平顶山盐田采卤井生产套管固井技术研究

针对河南平顶山盐田地质特点及固井难点,在总结前期固井问题的基础上,通过开展有针对性的抗盐水泥浆体系、提高顶替效率、防漏固井配套施工工艺等的应用研究,解决平顶山盐田采卤井固井难题,确保固井第一界面、第二界面的胶结质量,水泥返到井口,形成固井配套技术,为平顶山盐田采卤井固井施工提供指导意见。     

定向对接连通井在江西清江盐田的应用

介绍了清江盐田的地质特征、定向对接连通井在清江盐田的应用情况。总结了定向对接连通井在清江盐田应用上的生产运行方法及防止生产事故发生的措施,供生产同行参考。     

对接井在江西岩盐矿床的应用

两井定向连通水溶法采卤工艺（简称“对接井”）是利用现代定向钻井特殊工具、仪器、测试装置使钻头沿设计的井身轨迹钻达指定靶区，从而达到两井建槽连通的一种水溶采卤先进技术。本文针对清江盐田的特点，列举了几种对接井设计方案，并作了一些粗浅的分析，同时指出了实现两井定向对接的可行性和优越性。     

平顶山盐田压裂连通采卤的地质探讨

从地质角度分析了平顶山盐田压裂连通试验成功的因素,提出了压裂连通采卤具有广泛的社会效应。     

试论平顶山盐田采卤工艺的发展方向

介绍了平顶山盐田单井对流法和水力压裂连通法采卤的实际现状。从保护环境、合理开采矿产资源开发,平顶山盐田地区的岩盐开采工艺发展方向应该是淘汰单井对流法,大力推广采用压裂连通法,适时引进油（气）垫法。     

绕障水平对接井在巨厚岩盐层开采中的应用

四川长宁双河长5井，是国内第一口在深层巨厚岩盐层开采中应用绕障水平对接井技术的卤井。应用DST有线随钻施工水平井，长5井井眼自长3井溶腔底部绕过与长1井老溶腔成功对接，实现对接连通采卤生产，大幅提高了矿山卤水产量和质量，提高了采矿回收率。     

叶舞盐田采卤工艺发展的认识和思考

介绍了叶舞盐田三种采卤工艺的特点，采卤工艺发展状况，从环保的角度考虑。小井距连通井是以后叶舞盐田开发的适用井型。     

浅析水平段井眼轨迹在盐层中位置的重要性

目前岩盐矿开采几乎都采用水平井对接连通工艺技术,即应用定向技术使水平井与目标直井对接连通,实现井组直接连通采卤生产.在水平井实施过程中,控制水平段井眼轨迹在盐层中的位置是十分重要的;当水平段井眼轨迹在盐层的中或上部时,则不能充分开采岩盐矿,井组的采卤流量和浓度也会不理想;因此应尽可能让水平段井眼轨迹位于盐层的下部,在单盐层矿区和地质条件复杂矿区则尤为重要.     

对接井采卤技术在多层，薄层岩盐中的应用

对接井采卤技术以往多在岩盐层较厚地区应用,江西盐矿属多层,薄层盐矿,在自然连通,压裂连通未取得突破的情况下,采用对接井先进技术,新建三口定向对接井分别与三口旧井对接成功,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

浅析水平井技术套管管鞋坐落位置优化及其运行管控

本文通过重庆合川盐化工业有限公司大石盐矿区合109井水平对接合104井连通生产的实例,分析不同技术套管管鞋坐落部位对卤井生产卤水质量、卤井寿命、生产工艺以及安全运行的影响,优化比选最佳方案。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.