The statistical distribution of switch-on delay in single-modesemiconductor lasers I: equilibrium off-condition

The theory of stochastic processes as applied to photon emission and absorption events is used to calculate the distribution of delay in switch-on from a sub-threshold condition in directly modulated semiconductor lasers down to a probability of 10^-10. This involves the derivation of the relative probability distribution of photon number in the laser late enough in the switch-on process such that deterministic relations can be applied thereafter. This distribution, assumed constant in some treatments, is found to change only a little from its initial form, which is a negative binomial, From this one deduces a delay distribution whose width is proportional to the period of the switch-on transient, relatively independently of the precise starting point, but which can be narrowed by injection of additional spontaneous emission. Experiment satisfactorily supports the theory     

扩展目标光子测距回波特性及误差研究

光子测距具有灵敏度高,探测距离远的特点,目标形状和姿态对光子测距的影响不可忽略。针对扩展平面、球面和非球面三种典型目标,建立了扩展目标光子探测回波概率分布模型,推导出不同倾斜角下混有时空分布的光子回波概率分布一般方程。实验表明,扩展平面的光子回波概率分布与数值计算结果一致。理论仿真分析了扩展目标的光子回波概率分布特性,讨论了光子测距误差与扩展目标类型和倾斜角间的变化规律。结果表明:平均回波光子数为3.9,目标处激光光斑半径为0.2m,倾斜角小于20°时不同扩展目标间的光子测距误差小于1.23mm;光子测距误差随着目标倾斜角的增大逐渐增大,且扩展平面目标测距误差受倾斜角影响最大。     

Computer simulation of laser photon fluctuations: Single-cavity laser results

In this second paper of a series I present statistical results obtained from computer simulated experiments in single-cavity semiconductor lasers and show that the probability distribution for realistic lasers are much broader than the Poisson distribution. When the gain saturation parameter is properly chosen, the computer simulated probability distributions agree very well with published experimental results. The following is a summary of the results. 1) Only the longitudinal laser mode at the center of the gain peak shows a probability distribution whose peak coincides with the average photon number. The modes to either side of the central mode have noise-like character with probability maxima at zero photon number. 2) The photon probability distribution narrows with increasing power output, increasing cavity mirror reflectivity and decreasing cavity length. 3) For the photon probability distribution to approach the Poisson limit, the cavity mirrors must have reflectivity near unity and the cavity losses must be very low. 4) Two modes symmetrically located at either side of the gain peak have a probability distribution that is constant from zero photon number to a cutoff value, because the modes compete for power and fluctuate widely. 5) Pulsed single-cavity lasers do not turn on consistently in the same longitudinal mode even if they are biased above threshold. 6) The performance of coupled-cavity (C³) and distributed feedback lasers (to be discussed in a subsequent paper) is much better than that of single-cavity lasers.     

多像素光子计数器的光子数分辨模型与实验验证

以多像素光子计数器(MPPC)的光电特性与工作原理 为基础,提出了MPPC的短脉冲光子数分辨模型,并分别在忽略与考虑光学串话(OC,optical crosstalk)效应时导出MPPC的短脉冲光响应模型。实验表明,理论模型与实验结果吻合, 且实际的光子数分辨谱对理想 分布的偏离主要是由于OC效应引起的。利用本文模型可以方便而准确地反 演出入射光脉冲的平均光子数信息,快速地判断入射光子数分布是否是预期的统 计分布,并可以推广到具有其他脉冲光子数统计分布的情况,具有一定的普适性。 本文理论模型不仅可用于指导MPPC的设计与优化,而且对MPPC在光 子统计分布的测量、单光子源的表征等弱光探测领域的应用具有较重要的意义。     

星载光子计数激光雷达海面点云仿真方法

星载光子计数激光雷达作为一种新的探测体制激光雷达,已开始应用于海面测量。然而受海风等多种因素的影响,海面存在一定的粗糙度和较大的起伏变化,因此光子计数激光雷达返回的信号点云在返回能量和信号光子分布上存在较大的变化,潜在的影响到了海面高程测量精度。本文基于JONSWAP海浪谱和微面元模型理论,结合蒙特卡洛方法建立了光子计数激光雷达海洋目标的仿真模型。以ICESat-2星载光子计数激光雷达的系统参数作为输入,仿真了不同风速条件下海面的信号光子分布,通过与ICESat-2实测结果对比证明了仿真方法的正确性。基于仿真模型,分析了不同风速条件下,光子计数激光雷达的测距误差分布。结果表明,光子计数激光雷达测得的海面高程小于实际参考海面,且测量偏差和标准差随风速增加而增大,当风速为10m/s,累计脉冲次数为100次时,测量偏差约为-2.5 cm,标准差为3.6 cm。所建立的仿真模型和分析结果对优化针对海面观测的星载光子计数激光雷达的系统参数设计和平均海面观测结果修正具有重要的参考意义。     

Quantum-statistical properties of pulse amplification in opticalfibers with gain saturation

We studied the quantum-statistical properties of pulse amplification in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (OFAs), including saturation of the atomic population inversion and pump depletion. We use a fully quantum theory to describe the atom-field interaction as wed as the light propagation. The generating function of the output photon number distribution (PND) is determined as a function of time during the course of the pulse, with an arbitrary input PND assumed. For input light with Poisson PND, the output PND is shown to be the Laguerre distribution with parameter 1 at all times smaller than the coherence time τ_c, even in the presence of nonlinear effects. An expression for the photon count moment generating function is found for counting times T≫τ_c. The mean pulse shape is shown to be altered by the nonlinear amplification. The variance is similarly altered, and the excess amplifier noise is greater at the leading side of the pulse     

近红外单光子读取电路

近红外单光子读取电路读取盖革模式下的雪崩光电二极管雪崩信号。采用两个ps级的可编程ECL延时芯片,获得可调的门控脉冲,控制雪崩光电二极管（APD）死时间和淬灭雪崩信号,同时减少后脉冲的影响。详细介绍了门控脉冲产生模块、死时间控制模块以及雪崩信号提取电路。主要采用延迟鉴别、边沿锁存的方法提取雪崩光电二极管雪崩信号。在整个实验过程中,雪崩光电二极管工作温度为-55℃,脉冲宽度10 ns,门控频率1 MHz和10 MHz,激光器激光波长1 550 nm,单光子探测器是PGA-400InGaAs雪崩光电二极管。     

Quantum cryptography and quantum-key distribution with single photons

A brief overview of the current status of quantum cryptography is given. The results are presented of our preliminary experiments with free-space quantum-key distribution by means of single linearly polarized photons with coded polarization states according to the BB84 protocol, for which purpose a quantum-cryptography communication system is designed. Single photons are detected with a 50% probability using specially designed high-speed photodetectors based on silicon avalanche photodiodes, operated in Geiger mode with active avalanche quenching. A key generation rate of 3.8 kbit/s is obtained, the mean photon number per pulse being 0.2.     

Dependence of timing jitter on bias level for single-modesemiconductor lasers under high speed operations

The dependence on the bias level of some quantities characterizing optical pulse statistics, such as the turn-on time, pulsewidth, maximum output photon number, and average output power, of single-mode semiconductor lasers is numerically analyzed at frequencies in the gigahertz range. Periodic modulation and pseudorandom word modulation are considered. In the former regime, timing jitter is shown to be rather independent of the bias current. In the latter regime, timing jitter becomes larger when biasing above threshold than when biasing below threshold. This larger jitter is found to be associated with a bimodal probability distribution of the turn-on time, which yields undesirable pattern effects. A privileged bias, slightly below threshold, suppresses these pattern effects making the laser response almost independent of previous input bits. For such bias value the probability distribution functions of the turn-on time in the case of the periodic and pseudorandom word modulation coincide     

基于基模高斯光束的单光子捕获概率研究

建立了一种自由空间量子密钥分配的单光子捕获概率理论模型。基于基模高斯光束,推导了单光子捕获概率的表达式。得到影响单光子捕获概率的主要参量是发射机的跟瞄误差、光束远场发散角、发射机和接收机的链路距离和接收机天线孔径。针对低轨卫星-地面站间链路进行了数值仿真分析,得到单光子捕获概率一般在10-3~10-5量级。     

基于单光子计数激光雷达的Bayesian检测研究

在单光子计数激光雷达检测领域,目前的检测方法在低信噪比情况下虚警概率会增加,同时也无法适应噪声变化的问题。针对这些问题,提出了一种基于Bayesian的检测方法,该方法首先通过雷达方程估计回波信号光子数的范围,将其作为先验信息,而后结合二项分布建立了累计概率模型,基于Bayesian判决准则计算得到检测阈值,此阈值能够在检测概率与虚警概率中间择其平衡。这种方法不仅克服了低信噪比检测困难的情况,还减少了先验信息的获取难度。实验结果表明,对比固定阈值其虚警概率降低了10倍。对比“恒虚警”其检测概率提高了约20%。验证了方法具有良好的检测效果,具备一定的可操作性。     

基于单光子线性APD的信息提取算法研究

针对新型单光子线性APD器件获得信息维度多、灵敏度高的特点,提出了一种基于单光子线性APD的微弱回波信号距离信息提取算法。首先利用微弱信号的泊松分布特性对回波信号进行建模,随后对每纳秒内的回波光子数进行统计,利用与脉宽等宽的距离窗进行滑窗求和,将最大值位置作为信号脉冲接收时刻,进而反算距离信息。设计了跟踪前的目标搜索策略和稳定跟踪后的距离门匹配算法,有效降低了背景光干扰和计算资源消耗,在回波光子数分别为200、10、5个时分别获得了100、9993、9658的计算正确率。对单光子量级信号设计了脉冲积累算法,单个光子信号回波的计算正确率为995。同时对静止目标通过算法迭代实现了信噪比为0dB甚至负dB的信息提取,对003个光子信号回波探测的计算正确率为961。仿真结果表明该算法可以综合应用单光子线性APD的强度信息以及单光子灵敏度,实现了在极限灵敏域下的距离信息提取。     

高速近红外1550nm单光子探测器

高速近红外1 550 nm单光子探测器采用半导体制冷和热管风冷混合技术,雪崩二极管工作于盖革模式下,使用交流耦合方式提供门脉冲信号,通过延迟补偿和采样边沿锁存方式消除尖脉冲干扰,采用反馈门控减小后脉冲的影响。采用了ECL(Emitter Couple Logic)与TTL(Transistor-TransistorLogic)混合电子技术提高单光子探测系统的运行频率,其频率可大于10 MHz;另外,通过对雪崩信号的放大来提高信号的动态范围,进一步优化探测器的性能。实验测试与分析表明,探测器在时钟频率10 MHz、温度-62℃、门脉冲宽度8 ns的条件下的最优性能参数为:量子探测效率12.8%,暗计数率3.76×10-6ns-1,噪声等效功率8.68×10-19W/Hz1/2。     

基于光电倍增管单光子脉冲幅度分布的多比特光量子随机源

提出并验证了一种基于光电倍增管单光子脉冲高 度分布的多比特光量子随机源。将紫外LED发出 的光衰减成离散的单光子序列,光电倍增管探测到的单光子后,输出脉冲幅度随机分布的单 光子脉冲,通 过数字化单光子脉冲的峰值作为熵源来提取随机数,实现了一个单光子事件产生多个随机比 特位。为减小 所提取原始随机数存在的偏差,提出并实现了基于FPGA的SHA-256后 处理方法。光量子随机源工作在 500kc/s时,平均每个探测光子可提取7bit随机位,获得了3.5Mbit/s的随机位产生速率。运用随机性 测试程序ENT和STS对所获的随机位序列进行测试,测试结果表明,序列的随机性满足真随机 数的标准。     

量子密钥分发系统中高精度同步方案设计

针对光纤量子密钥分发(QKD)系统中信号同步的关键问题,提出了一种光同步方案。发送方通过现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）产生一定特征的同步脉冲序列驱动同步激光器,产生的同步光和信号光耦合到一根光纤传给接收方。接收方经过高速甄别后使用高频时钟来“采样”接收到的同步脉冲序列,使得双方达到严格同步;同时经过高精度延时调整后提供给单光子探测器作为门控信号,最大限度地去除暗计数。该方案具有高精度,低成本,容错性好的特点,已经成功应用于城域量子通信网络。     

Experimental Performance of Point Process Estimators of Optical Pulse Delay

Experimental results of estimating the delay of optical pulses in the presence of background noise based on the occurrence times of photoelectrons emitted by a direct detection photoelectric effect receiver are presented. Both minimum mean square error (MMSE) and maximum likelihood estimation techniques were used. The MMSE estimates of the delay of both Gaussian and rectangular optical pulses were obtained from the evolution of the posterior conditional probability density of the pulse delay given the photocount occurrence times. For signal to noise intensity ratios as low as 10 dB, it was found that the experimental performance of the MMSE delay estimates remained near performance lower bounds and that a rectangular pulse gave better performance than a Gaussian pulse of equal signal energy and equal peak signal intensity. At lower signal to noise ratios, the performance of the estimates for both pulse shapes deteriorated rapidly. It is shown that, in the absence of background noise, MMSE and ML estimation are equivalent.     

用于1 550 nm光子检测的InGaAs/InP 单光子雪崩二极管的温度相关性

在越来越多的光子计数应用中,用于近红外光波长领域的单光子探测器受到广泛关注。例如在量子信息处理、量子通信、3D激光测距（LiDAR）、时间分辨光谱等光子计数应用领域。文中设计并展示了用于探测1 550 nm波长光子的InGaAs/InP单光子雪崩二极管（SPAD）。这种SPAD 采用分离吸收、过渡、电荷和倍增区域结构 (SAGCM),在盖革模下工作时具有单光子灵敏度。SPAD的特性包括随温度范围223~293 K变化的击穿电压、暗计数率、单光子检测效率和后脉冲概率。25 μm 直径的 SPAD 显示出一定的温度相关性,击穿电压随温度的变化率约为100 mV/K。当SPAD在盖革模式下温度为223 K工作时,在暗计数率为4.1 kHz,后脉冲概率为3.29%的基础上,对1 550 nm光子实现了21%的单光子探测效率。文中还分析和讨论了SPAD温度相关性的单光子探测效率、暗计数率和后脉冲概率的来源和物理机制。这些机制分析、讨论和计算可以为SPAD的设计和制备提供更多的理论支持和依据。     

用光子回波技术测量物质的横向弛豫时间

本文采用密度矩阵法推导光子回波讯号强度与激光光脉冲相对延迟的一般关系,得出二脉冲、三脉冲光子回波强度随时延的变化公式。实验上,用可调谐染料激光器作为光源,分别采用二脉冲、三脉冲光子回波技术,测得室温常压下饱和碘蒸气的横向弛豫时间T2约为140ps。     

Microwave propagation measurements for mobile digital radio application

Measurements over a variety of urban and terrain conditions were made using a spread-spectrum waveform centered at 1370 MHz. Chip rates of 10 and 20 MHz were used, giving high time-delay resolution. The transmitter end of the measurement link was elevated and fixed while the receiver was mobile. A detailed analysis of the multipath structure was made for various terrain conditions. This included distributions of the number and spacing of individual multi-path components as a function of amplitude threshold and also distribution of total delay. Thresholds are referenced to both average signal level and the maximum level in each pulse interval. Some instances of spatial variation of the received signal are also presented.     

量子增强星载光子计数激光雷达阈值检测性能

星载光子计数激光雷达在遥感探测、导航测距等领域发挥着重要作用。依据光子数可分辨激光雷达的工作原理,建立了基于光量子统计理论的星载光子数可分辨激光雷达接收端的量子阈值检测模型。方案利用先进的光子数可分辨探测器件滤除未能达到最小检测信噪比的光子,并根据光量子统计规律重构信噪比检测公式,接收端的最小可检测信噪比相对经典光强检测方案进一步降低。同时分析了新型量子阈值检测方案的检测概率与虚警概率,数值仿真的结果表明,基于光子数可分辨探测的量子阈值检测方案的信噪比在少光子到达的条件下优于经典光强检测方案,且利用量子压缩态发射源可进一步增强量子阈值的检测性能。最后,进行了星载光子数可分辨激光雷达测高的仿真实验,结果表明在少量返回光子信号情形下的量子阈值检测方案的性能获得了显著增益。