无机物料固体废物属性鉴别通用方法

除了废弃特征明显的废物适合现场鉴别之外,其他绝大多数无机物料都需要利用多种分析仪器对其理化特性和特征指标进行分析,以分析结果为基础进行固体废物属性鉴别。结合已经开展的无机物料固体废物属性鉴别实例,阐述了无机物料固体废物属性鉴别过程中常用的X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射、激光粒度、扫描电子显微镜、偏光显微镜、X射线能谱、化学滴定等7种分析手段。利用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射、X射线能谱+扫描电子显微镜、偏光显微镜等4种常用分析手段对一种进口无机物料进行了分析,结果显示,物料的主要元素组分为钴、氧、硫、镁、锰、硅,主要物相为氧化钴、硫酸钴、Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄、Co₃(OH)₄Si₂O₅,推断出该物料是氧化钴生产过程中所产生的混杂了未经历萃取分离、沉淀、煅烧等工序的物质,根据GB 34330—2017《固体废物鉴别标准 通则》中相关条款判断该物料属于固体废物。通过建立的无机物料固体废物属性鉴别的通用方法和流程,可为进口无机物料的固体废物属性鉴别和监管提供参考,对有效遏制各种无机固体废物涌入我国,保护我国生态环境安全和人体健康具有重要意义。     

进口含铁物料固体废物综合表征及来源分析

利用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)、矿相显微镜和激光粒度分析等方法,表征了3个进口含铁物料的主要成分及其质量分数、物相组成和粒度分布,结合颜色、粒度等外观特征,以及不同粒度物料所占比例,通过与文献资料或相关产品质量标准相比较的方法,确认出进口含铁物料的可能产生来源,明确该物料是有意识生产的并且其质量满足国家或国际承认标准的产品,还是生产过程中的副产物即废弃物质或残余物,或者是污染控制设施产生的残余物,根据《固体废物鉴别导则》(试行)中的判断原则,得出物料的固体废物综合表征结论。在此所表征的3个含铁物料分别是球团矿、硫酸渣和电炉炼钢高铁烟尘,其中后两者均属于我国禁止进口的固体废物。实验研究为进口含铁物料的固体废物综合表征和监管提供参考,对将含铁固体废物堵在国门之外具有重要意义。     

冶金竖炉反应器处理垃圾焚烧飞灰工艺

摘要：当前国内的生活垃圾大部分都依靠焚烧技术处理,相应地会产生大量急需无害化处理的危险废物─垃圾焚烧飞灰,目前采用冶金方法处理垃圾焚烧飞灰是一个新的研究方向。首先对垃圾焚烧飞灰的成分进行分析,并在此基础上,对垃圾焚烧飞灰的压块制度及高温性能进行了探究。造块实验结果表明,水分配比为20%（质量分数）,水泥配比为10%（质量分数）,成型压力为10MPa,养护时间为48h,飞灰压块的抗压强度达到了512N;高温性能实验以及热力学软件计算结果表明,飞灰的融化温度控制在1400～1550℃,碱度控制在1.0～1.2之间时,炉渣具有较好的流动性。     

Comparison of the properties of polymeric and C8 based materials for solid phase extraction

The extraction properties of two polymeric solid phase extraction materials, styryldivinyl benzene (SDB) and 'Oasis' have been compared with those of a base deactivated C8 bonded silica gel using a range of acidic and basic test analytes. In the case of the two polymer phases good extraction of all the test compounds from aqueous buffer was obtained over the pH range 2-10. On the C8 material, efficient extraction of the most polar acidic analyte, anisic acid, was only obtained between pH 2 and 6. The use of methanol water mixtures, or methanol water mixtures modified with either trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or triethylamine (TEA) as eluents was investigated for the recovery of the analytes following extraction. The use of TFA or TEA as ionic modifiers strongly influenced the efficiency of the elution step. The effect of a plasma matrix on extraction efficiency was also investigated, with the result depending upon the analyte. An approach to assessing the performance of the three phases has been developed based on the percentages of methanol in the eluent resulting in the recovery of 50% of the analyte, and in determining the difference between eluents giving recoveries of 10 and 90%.     

固体废物铜熔炼渣的快速鉴定

鉴定进口矿渣是否为海关监管的固体废物主要根据行业标准《进口矿渣的鉴定通则》(SN/T 3107-2012)。根据本通则进行外观检查、主要物相等特征分析, 仅满足对常见矿渣样品的初步筛查。对复杂的“非常规”的矿渣样品, 研究表明, 通过增加X射线衍射法与X射线荧光光谱法在样品分析中的应用, 再深入分析铜矿冶炼过程中的反应机理, 对照常见FeO-Fe₂O₃-SiO₂铜熔炼渣体系相图, 同时参考《固体废物属性鉴别案例》, 可实现对复杂矿渣样品是否为固体废物的准确和快速鉴定。     

Microstructural evolution of a shaped-charge liner and target materials during ballistic tests

The microstructure of the 1020 mild-steel target, in the region ahead of craters made by colliding against Cu and W-Cu shaped-charge jets, has been investigated in the present work. The region ahead of the crater impacted by the Cu shaped-charge jet reveals grain refinement, implying the formation of subgrains, while that of the W-Cu one leads to a martensitic transformation, indicating that the region was heated to an austenitic region, followed by rapid cooling. The pressure of the W-Cu shaped-charge jet impacting against the target, when calculated, is higher than that of the Cu one. The microhardness of the region ahead of the crater impacted by the W-Cu shaped-charge jet is also higher than that of the Cu one. The microstructure of the W-Cu slug that remains inside of the crater depicts the occurrence of the remarkable elongation of W particles during the liner collapse. The microstructural evolution of the region ahead of the crater is discussed on the basis of the pressure dependency of the ferrite/austenite transformation in the steel.     

冶金窑炉内实现固体废弃物协同处理的工艺

研究了冶炼行业中高温窑炉内实现协同处理固体废弃物的潜力及工艺方式。提出通过还原变价处理、燃烧氧化处理、稀释固化处理及富集提取处理等4类方式可实现协同处理的工艺。并调研了国内外成功的协同处理案例,验证了4类实现协同处理工艺的可行性。高温窑炉协同处理不仅为固体废弃物处理提供新的模式,也为固体废弃物危害的应急处理提供了新思路。     

间壁式固体散料余热回收器的开发

分析了固体产品及废渣等余热回收的必要性,设计开发了固体散料余热回收装置.介绍了该热回收器的结构特点及其应用.同时,应用Fluent软件模拟对比了热回收器管内放置强化传热插件前后的换热过程,验证了插件的强化换热效果.     

熔融热解工艺在钢铁行业固废处理上的应用

介绍了钢铁企业固废的发生及处理情况,针对钢铁企业固废处理存在的问题,提出采用熔融热解工艺进行固废处理。熔融热解炉采用竖式结构,将钢铁企业的渣钢、劣质金属化球团、部分社会劣质废钢、机加工废料及钢铁企业废油桶、废石棉、废布袋等危废及部分危废,在熔融热解炉中进行高温熔融处理及渣铁分离,实现固废的资源化回收,熔融热解炉铁水成本低于高炉,具有很好的经济效益;熔融热解炉同时可协同处理社会固废,实现钢厂及城市协同发展,具有良好的社会效益。     

多种进口含铜物料的固体废物鉴别方法

通过对3个进口含铜物料的固体废物鉴别,得到了进口含铜物料的固体废物鉴别方法,即含铜物料的固体废物鉴别通常包括3步:第1步,确定物料的自然属性,包括利用肉眼进行外观和杂质观察;利用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)进行半定量分析,确认物料的主要成分及其质量分数;利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和矿相显微镜进行物相组成分析,得到物料的主要物相组成;对于极细粉末类含铜物料,还需要利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析物料的微观形态和粒度分布。第2步,确定物料的产生来源,具体是指根据物料的外观特征和试验结果,通过资料对比、实地调研、专家咨询的方法,判断出物料的产生工艺,最终明确该物料是否有意识生产等信息。第3步,确定物料的固体废物属性,即根据《固体废物鉴别导则》(试行)得出物料的固体废物鉴别结论。在此所鉴别的3个含铜物料固体废物鉴别结论分别是铜冶炼过程中产生的铜渣、含铜电镀污泥、废黄杂铜冶炼中渣/烟灰/二级泥渣的混合物料,均属于我国禁止进口的固体废物。实验研究为进口含铜物料的固体废物鉴别和监管提供参考,对将铜渣、铜电镀污泥、含铜渣/灰/泥混合物料等固体废物堵在国门之外具有重要意义。     

Expressions for predicting the elasticity modulus of materials reinforced by second-phase grains

In the present study, expressions for predicting the elasticity modulus of the materials reinforced by the second-phase grains, which may be referred to as the granular composite for the sake of simplicity, are developed based on the solution of the overmatching problem in elastic mechanics. Taking the voids or defects in materials as the second phase with zero elasticity modulus, one can easily obtain the expressions for predicting the elasticity modulus and the threshold of the elastic percolation failure of materials containing voids. The values of the elasticity modulus of the granular composite and the materials containing random voids and the values of the threshold for the elastic percolation failure of the materials with voids predicted by using the above-mentioned expressions are in good agreement with results given in available literature.     

Potential operating region for ultrasoft x-ray microscopy of biological materials

Calculations are presented which indicate an extensive suboptical region in the microscopy of biological materials in their natural state which is accessible to ultrasoft x-ray transmission microscopy. Throughout most of the region, radiation dosage levels to the specimen are lower than in electron microscopy.     

Validity and fairness of physical ability tests for predicting performance in craft jobs.

Problems relating to performance, accidents, and turnover in outdoor telephone craft jobs stimulated 2 experiments aimed at developing and validating a physical test battery. Based on job analysis results, a battery of 9 measures was administered to a sample of 128 Ss (83 males and 45 females) in Exp I. A 2-test battery (dynamic arm strength and reaction time), valid for predicting job task performance and turnover, was selected. Regression equations for males and females were not significantly different. Exp II included a sample of 210 Ss (132 males and 78 females). A 3-test battery consisting of a body density measure, a balance test, and a static strength test was selected based on relationships with training performance. No significant differences were found in the regression equations for males compared to females. The Exp II battery was also significantly related to field performance, training completion, and accidents and was valid for the Exp I criteria. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Recommended method for the analysis of amino acids in biological materials

Methods are presented for the preparation of large monodomain phospholipid bilayer arrays containing variable amounts of water approaching the two-phase limit. The optical birefringence of these lamellar phases of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DDPC) is measured over a range of temperature and water content, and phase transitions are observed. The techniques employed for pure DPPC and water are extended in order to produce macroscopically aligned samples containing varying concentrations of cholesterol, inorganic salts, antibiotics, and chlorophyll a. Polarization studies of the 670-nm band of chlorophyll a indicate macroscopic orientational order in the chromophore under the same conditions.     

高盐有机废液焚烧炉用耐火材料研究现状与展望

高温焚烧法是处理化工高盐废液的有效途径,具有处理彻底、二次污染小和适应性强等显著优势.然后高盐有机废液组成复杂,工况下高温炉渣易侵蚀焚烧炉耐火材料,耐火炉衬的损毁给焚烧炉稳定运行造成巨大的安全隐患与经济损失.本文介绍了高盐有机废液焚烧炉用耐火材料的类型及其侵蚀机理.根据有机废液焚烧过程的特点,本文对焚烧炉用耐火材料的抗蚀提出了一些建议措施,可为延长耐火材料使用寿命提供理论与技术基础.     

Embolic materials for endovascular treatment of cerebral lesions

Recently developed soft microcatheters can be maneuvered endovascularly into the brain, permitting treatment of lesions without conventional neurosurgery. Progress in biomaterial science has contributed significantly to the development of this new therapeutic modality termed intravascular neurosurgery or interventional neuroradiology. Although embolic materials play an important role, ideal materials have yet to be devised. Various embolic materials in clinical use are reviewed, such as cyanoacrylates, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer mixtures, Ethibloc, ethanol, estrogen, poly(vinyl acetate), cellulose acetate polymer, poly(vinyl alcohol), gelatin sponges, microfibrillar collagen, surgical silk sutures, detachable balloons, and coils. The materials are reviewed in the context of treatment application for various brain lesions, such as arteriovenous malformations, cerebral aneurysms, and head and neck tumors. Further developments in biomaterial polymer science can bring about progress against brain diseases.     

PLC在污水处理滤池冲洗系统中的应用

本文简要介绍了某公司污水处理系统中的滤池冲洗流程控制存在的问题，经改造采用PLC控制后，在系统可靠运行及节水方面收效显著。