was associated primarily with convictions for violent offenses. The potentially distinct roles of social- and self-regulation in the development of antisocial behavior are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of the WAIS and the WAIS—R in the upper ranges of IQ.

35 medical students were administered 1 of 2 combination forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the WAIS—Revised (WAIS—R) in a single session, with the WAIS and WAIS—R components presented in a counterbalanced order using a procedure that avoided the repetition of identical items. The WAIS IQ scores were higher than were the WAIS—R IQ scores. The higher the WAIS Full Scale IQ, the smaller the Full Scale IQ difference between the 2 tests. Unexpectedly, the Verbal minus Performance discrepancy was greater on the WAIS—R than on the WAIS. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of the WISC and WAIS at chronological age sixteen.

A group of 30 Ss was tested with the WISC and 4 wk. later with the WAIS. During this interval they all passed their 16th birthdays. Since chronological age is constant, correlations were calculated for the various IQ scales of the 2 tests and indicated that IQs obtained at age 16 from the 2 scales are highly comparable. The mean IQs and standard deviations of the experimental groups were not significantly different from the mean IQs and standard deviations of the standardization groups. In the case of the Full Scale IQ, differences in individual Ss ranged from -11 to +13 points with a mean at +2.4 points (WAIS -WISC). In general, the results indicate that the transition from the WISC to the WAIS at age 16 introduces no significant errors in IQ determination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A demographically based index of premorbid intelligence for the WAIS—R.

Investigated the efficacy of the variables age, sex, race, education, occupation, rural–urban residence, geographic residence, and handedness in predicting premorbid IQ on the WAIS—R. Data were from the 1981 WAIS—R standardization sample. Results indicate that education, race, and occupation were the most powerful predictors of premorbid IQ and that the present estimation formulas can assist in predicting premorbid IQ on the WAIS—R. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Further appraisal of the Verbal scale as a short form of the WAIS.

Verbal IQ from the WAIS has been found to overestimate Full Scale IQ, and consequently, the Verbal scale has been judged unsatisfactory as a WAIS short form. To investigate this question further, a regression equation relating Verbal and Full Scale IQs was derived from the scores of 100 psychiatric and medical patients and was cross-validated on a 2nd sample (40 Ss from the same S pool). In both groups, scores were highly correlated, and Verbal IQ significantly exceeded Full Scale IQ. Regression estimates, however, closely estimated mean Full Scale IQ, suggesting that the Verbal scale can serve effectively as a WAIS abbreviation. (2 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WAIS versus WISC in adolescents.

Administered the WAIS and the WISC to 120 16-yr-old students in counterbalanced order. About 1/2 of the Ss were of average intelligence (IQ = 80-119), 1/4 less than average (IQ below 80), and 1/4 above average (IQ above 120). Analyses of variance indicate significance for order of administration and intelligence level. Higher scores were produced by the WAIS in the less-than-average group, and by the WISC in the other groups. Intertest differences may be masked when groups of varying intelligence levels are combined in a reliability sample. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of the WAIS and WAIS—R: Different results for different IQ groups.

Using a procedure that eliminated repetition of identical items, thus avoiding order effects, we administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the WAIS—Revised to 108 subjects. All correlations between the two tests were significant and similar to those reported in the WAIS—R manual. For the group as a whole, verbal, performance, and full scale IQ scores on the WAIS—R were significantly lower than their respective WAIS scores; however, this difference was not consistent across IQ levels. Subjects of both average and borderline intelligence had WAIS IQ scores significantly above their WAIS—R scores. For the mildly retarded subjects, the performance IQs were equal for the WAIS and WAIS—R, whereas the WAIS—R verbal and full scale IQ scores were higher than the corresponding WAIS IQ scores. However, these score differences were small (1 point) and of little practical value. The differences of moderately retarded subjects, on the other hand, were large and in the reverse direction: the WAIS—R IQ scores were significantly higher than the WAIS IQ scores. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Long-term reliability of the Wonderlic Personnel Test.

As a brief measure of general intelligence, the Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT) has been shown by C. B. Dodrill (see record 1982-00123-001) to render IQ scores closely resembling the WAIS Full Scale IQ (FSIQ). Long-term stability of the WPT IQ has not yet been demonstrated, however. In the present study, 30 normal adults were administered both the WPT and the WAIS on 2 occasions 5 yrs apart. Ss were 17–69 yrs of age at the 2nd testing. Test–retest reliability was .94 for the WPT and .96 for the WAIS FSIQ. The 2 tests were similar in terms of reliability of clinical classification, but the WPT demonstrated fewer practice effects than the WAIS. It is concluded that the WPT merits additional attention by clinical psychologists. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WAIS—R validation of the Wonderlic Personnel Test as a brief intelligence measure in a psychiatric sample.

Although there have been several reports of high correlations between Wonderlic Personnel Test scores and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Full Scale IQ, findings have been inconsistent in psychiatric samples. Sample differences and differences between the WAIS and the revised WAIS (WAIS—R) were considered likely reasons. In this study of relatively nonagitated but chronically ill psychiatric patients (N?=?18), Wonderlic IQ estimation accuracy and Wonderlic/WAIS—R correlations were consistent with data previously reported for the WAIS, and generally support the value of the Wonderlic as a highly economical measure of general intelligence. However, the inability of 1 subject to manage the Wonderlic format suggests that severe visuospatial impairment can invalidate this test. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Validity of the Luria-Nebraska Intellectual Processes Scale as a measure of adult intelligence.

Luria-Nebraska Intellectual Processes Scale (IPS) scores were correlated with the 3 WAIS IQs of 33 right-handed psychiatric patients (mean age 41 yrs), and regression equations were computed to obtain estimated Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, and Full Scale IQ using the IPS as the predictor variable. Mean differences between estimated IQs and the WAIS IQs were nonsignificant. There was high agreement with respect to the classification into normal vs subnormal levels of intelligence. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correlation of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery with the WAIS.

In a sample of 280 psychiatric, neurological, and normal Ss (mean age 35.7 yrs), Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery Verbal IQ correlated—.84, Performance IQ—.74, and Full Scale IQ—.84 with the WAIS, results very similar to those of A. Prifitera and J. J. Ryan (1981). Correlations between individual Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery scales and WAIS subtests are reported and their implications discussed. Present findings indicate that the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery can provide useful estimates of summary WAIS IQ scores. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Molecular biology in the modern work-up of the infertile male: the time to recognize the need for andrologists

The purpose of this study was to explore dangerousness and fire setting recidivism of mentally disordered firesetters in comparison with mentally healthy arsonists. In Germany, all trials are registered centrally by the Federal Central Register. The records of this Register for the three year period from 1983 until 1985 were used in this follow-up study of arsonists to identify three samples of subjects: (1) All persons convicted of arson who have been found not guilty by reasons of insanity (n = 186), (2) all person convicted of arson who have been found guilty of diminished responsibility (n = 97), and (3) a random selection from all persons convicted of arson who have had no psychiatric examination in their trial (n = 187). The follow-up ended in 1994, providing a period of, on average, ten years. Mentally disordered arsonists differed from non-mentally disordered arsonists in the following ways: They were more likely, first, to have a history of arson before 1983, and secondly, to be convicted of arson again (11% relapse compared to 4%). Mentally disordered arsonists had fewer registrations of common offenses, such as theft as well as traffic violations and alcohol-related offenses. Based on the present sample, mentally disordered firesetters have a higher rate of recurrence of firesetting than non-mentally disordered firesetters and commit fewer common offenses other than firesetting.     

An economical method for the evaluation of general intelligence in adults.

Evaluated the ability of the Wonderlic Personnel Test to replicate the WAIS using 120 persons divided into principal and cross-validation groups. The correlations between Wonderlic IQs and WAIS Full Scale IQs were .93 for the main group and .91 for the cross-validation group. The Wonderlic IQ scores were within 10 points of the WAIS Full Scale scores in 90% of the cases. Differences in age, sex, years of education, level of intelligence, and emotional adjustment did not adversely impact on the reproduction of WAIS Full Scale IQs by the Wonderlic. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale discrepancy index: A neuropsychological evaluation.

Traditionally, the discrepancy between the WAIS Verbal IQ and Performance IQ has been used in clinical practice as an indicator of both brain damage and lesion lateralization. The present study investigated the relationship between this discrepancy index and brain damage, lesion lateralization, type of brain damage (acute vs chronic), Full Scale IQ, and gender. The WAIS was administered to 5 groups of a total of 335 Ss: left, right, diffuse, and nonspecific brain-damaged groups, and psychiatric controls (mean ages 33.97, 41.76, 43.35, 35.66, and 40.17 yrs, respectively). No relationship was found between this index and any of the preceding categories with the exception of Full Scale IQ. Caution is suggested in the use of the discrepancy index as a diagnostic indicator of brain damage and/or lesion lateralization. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Utility of WAIS–R seven-subtest short form as applied to the standardization sample.

Summary scores from the full Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS–R; D. Wechsler, 1981) and the 7-subtest abbreviated form of the WAIS–R were examined across age and education levels in the standardization sample. Full scale IQ (FSIQ) scores demonstrated the highest comparability between forms, followed by verbal IQ (VIQ) and then performance IQ (PIQ) scores. In comparison with FSIQ and VIQ, correlations between the test versions were consistently lower for PIQ. Lower reliability was found among education groups and tests that included subtests that demonstrated greater variability. Age grouping did not impact the alternative forms reliability. The findings support the use of the 7-subtest short form of the WAIS–R primarily for VIQ and FSIQ summary scores with the additional caution that results from abbreviated scores result in reduced reliability and a larger standard error of measure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evaluation of a checking procedure for reducing clerical and computational errors on the WAIS-R.

Evaluated a Compu-Check Form (CCF) of verification algorithms for checking Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) clerical and computational procedures. 40 senior undergraduates and MA graduate students were trained to score fictitious WAIS—R protocols. 60% of the Ss made errors, and approximately 30% of the protocols contained errors. These errors frequently resulted in IQ discrepancies. Most IQ inaccuracies were small, although 10% of the summary IQs on protocols with errors deviated between 4 and 12 points. A subsample of Ss was trained to use the CCF. Fewer Ss made errors after applying the CCF. Changes in error rates and corrections to summary IQs also supported the utility of the CCF. In a field trial, 6 of 7 practitioners who used the CCF detected errors on 15 of 47 WAIS—R protocols selected from clinical files. Only 1 of these clinician errors resulted in a substantial IQ error. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Efficacy of the Satz-Mogel short form WAIS—R for tumor patients with lateralized lesions.

The ability of the P. Satz and S. Mogel (1962) short form Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R) to provide equivalent information about IQ scores and age-corrected scale scores was examined as a function of side of lesion for 34 left hemisphere damaged (LHD) and 29 right hemisphere damaged (RHD) patients having primary brain tumors. Correlations between the 2 forms were significant for all WAIS—R scores with the exception of the Object Assembly subtest for RHD patients. The short form significantly overestimated Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, Full Scale IQ, Similarities, and Picture Arrangement subtest scores. It significantly underestimated Object Assembly subtest scores. A marked percentage of patients showed 1 or more category changes for most WAIS—R scores and 2 or more category changes for some of these scores. The distribution of discrepancies between scores and the number of category changes did not differ significantly for LHD and RHD patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evaluation of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised premorbid IQ formulas in clinical populations.

The use of demographic variables in the prediction of premorbid IQ has been noted to show some promise (R. S. Wilson et al; see record 1979-26429-001). With the revision of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS—R) and subsequent development of a regression formula for the WAIS—R (A. Barona et al; see record 1985-04035-001), some authors have suggested that continued use of the Wilson formulas is inappropriate. The present study examined the efficacy of both Wilson and Barona formulas in the prediction of concurrently obtained IQ levels in neurologically normal psychiatric (n?=?77) and brain-damaged (n?=?64) patients. The results demonstrated that neither formula differed significantly in terms of classifications of IQ range, with both formulas performing essentially at chance levels. Qualitative and quantitative differences between the formulas are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)