移动焊接机器人大折角角焊缝跟踪及工艺

针对移动焊接机器人大折角角焊缝自动跟踪焊接过程中,因折角处的焊接速度难以保持恒定,导致折角顶点处焊缝不均匀问题,提出了根据焊接速度实时在线调整焊接电流的方法.首先对大折角处机器人焊缝跟踪进行运动学分析,在折角处焊接速度以余弦规律变化,保证焊接的正常进行.同时根据焊接过程焊接速度的变化,在线调整焊接电流的思想,通过试验进...     

基于响应面法的不锈钢车体激光焊接工艺参数优化

为解决电阻点焊不锈钢车体表面质量差、密闭性差等问题,采用二次回归旋转设计试验方案,基于响应面法建立了不锈钢车体激光焊接工艺参数(激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量)与预测响应值(熔深、熔宽、接头剪切拉伸载荷)之间的数学模型,能够根据车体表面质量和接头强度的要求优选焊接工艺参数.并通过优化激光焊接工艺参数来预测激光搭接焊接头的熔深、熔宽以及接头的剪切拉伸载荷,实现焊缝成形与接头强度的最佳组合,为改善不锈钢车体焊接表面质量提供了新的工艺途径.     

Experimental determination of the critical welding speed in high speed MAG welding

In high speed MAG welding process, some weld formation defects may be encountered. To get good weld quality, the critical welding speed beyond which humping or undercutting weld bead can occur must be known for different conditions. In this research, high speed MAG welding tests were carried out to check out the effects of different factors on the critical welding speed. Through observing the weld bead profiles and the macrographs of the transverse sections of MAG welds, the occurrence tendency of humping weld was analyzed, and the values of critical welding speed were determined under different levels of welding current or voltage, and the effect of shielding gas compositions on the critical welding speed was also investigated.     

交流脉冲MIG焊接铝合金薄板的工艺特性

交流脉冲MIG焊其焊缝熔深及焊丝熔化速度不仅与焊接电流有关，而且与负极性比率有关。当负极性比率等于零即直流且焊丝为正极性的MIG焊时，其焊缝熔深最大，焊丝熔化系数最小，熔敷速度最小；随着负极性比率增加，焊缝熔深减小，同时焊丝熔化系数增加，熔敷速度增加。交流脉冲MIG焊接铝合金薄板时，通过调整焊接电流及负极性比率，形成浅焊缝熔深的同时，形成较高的熔敷速度，从而可以提高焊接速度，避免出现烧穿及熔池下塌现象，保证焊接质量。     

Evaluation of dissimilar friction stir lap joints using digital X-ray radiography

A digital X-ray radiography methodology is proposed for quality assessment of aluminium–zinc coated steel dissimilar lap joints produced by a friction stir welding process. This methodology uses digital frame integration for acquisition of data to reduce the image noise followed by high pass filtering to sharpen the image by gradient operation and contrast adjustments to detect micro defects in FSW joints. The effect of welding parameters such as rotational and travel speed of weld tool and penetration depth on quality of the weld is studied. The new methodology has resulted in three-fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with improved defect detection sensitivity. The present study clearly shows that the weld tool rotational speed, travel speed and plunger depth have a decisive role on the quality of the weld obtained by the friction stir welding process.     

A Fully Coupled Thermomechanical Model of Friction Stir Welding(FSW) and Numerical Studies on Process Parameters of Lightweight Aluminum Alloy Joints

This paper presents a new thermomechanical model of friction stir welding which is capable of simulating the three major steps of friction stir welding(FSW) process, i.e., plunge, dwell, and travel stages. A rate-dependent Johnson–Cook constitutive model is chosen to capture elasto-plastic work deformations during FSW. Two different weld schedules(i.e., plunge rate, rotational speed, and weld speed) are validated by comparing simulated temperature profiles with experimental results. Based on this model, the influences of various welding parameters on temperatures and energy generation during the welding process are investigated. Numerical results show that maximum temperature in FSW process increases with the decrease in plunge rate, and the frictional energy increases almost linearly with respect to time for different rotational speeds. Furthermore, low rotational speeds cause inadequate temperature distribution due to low frictional and plastic dissipation energy which eventually results in weld defects. When both the weld speed and rotational speed are increased, the contribution of plastic dissipation energy increases significantly and improved weld quality can be expected.     

Numerical studies on controlling of process parameters in friction stir welding

A thermo-mechanical model is developed to predict the material deformations and temperature histories in the friction stir welding (FSW) process. Based on this model, the effects of the welding parameters on temperatures and material behaviors are investigated. Numerical results indicate that the maximum temperature in the FSW process can be increased with the increase of the rotating speed. The increase of the welding speed can lead to the obvious increase of the efficient input power for FSW system. The material particles on the top surface do not enter into the wake and just pile up at the border of the wake at the retreating side and this is the reason for the formation of the weld fash in FSW. Both the increase of the rotating speed and the decrease of the welding speed can lead to the increase of the stirring effect of the welding tool, which can improve the friction stir weld quality. But when the rotating speed is increased, the weld fash becomes more obvious. When the welding speed becomes higher, the rotating speed must be increased simultaneously to avoid any possible welding defects such as void. The simultaneous increase of the rotating and the translating speeds of the welding tool can lead to the increase of the residual stress.     

高速三丝熔化极气保护焊接工艺

针对造船企业平面分段生产流水线纵骨双丝角焊接最大焊接速度小于1.0m/min的问题,研究开发了高速三丝熔化极气保护焊接新工艺,即三根焊丝分别为引导焊丝、中间焊丝和跟随焊丝纵向排列。每根焊丝各接一套送丝系统、焊接电源和保护气,构成独立的电弧-电源系统,其焊接工艺参数分别可调,以满足各种焊接要求。结果表明,当采取引导焊丝(DCEP)/中间焊丝(DCEN)/跟随焊丝(DCEP)或引导焊丝(DCEN)/中间焊丝(DCEP)/跟随焊丝(DCEN)的极性组合时,焊接过程稳定,焊缝外观表面光洁、左右对称、起渣容易、飞溅小、无气孔,满足船舶焊接的要求。通过选用合适的焊接电流、电压组合,可以使焊接速度达到1.8m/min,焊脚长度达5～8mm。此焊接新工艺可广泛用于角焊缝的高速焊接应用场合。     

外加横向磁场对高速GMAW焊缝成形的影响

对于高速熔化极气体保护焊接（GMAW）过程,当焊接速度超过临界值后,会出现驼峰焊道,焊缝成形变差.研究证明,熔池中动量很大的后向液体流是产生驼峰焊道的主要原因.研发了外加横向磁场发生装置,通过产生的电磁力来抑制后向液体流的动量,从而抑制驼峰焊道的形成.应用特斯拉计测试和考察了工件上磁感应强度大小及分布的影响因素.通过开展焊接工艺试验分析了不同强度的外加磁场作用下的焊缝成形规律.结果表明,外加横向磁场能明显调控熔池流态,有效抑制驼峰焊道和咬边等缺陷,显著改善焊缝成形,提高临界焊接速度.     

变电极力对管板单面电阻点焊质量的影响

根据管板单面电阻点焊结构特点,建立了采用伺服焊枪的管板单面电阻点焊试验系统.针对管板焊接过程中变形大、形成环形熔核质量不可靠等问题,提出了基于改变焊接过程中电极力来提高焊点质量的方法,并研究变电极力对管板焊焊点强度及焊接变形影响的规律.结果表明,通电阶段熔核生成初期减小电极力,可明显提高焊点拉剪强度,减小焊接变形;冷却阶段减小电极力对焊点质量也有所提高,但影响较小.研究结果对管板焊接工艺参数的制定及单面电阻点焊在车身焊装中广泛安全的应用具有重要意义.     

DH36钢水下摩擦塞焊工艺及力学性能

文中通过工艺试验研究了DH36钢水下摩擦塞焊工艺窗口及焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,在焊接转速较低时,焊接接头根部容易形成“未结合”焊接缺陷,提高焊接转速可有效避免缺陷的形成;焊接转速为7500r/min、轴向压力在30~45kN范围是较适宜的焊接工艺参数;焊接接头焊缝组织主要为板条马氏体和贝氏体,焊接热影响区的组织主要为贝氏体;焊接接头的拉伸性能和冲击性能均随焊接转速的提高有不同程度升高,但随轴向压力的变化不具有明显规律性;在较优的焊接工艺参数下（焊接转速7500r/min、轴向压力40kN）焊接接头屈服强度为370MPa,抗拉强度为530MPa,断后伸长率为22.5%,结合线处0℃冲击吸收功为42.5J。     

铝合金激光-小功率脉冲MIG电弧复合热源焊接特性分析

针对5A06铝合金,通过一系列对比数据综合分析了MIG焊和激光MIG复合热源焊接技术在焊缝熔深、焊缝成形、焊接速度、焊接热输入等方面的优缺点.结果表明,在MIG平均电流小于200 A的小功率脉冲MIG电弧区域内,等热输入且等焊接速度条件下,激光-MIG复合热源焊接技术与MIG相比可以提高焊缝深宽比1～2倍,增加焊缝熔深0.43～2.5倍;等热输入且等平均焊接电流条件下,与MIG相比,激光MIG复合热源焊接技术可以提高焊接速度0.6～1.5倍,增加焊缝熔深0.5～5.9倍;激光MIG复合热源焊接技术可以用高于MIG焊0.6～6.5倍的焊接速度和更小的焊接热输入获得与MIG同样的焊缝熔深;与MIG焊相比,激光MIG复合热源焊缝的铺展性更好,更适合于高速焊接;MIG复合2 kW的激光能量后会增加平均电弧电压、减小平均电流.     

U型钢机器人快速MAG焊接工艺研究

采用机器人对U型钢试件进行快速MAG焊接工艺试验,通过对立缝焊接过程电流、电压、速度等工艺参数及摆动幅度、摆动频率、两侧壁停留时间等机器人运动参数对焊接过程及焊后结果的影响进行分析,结合立角焊接过程熔池受力特性对焊接过程的影响,配合平角及立向弯角焊接,形成一套连贯有效的U型钢快速MAG焊接工艺并能用应用于实际产品。结果表明,在保证焊接稳定性的前提下,焊接电流、电弧电压适当减小,焊接速度适当增加,摆动参数适当减小,有利于焊后焊缝良好成形及效率提高;最终工艺应用在产品上,降本增效,满足生产质效需求。     

工艺参数对激光透射焊接聚碳酸酯影响

利用激光透射焊接技术对聚碳酸酯（PC）塑料进行焊接,通过正交试验法研究了激光功率、焊接速度、碳黑含量对焊接强度和焊接质量的影响.探讨了热输入对焊接强度的影响,通过对焊缝显微形貌分析,进一步研究了炭黑含量对焊接质量的影响.结果表明,对PC材料来说,激光功率是首要影响因素,其次是焊接速度,最后是碳黑含量.最佳的焊接工艺参数为激光功率40 W,焊接速度40 mm/s,含碳量0.1%.热输入对焊接质量有较大影响,热输入在0.5～1.3 J/mm可得到较好强度的焊件.     

无辅助光源图像法TIG焊焊缝跟踪传感系统

焊接过程中焊炬自动跟踪焊缝对保证焊接质量,提高自动化程序有着极其重要的实际意义。焊缝自动跟踪技术的关键是焊缝位置的传感方法,本文在深入研究ＴＩＧ焊电弧发光行为的基础上,结合的实际的焊接工况,建立了一套利用电弧弧光检测焊缝位置的图像传感系统。该系统在硬件方面解决了图像采集与焊接电流的同步以及图像品质的提高等问题,在计算机软件方面解决了阀值与图像品质相匹配以及焊缝位置的提取等问题。生产实际应用结果表明     

自寻迹舰船甲板焊接移动机器人

研制的自寻迹舰船甲板焊接移动机器人系统采用磁性轮式移动机构,外加十字调节滑块,利用激光PSD位移传感器外加扫描装置实时获取焊缝的二维偏差信息,选用数字信号处理器(DSP)作为系统的核心控制器件。伺服驱动采用集成的运动控制器和驱动器,实现了空间多自由度的协调动作。焊接时,在一定的误差范围内让机器人粗略跟踪焊缝,而由十字滑块实现焊缝实时的、精确的跟踪。该系统还具有自寻迹功能,即在焊前根据焊缝的特征信息自动寻找焊缝并调整自己的位姿到设定的待焊状态,由机器人自主地实现焊接对中和焊接起始点辨识。     

无辅助光源图像法TIG焊焊缝跟踪传感系统

焊接过程中焊炬自动跟踪焊缝对保证焊接质量 ,提高自动化程度有着极其重要的实际意义。焊缝自动跟踪技术的关键是焊缝位置的传感方法 ,本文在深入研究TIG焊电弧发光行为的基础上 ,结合实际的焊接工况 ,建立了一套利用电弧弧光检测焊缝位置的图像传感系统。该系统在硬件方面解决了图像采集与焊接电流的同步以及图像品质的提高等问题 ,在计算机软件方面解决了阈值与图像品质相匹配以及焊缝位置的提取等问题。生产实际应用结果表明 ,该系统在检测精度、处理速度、稳定性、可靠性及实际工况的适应性等方面完全满足高质量焊缝对焊接过程自动对中的要求。     

High speed TIG–MAG hybrid arc welding of mild steel plate

A TIG–MAG hybrid arc welding process was proposed to achieve high speed welding. The influences of hybrid arc welding parameters on welding speed and weld appearance were studied through orthogonal experiment and the microstructures and mechanical properties of weld were tested and compared with that of the conventional MAG weld. The TIG–MAG hybrid arc welding speed could reach up to 3.5 m/min for bead-on-plate welding of 2.5 mm thick mild steel plate under the condition of high quality of weld appearance and 4.5 m/min for butt welding of 2 mm thick mild steel plate, respectively. The mechanical properties of hybrid arc weld were not lower than that of the conventional MAG weld. The assistant TIG arc could effectively stabilize the MAG welding current and MAG arc voltage in high speed TIG–MAG hybrid arc welding process. The stable hybridization obtained by balance between TIG and MAG welding current and proper wire-electrode distance was a key factor to stabilize the welding process.     

Optimisation of friction stir welding process parameters to weld cast aluminium alloy A413 – an experimental approach

Abstract

A413 is a high strength eutectic aluminium silicon cast alloy used in the food, chemical, marine, electrical and automotive industries. Fusion welding of these cast alloys can lead to problems such as porosity, microfissuring and hot cracking, etc. However, friction stir welding can be used to weld these cast alloys effectively, without defects. In this investigation, an attempt was made to optimise the friction stir welding process parameters for joining the cast aluminium alloy A413. Joints were made using four levels each of tool rotation speed, welding speed and axial force. The quality of the weld zone was analysed using macrostructure and microstructure analysis. Tensile strength of the joints were evaluated and correlated with the weld zone hardness and microstructure. The joint fabricated using a tool rotation speed of 900 rev min^?1, a welding speed of 75 mm min^?1 and an axial force of 3 kN showed the best tensile strength.