脂肽-糖脂混合型生物表面活性剂的性能及助剂

分离提取了枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis THY-8发酵产物中的生物表面活性剂,采用飞行时间质谱鉴定为鼠李糖脂和表面活性素、芬芥素等的混合物。考察了该混合型生物表面活性剂的性能,研究了其对油砂原油的驱油效率,并探索了合适的助剂种类及配伍浓度。结果表明,THY-8所产的脂肽-糖脂混合型生物表面活性剂具有良好的表面活性、热稳定性和乳化性,pH值为5.5时表面张力为27.59 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为15 mg/L;在70 ℃放置5天,表面张力基本不变;可将液体石蜡乳化形成粒径10～30 μm的乳液。正辛醇助剂与该混合生物表面活性剂复配后界面张力降低到10?3 mN/m,驱油效率提高3.2倍。含0.9 g/L生物表面活性剂的发酵液驱油效果与正辛醇-生物表面活性剂复配体系相当。     

一株产脂肽类生物表面活性剂菌株的分离及代谢产物分析

采用多次富集培养、血平板筛选方法,从新疆克拉玛依油田油水样中分离得到产生物表面活性剂菌株L1。该菌株与已培养的土壤芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus agri)的16S rDNA序列同源性达到99%;其代谢产物具有降低表面张力的作用,可以将发酵液表面张力从最初的69.56 mN.m-1降到29.36 mN.m-1;菌株代谢产物经薄层层析分析初步鉴定为脂肽类生物表面活性剂,红外光谱定性该生物表面活性剂属于环脂肽类表面活性剂。     

一种含氟烷基磷酸酯类氟碳表面活性剂的复配研究

研究了含氟烷基磷酸单酯类表面活性剂[分子式为H(CF2)6CH2OPO(ONa)2,记为DFH-PS]与无机盐和普通碳氢表面活性剂的复配性能,研究结果表明,DFH-PS水溶液最低表面张力为23.73 mN/m;当NaCl浓度为0.2 mol/L时,可使DFH-PS水溶液最低表面张力下降到21.62 mN/m;阴离子碳氢表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对该含氟表面活性剂影响显著,当n(DFH-PS)∶n(SDS)=5∶1时,可使水溶液表面张力在很低浓度时降至22.22 mN/m;与非离子表面活性剂辛基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚(OP-10)混合,当n(DFH-PS)∶n(OP-10)=8∶1时,可使水溶液表面张力降至27.0 mN/m。     

表面活性剂的复配及对甲维盐微乳剂物理稳定性的影响

通过测定不同类型的单一及复配型表面活性剂水溶液的临界胶束浓度和表面张力,研究了它对w(甲维盐)=1％的微乳剂物理稳定性的影响。膦酸酯类阴离子表面活性剂A的临界胶束浓度为1．79×10-4 mol／L,表面张力为28．90 mN/m;苄基酚聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚嵌段型非离子表面活性剂B(EPE型)的临界胶束浓度为 1.91×10-4 mol/L,表面张力为20．70 mN/m;按m(A):m(B)=2:3形成的复配型表面活性剂2#的水溶液的临界胶束浓度为9．30×10-5 moL/L,表面张力为25．66 mN/m。当w(2#)=10％时,配制w(甲维盐)=1％的微乳剂物理稳定性最佳,各项指标均合格。     

无机盐阳离子对十二烷基硫酸钠表面活性剂降低水的表面张力效果的机理研究

采用真球气泡法测定了不同价态(Na⁺、Cu²⁺、Fe³⁺)和浓度的无机盐体系下十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)表面活性剂溶液的表面张力、表面扩展黏度和临界胶束浓度(cmc),加入无机盐之后,SDS的cmc值由8 mmol/L降至3 mmol/L,达到最低表面张力的SDS浓度值(C_t)和最大表面扩展黏度时的SDS浓度值(C_v)均小于未添加时对应的SDS浓度,且C_t=C_v=cmc=3 mmol/L。在cmc值时,溶液表面张力为37.29 mN/m,加入NaCl后溶液表面张力为27.53 mN/m;加入CuCl₂后溶液表面张力为23.44 mN/m;加入Fe(NO₃)₃后溶液表面张力为21.35 mN/m。在cmc值时,溶液的表面扩展黏度为1.70 mN·s/m,加入NaCl后溶液扩展黏度为2.21 mN·s/m;加入CuCl₂后溶液扩展黏度为2.58 mN·s...     

三次采油用高效表面活性剂性能评价

制备了一种耐温抗盐高性能表面活性剂NHJ,并经试验评价了NHJ表面活性剂界面张力性能、耐温抗盐性能、表面张力性能、与地层水适应性能及洗油性能。评价结果表明,w(NHJ)0.3%溶液可使原油界面张力降低到10^-2 mN/m数量级,抗温性能达80℃,抗矿化度达8×10⁴ mg/L,抗Ca²⁺达4 000 mg/L,w(NHJ)0.3%溶液表面张力为21.24 mN/m,与地层水具有良好适应性,洗油率达到45%。     

两性/阴离子表面活性剂复配体系性能研究

采用环氧氯丙烷与磷酸二氢钠反应制备中间体,再与十二叔胺反应,制备甜菜碱型磷酸酯两性表面活性剂,并与十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)进行复配。测定复配前后产品的表面张力、临界胶束浓度、泡沫稳定性和乳化能力等性能。结果表明,在最佳合成工艺条件下,甜菜碱型磷酸酯两性表面活性剂的表面张力为30 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为7.98 g/L。对于复配体系,当甜菜碱型磷酸酯表面活性剂与SDBS以质量比6∶4进行复配时增效作用最好,其表面张力为23 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为4.84 g/L,对松节油的乳化性能较好。     

一种可聚合聚氨酯高分子表面活性剂的合成

以甲苯二异氰酸酯和聚醚为主要原料,合成了一类带有双键的可聚合非离子型聚氨酯高分子表面活性剂。使用FTIR、1HNMR对合成产物的结构进行了表征,采用表面张力仪对其表面活性进行了测定。实验结果表明,由烯丙基聚氧乙烯醚(Mn=1000)和聚氧丙烯醚(Mn=2000)与甲苯二异氰酸酯反应所得产物(Ⅲ),在浓度为0 06mol/L时可使溶液表面张力降至37 6mN/m(25℃),同时所合成的3种不同相对分子质量的产物均具有较低的临界胶束浓度(10-4～10-5mol/L),且在浓度很低时仍然具备较好的降低表面张力的能力(产物Ⅲ浓度为10-6mol/L时,表面张力为51 7mN/m)。     

α-癸基甜菜碱的表面活性和胶体性质

研究了两性表面活性剂α-癸基甜菜碱的表面活性与溶液性质.α-癸基甜菜碱亲水基团的立体结构有利于正、负电荷的相互作用,使得表面吸附层和胶束中表面活性剂分子排列更加紧密.实验测得溶液的最低表面张力为38.2 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为6.9×10-3mol/L,胶束形成标准自由能为-22.3 kJ·mol-1,胶束聚集数为74;表面活性剂溶液在等电点pH区域具有最低表面张力和临界胶束浓度.     

对-烷基-苄基聚氧乙烯醚羧酸甜菜碱的合成与表面活性

以脂肪酸、苯、二缩三乙二醇为原料,经酰化反应、黄鸣龙还原反应、氯甲基化反应、威廉逊成醚反应、卤化反应、季铵化反应,合成出了3个对烷基苄基聚氧乙烯醚羧酸甜菜碱两性离子表面活性剂。用IR、1HNMR和ESI-MS对产物进行了结构鉴定。用Wilhelmy-plate法测定了30℃时它们在水溶液中的临界胶束浓度(CMC)和临界胶束浓度下的表面张力(γCMC)。实验表明,纯水溶液中表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)为10-4～10-6mol/L,临界胶束浓度下的表面张力(γCMC)为27～30 mN/m;随着苯环上长链烷基碳数(n=8、10、12)的增加,CMC分别为1.12×10-4、1.51×10-5、6.21×10-6 mol/L;γCMC分别为27.9、28.4、29.9 mN/m。结果表明,该类表面活性剂具有比较好的表面活性。     

Biosurfactant production from n-paraffins by an air isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa OCD1

The potential production of biosurfactant was investigated with a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa OCD(1), which was isolated from air in our laboratory. The degradation of different hydrocarbons was studied with this microorganism. The values of surface tension and emulsification index of culture broth were very promising when n-octadecane was used as substrate. Characterization of biosurfactant revealed that the biosurfactant was rhamnolipid in nature. The surface tension of water was reduced to 31.5 mN/m from 72 mN/m with the critical micelle concentration of 35 mg/L. A low rhamnolipid concentration (< 5 mg/L) had a strong effect on reduction of surface tension.     

Biosurfactant production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus coagulans</Emphasis>

A new biosurfactant producer, Bacillus coagulans, was isolated from soil. Its 24-h-old culture broth had a low surface tension (27–29 mN/m). Optimization of cell growth of this bacterium led to maximal biosurfactant production with glucose or starch as the organic carbon source, a pH in the range 4.0–7.5, and incubation temperatures from 20 to 45°C. The crude biosurfactants obtained after neutralization and lyophilization of the acid precipitate yielded a minimal aqueous solution surface tension value of 29 mN/m and an interfacial tension value of 4.5 mN/m against hexadecane. The critical micelle concentration of the crude biosurfactants was 17 mg/L. Addition of NaCl to the aqueous solution of the crude product caused lowering of surface tension at both the aqueous solution-air and aqueous solution-n-hexadecane interfaces. These results indicate that the biosurfactants obtained have potential environmental and industrial applications and may have uses in microbially enhanced oil recovery.     

耐盐型双子表面活性剂驱油体系研究

对一种新型双子表面活性剂GA12-4-12进行了研究。该表面活性剂在矿化度为2.5×10^5mg/L、氯化钙浓度为1.5×10^4mg/L的水溶液中表现出良好的表面活性,其临界胶束浓度为538.6mg/L。GA12-4-12溶液与稀油间的油水界面张力随着盐含量的增加（60～250g/L）而降低。在高矿化度模拟地层水条件下,GA12-4-12及其与聚合物复合体系SP的油水动态界面张力均能达到超低值（10^-3mN/m）。进行模拟驱油实验表明,GA12-4-12与SP复合体系提高水驱采收率分别为6.25%、10.67%。     

聚醚改性硅油表面性质的研究

对实验室自制聚醚改性硅油(以下简称硅醚)的表面张力及浊点进行测定,并对其表面性质的特征及趋势进行了研究。结果表明,随硅醚质量浓度的增加,硅醚水溶液的表面张力值下降,硅醚质量浓度增至约0.01 g/L后,表面张力值降幅渐缓,其表面张力最低值为29~42 mN/m;随着硅醚侧链聚醚中环氧丙烷链段所占比例增加,其水溶液的浊点略有下降,质量浓度约为0.1 g/L的硅醚以侧链聚醚结构n(EO)∶n(PO)=1∶4的硅醚的浊点最小,为9.5℃;随体系温度上升,质量浓度约为0.01 g/L的硅醚水溶液的表面张力降幅小于同样质量浓度的甲基硅油加乳化剂A25(硬脂醇/脂肪醇醚-25)的水溶液,并求得质量浓度约为0.01 g/L不同环氧乙烷与环氧丙烷摩尔比的硅醚的表面张力随体系温度下降的系数及方程,根据实验建立的方程所得的某温度下表面张力的计算值与实测值之间的平均相对偏差为7%。     

Biosurfactant-and-Bioemulsifier Produced by a Promising Cunninghamella echinulata Isolated from Caatinga Soil in the Northeast of Brazil

A Mucoralean fungus was isolated from Caatinga soil of Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil, and was identified as Cunninghamella echinulata by morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests. This strain was evaluated for biosurfactant/bioemulsifier production using soybean oil waste (SOW) and corn steep liquor (CSL) as substrates, added to basic saline solution, by measuring surface tension and emulsifier index and activity. The best results showed the surface water tension was reduced from 72 to 36 mN/m, and an emulsification index (E₂₄) of 80% was obtained using engine oil and burnt engine oil, respectively. A new molecule of biosurfactant showed an anionic charge and a polymeric chemical composition consisting of lipids (40.0% w/w), carbohydrates (35.2% w/w) and protein (20.3% w/w). In addition, the biosurfactant solution (1%) demonstrated its ability for an oil displacement area (ODA) of 37.36 cm², which is quite similar to that for Triton X-100 (38.46 cm²). The stability of the reduction in the surface water tension as well as of the emulsifier index proved to be stable over a wide range of temperatures, in pH, and in salt concentration (4%–6% w/v). The biosurfactant showed an ability to reduce and increase the viscosity of hydrophobic substrates and their molecules, suggesting that it is a suitable candidate for mediated enhanced oil recovery. At the same time, these studies indicate that renewable, relatively inexpensive and easily available resources can be used for important biotechnological processes.     

无患子皂素水提液发酵精制联产表面活性剂鼠李糖脂

以无患子皂素水提水解液为底物,发酵生产生物表面活性剂,在精制无患子皂素的同时发酵联产生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂。经铜绿假单胞菌发酵后发酵完成液中不含葡萄糖,葡萄糖的消耗速率与接种量成正相关,在发酵液中额外添加大豆油可促进表面活性剂亲油基团的生成,溶液表面活性进一步提高。发酵后溶液中表面活性物质浓度达到50.8g/L,比对照组提高了16.1%,溶液表面张力明显降低。接种10%的菌种发酵获得的无患子皂素复合产物干粉其临界胶束浓度由10g/L降低到2.5g/L,临界胶束浓度下的复合产物水溶液表面张力比未接种菌种的低18.67%,复合产物具有很好的起泡性能及更高的泡沫稳定性。     

Production and stability studies of the biosurfactant isolated from marine Nocardiopsis sp. B4

A potential biosurfactant producing strain, marine Nocardiopsis B4 was isolated from the West coast of India. Culture conditions involving variations in carbon and nitrogen sources were examined at constant pH, temperature and revolutions per min (rpm), with the aim of increasing productivity in the process. The biosurfactant production was followed by measuring the surface tension, emulsification assay and emulsifying index E24. Enhanced biosurfactant production was carried out using olive oil as the carbon source and phenyl alanine as the nitrogen source. The maximum production of the biosurfactant by Nocardiopsis occurred at a C/N ratio of 2:1 and the optimized bioprocess condition was pH 7.0, temperature 30° C and salt concentration 3%. The production of the biosurfactant was growth dependent. The surface tension was reduced up to 29 mN/m as well as the emulsification index E24 was 80% in 6 to 9 days. Properties of the biosurfactant that was separated by acid precipitation were investigated. The biosurfactant activity was stable at high temperature, a wide range of pH and salt concentrations thus, indicating its application in bioremediation, food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.     

全氟烷基表面活性剂强化池沸腾换热

针对不同浓度的全氟烷基碘化物（Le-134）水溶液进行了核态池沸腾换热实验研究。首先对Le-134的界面吸附特性及在紫铜表面的润湿性进行了研究。结果表明，其静态表面张力随浓度增大而减小，动态表面张力下降速度随浓度增加而加快，在超过临界胶束浓度（critical micelle concentration，CMC）的较高浓度下（≥40mg/L），10s以内溶液表面张力即降低到20mN/m以下。Le-134水溶液在紫铜表面接触角随浓度增加而减小，在300mg/L时接触角仅为21°，具有良好的润湿性。沸腾过程与去离子水相比，Le-134水溶液产生的汽泡数量明显增多，汽泡尺寸减小，汽泡合并现象减少。结果表明，Le-134的添加可以有效强化池沸腾换热，同热流密度下随浓度增大强化效果越显著；同浓度下，随热流密度增大强化效果有所减弱。在10W/cm²下，300mg/L的Le-134相对去离子水工况强化效果最明显，沸腾表面过热度减少49.3%，沸腾换热系数增加109.1%。     

不同腰果酚磺酸盐的合成及界面活性

以天然生物腰果酚为原料,经过磺化和中和两步反应合成了两种腰果酚磺酸盐表面活性剂.FT-IR光谱证实两种腰果酚磺酸盐的化学结构.采用滴体积表面张力仪和全自动旋滴界面张力仪测定了两种腰果酚磺酸盐水溶液的表面张力和油水界面张力,结果表明,两种生物质腰果酚磺酸盐具有良好的表面活性和界面活性,25℃时侧链不饱和的腰果酚磺酸盐和侧链饱和的腰果酚磺酸盐的临界胶束浓度分别为38.1mg/L和28.2mg/L,此浓度下的表面张力分别38.54mN/m和37.35mN/m;饱和腰果酚磺酸盐质量分数高于0.8%时,可将油水界面张力降低至10^-3mN/m,但不饱和腰果酚磺酸盐仅能将油水界面张力降低至10^-1mN/m.侧链饱和的腰果酚磺酸盐的表面活性和界面活性均优于侧链不饱和的腰果酚磺酸盐.     

两性离子/阴离子表面活性剂复配体系协同作用的研究

研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和两性离子表面活性剂月桂酰胺丙基甜菜碱(LMB)的形成胶束能力和降低表面张力能力的协同增效作用。发现SDS和LMB质量比在7:3至3:7范围内增效作用显著。并考察了无机盐对表面活性剂复配体系泡沫性能的影响,结果表明,低浓度的无机盐会使表面活性剂复配体系表面张力和CMC下降,发泡力上升,高浓度的无机盐会使表面活性剂复配体系发泡力下降。例如0.1mol/L的NaCl使0.0025%的复配体系表面张力下降1.73mN/m,0.17mol/L的NaCl使2%的复配体系泡沫高度上升7.2%,而NaCl浓度超过0.26mol/L后会使泡沫高度降低。