Inspection of the Strength Characteristics and Heat-Treatment Quality of Ferromagnetic Articles Based on Parameters of the Residual-Magnetization Hysteresis Loop upon Their Local Magnetization and Magnetization Reversal in a Pulsed Magnetic Field with a Variable Amplitude: II. Steel 60C2

Effects of the tempering temperature on specimens’ hardness and on the anomalous-hysteresis loop’s and the recovery curves’ parameters for residual magnetization are experimentally studied. Test specimens made of steel 60C2 intended for laminated springs were subject to local magnetization and magnetization reversal by a pulsed magnetic field with a variable amplitude. Parameters enabling tests of the hardness of steel within three ranges of the tempering-temperature variation (0–300, 300–600, and 0–600°C) are determined.__________Translated from Defektoskopiya, Vol. 41, No. 5, 2005, pp. 14–23.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Matyuk, Mel’gui, Pinchukov, Lyubarets.     

Determining the coefficient of transverse turbulent diffusion in a flow of the active medium of a CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> laser with fast axial gas circulation

A method for determining the coefficient of transverse turbulent diffusion in a flow of the active medium of a CO₂ laser with fast axial gas circulation is described. The method is based on the phase conjugation during degenerate intracavity four-wave mixing.__________Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 2, 2005, pp. 114–119.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Buyarov, Galushkin, Dubrov, Zavalov.     

Testing Systems for Ultrasonic Inspection of the Stressed State of Metal Structures and a Microcrack Locator Using Nonlinear Acoustic Effects

Results of field tests of ultrasonic checking systems for the stress-strained state of pipelines on a hydrostand are considered. Biaxial mechanical stresses induced by a combined load, i.e., internal pressure and bending, are determined. Results of testing a microcrack locator that uses nonlinear acoustic effects are presented.__________Translated from Defektoskopiya, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2005, pp. 3–11.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Samokhvalov, Zaznobin, Sakhno.     

Nondestructive Testing of Mechanical Properties of Rolled Steel (Review): 1. Tests of Strength and Plastic Properties

This review considers the creation and development of a nondestructive technique based on coercive-force measurements used to determine strength and plastic properties of industrial rolling products made from Russian-produced low-carbon and low-alloy steels. The operating principle for a coercimeter equipped with a field electromagnet is described briefly. Regression lines of mechanical properties versus coercimeter readings are presented for 20Κ- and 09Γ2-steel sheets produced by Nizhni Tagil Iron and Steel Works. Different methods for considering sheet thickness and tube dimensions are discussed.__________Translated from Defektoskopiya, Vol. 41, No. 5, 2005, pp. 39–52.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Bida.     

Nondestructive Testing of Mechanical Properties of Rolled Steel (Review): 2. Testing of Ductile Properties

The results of the first studies that established a correlation between impact ductility and coercivity are considered in this review. The data of studies on the search for the factors that encourage or inhibit this correlation are analyzed. The methods based on estimation of the coercivity, which ensure increased reliability of nondestructive testing of rolled steel with a tendency toward brittle fracture, are discussed. The experimental data on nondestructive tests of impact ductility carried out using a sharp notch are analyzed.__________Translated from Defektoskopiya, Vol. 41, No. 5, 2005, pp. 53–76.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Bida.     

A Polarizable Pressure Gage Based on Optical Fibers

A highly sensitive polarizable pressure gage, based on the effect of birefringence in single-mode optical fibers wound on ribbed frames, is described. The measured sensitivity of the gage is 13 × 10⁻² dB/Pa m.__________Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 4, 2005, pp. 134–136.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Rzhavin.     

Improving the Operating Characteristics of an УPT-0.5 Accelerator

An УРТ-0.5 electron accelerator intended for use in radiation technologies was updated after tests were run. To increase the service life of the pulse transformer’s insulation, additional inductance was introduced into the supply circuit. The heating regime of the foil of the vacuum diode’s output window was simplified substantially after the metal-dielectric cathode was replaced with a metal-ceramic one. A metal screen was used on the metal-ceramic cathode to increase the impedance of the vacuum diode.A line for the sterilization of individually packaged disposable medical items was developed on the basis of the updated accelerator.__________Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 3, 2005, pp. 127–131.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Sokovnin, Balezin.     

An Effect of Nonferromagnetic Gaps on the Magnetic Properties of Stacks of Steel Plates with Different Values of Magnetic Hardness: I. A Closed Circuit

Stacks of steel plates having different values of magnetic hardness and separated with nonferromagnetic gaps are investigated. The coercive force and the residual magnetic induction of a stack measured in a closed magnetic circuit depend on the layout of the plates in the stack and on the thickness of nonmagnetic gaps between them.__________Translated from Defektoskopiya, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2005, pp. 55–62.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Gorkunov, Mitropol’skaya, Povolotskaya.Dedicated to the Anniversary of the 100th Birthday of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences M. N. Mikheev     

A Device for Producing Nuclear Membranes by Bombarding Polymer Films with Argon Ions

A device for producing nuclear membranes by bombarding a polymer film with argon ions on an PM-7 (У-120)cyclotron is described. Controlling the speed of the film’s movement in proportion to the intensity of the ion flux allows one to achieve a uniform distribution of pores over the film area along its length with a scatter of ≤10%.__________Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 4, 2005, pp. 116–117.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Komov, Pirogov, Mamontov.     

Production of Carbon Nanotubes by the Magnetron DC Sputtering Method

Carbon films containing multiwall nanotubes were produced by the magnetron dc sputtering method. A graphite disc with Y and Ni catalyst plates was used as a target. The structural and morphological properties of the films were investigated using a JEM 2000EXII transmission electron microscope. The films were deposited on glass, nickel, fluoroplastic, and other materials. The films produced contained up to 40% of multiwall carbon nanotubes with diameters of 4–16 nm and a length of ≥200 nm.__________Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 3, 2005, pp. 150–152.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Antonenko, Mal’tsev.     

A Position-Sensitive Optical Detector Based on Anomalous Photovoltage Films

A laboratory method for manufacturing position-sensitive optical detectors based on thin films of the CdTe-type semiconductors is described. These detectors are capable of generating anomalously high photoelectric voltages. To render a detector position-sensitive, the film thickness is increased stepwise, starting at ∼1 µm (for CdTe films).__________Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 4, 2005, pp. 125–126.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Rakhimov, Ser’eznov.     

A Prototype of a Neutron and γ-Ray Spectrometer for Studying Solar Activity at Distances of 0.5 Astronomical Units to 25 Solar Radii

The InterSONG instrument now being developed at the Skobel’tsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics will allow the sensitivity of experiments on solar neutrons to be significantly raised by performing measurements in the immediate neighborhood of the Sun. It is expected that this instrument will be used on the Inter-HELIOS automatic interplanetary station operating at distances of as many as 25 solar radii. The instrument is based on a LiI scintillating crystal enriched with ⁶Li, and a boron-containing plastic scintillator that also acts as a fast neutron moderator. The instrument is designed to detect neutrons with energies of 0.1–100 MeV and electromagnetic radiation over the range 0.03–10 MeV.__________Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 3, 2005, pp. 24–36.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Bogomolov, Kuznetsov, Lishnevskii, Rubinshtein, Ryumin, Nemchenok, Sobolevskii, Ufimtsev.     

An Effect of Nonferromagnetic Gaps on the Magnetic Properties of Stacks of Steel Plates with Different Values of Magnetic Hardness: II. An Attachable Electromagnet

Stacks of steel plates that have different values of magnetic hardness and are interlaid with nonferromagnetic inserts were investigated by a magnetic-measurement device with an attachable electromagnet. The coercive force and the residual induction were shown to depend, similar to the case of a closed magnetic circuit, on the layout of plates in a stack and on the thickness of nonferromagnetic inserts between these stacks.__________Translated from Defektoskopiya, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2005, pp. 63–73.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Gorkunov, Povolotskaya, Mitropol’skaya.Dedicated to the Anniversary of the 100th Birthday of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences M. N. Mikheev     

An Acoustic-Emission Technique of Forced Vibrations Used for Flaw Detection in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels

An acoustic-emission technique of forced vibrations based on the principles of the acoustic-topographical integral technique of forced vibrations, combined with the acoustic-emission technique, is considered. An example of using this technique for diagnostics of thin-walled cylindrical shells made of aluminum alloys is considered.__________Translated from Defektoskopiya, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2005, pp. 27–31.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Popov.     

Radiation Effects on the Components of Diagnostic Systems for a Thermonuclear Reactor: A Review

The review is devoted to describing how irradiation with neutrons, fast particles, and γ rays affects components of the diagnostic equipment for a thermonuclear reactor. It is shown that the radiation environment inside a reactor and in the space around it has a significant (and sometimes crucial) effect on the diagnostic instruments. Unfortunately, the available data on radiation effects do not allow us to reliably estimate the resistance of a particular diagnostic component to radiation damage from neutrons, γ rays, and other particles. Specifically, the shortage of data on the effect of 14-MeV thermonuclear neutrons is a major problem. Therefore, the radiation testing of both the instruments’ individual components of the instruments and diagnostic systems as a whole is in particular of paramount importance.__________Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 4, 2005, pp. 5–14.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Gott.     

The Wonders of Ultrasound

Certain paradoxical phenomena encountered during ultrasonic testing are considered.__________Translated from Defektoskopiya, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2005, pp. 79–92.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Ermolov.     

Detection of Light Pulses Using an Avalanche-Photodiode Array with a Metal-Resistor-Semiconductor Structure

The results from tests of avalanche-photodiode (APD) arrays with a metal-resistor-semiconductor (MRS) structure are presented. The photodiodes, having a working area of 1 × 1 mm², operated in the Geiger mode. MRS APD arrays were tested using light-emitting diodes and as components of scintillation counters with dimensions of the plastic of 50 × 50 × 5 mm, in which light was collected with the help of a wavelength-shifting fiber. Tests of scintillation counters on particle beams of minimum ionizing particles have confirmed the high efficiency (∼13 photoelectrons) of the MRS APD. Their basic characteristics are compared to those of an XP2020 photomultiplier.__________Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 3, 2005, pp. 90–98.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Akindinov, Bondarenko, Voloshin, Golovin, Grigoriev, Mal’kevich, Martemiyanov, Smirnitskiy.     

A low-power current regulator for low-temperature thermometers

A battery-supplied current regulator for low-temperature thermometers is described. The regulator operates in the range 1–10 µA and consumes a current of 0.12 mA.__________Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 2, 2005, p. 146.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Tsymbalenko.     

Shock-squeezed metal-insulator-metal films at high-speed impacts of micrometeoroid and technogenic particles

The mechanisms of the interaction of high-speed particles with metal-insulator-metal (MIM) film structures were studied using electrostatic accelerators. Experimental dependences of signals from shock-squeezed and particle-punched MIM structures on the mass and velocity of particles in the ranges 10^–9–10^–13 g and 0.3–7 km s^–1, respectively, were obtained. An ionization-capacitor device was developed and built for detecting micrometeoroid particles.__________Translated from Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta, No. 2, 2005, pp. 123–129.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Semkin, Voronov, Novikov, Bogoyavlenskii.