X-Ray measurement of lattice strains in textured low carbon steel under uniaxial loading

To examine the effect of relative crystallite misorientations on the inhomogeneous deformation behavior, lattice strains in the crystallites of a textured low-carbon steel are measured by anin situ X-ray diffraction method under uniaxial loading. Internal microstresses of the crystallites are also determined from the lattice strains measured along different directions of the crystallites. The low-carbon steel has the rolling texture of orientation relationship: {211}〈01Ī〉, {111}〈2Ī〈, and {100}〈011〉. Different lattice stress-strain curves are obtained from the different crystallite groups, which show dissimilarity in the proportionality constant between the stress and lattice strain and the elastic limit of each crystallite group. The external elastic limit can be calculated from averaging the individual lattice yield points of each crystallite groups. Triaxial stress states are developed in the crystallites in the entire range of the elastic and plastic regions during uniaxial loading. The residual stresses of the specimen unloaded at a strain level of about 3 pet are in a biaxial stress state.     

Guidelines for protein design: the energetics of beta sheet side chain interactions

To determine the interaction energy between cross-strand pairs of side chains on an antiparallel beta sheet, pairwise amino acid substitutions were made on the solvent-exposed face of the B1 domain of streptococcal protein G. The measured interaction energies were substantial (1.8 kilocalories per mole) and comparable to the magnitude of the beta sheet propensities. The experimental results paralleled the statistical frequency with which the residue pairs are found in beta sheets of known structure.     

Ultrasonic measurement of the kearns texture factors in zircaloy, zirconium, and titanium

Texture, developed during the processing of zirconium and zirconium alloys, e.g., ZIRCALOY, plays an important role in determining the properties and performance of the resultant structural components. Extending the work done on cubic metals, ultrasonic velocity measurements were used to nondestructively characterize the texture in hexagonal sheet metals. A theory is developed relating the texture coefficients W _LMN (L≤4, found in an expansion of the crystallite orientation distribution function (ODF) in terms of generalized spherical harmonics) to industrially measured Kearns factors, which predict the fraction of basal poles aligned in a particular sample reference direction. Ultrasonic characterization of texture has been performed on three sheets of zirconium (one pure, two ZIRCALOY) and on one sheet of titanium. These results are compared to the Kearns factors, measured by X-ray diffraction (for the two ZIRCALOY sheets) and to the W _LMN value measured by neutron diffraction (for the pure zirconium and the titanium). Results show that ultrasonics predict both the orientation distribution coefficients (ODCs) and the Kearns factors very well.     

The cuticular localization of integument peptides from particular routing categories

The distribution of integument peptides in relation to chitin and structural features has been studied in the surface epidermis of the caterpillar of Calpodes ethlius by immunoblotting and immunogold labelling using antibodies prepared to peptides isolated from lamellate endocuticle or from hemolymph. The intermoult cuticle consists of an epicuticle, an endocuticle of many chitin containing lamellae, and a chitin containing assembly zone directly above the apical epidermal microvilli and the perimicrovillar space. During the intermoult, the epidermis secretes peptides constitutively, that is, secretory vesicles containing peptides exocytose without accumulating, traverse the perimicrovillar space and form lamellae in the assembly zone. At moulting, the epidermis deposits ecdysial droplets in addition. These interrupt the last few lamellae which later go on to become the perforated ecdysial membrane. The integument is involved with four routing classes of peptide. Secretion is apical into the cuticle (C), basal into the hemolymph (H), bidirectional (BD), or transported to the cuticle across the epidermis from the hemolymph (T). Some peptides change their routing at moulting. There are several patterns of localization. (1) C and BD cuticular peptides occur mainly in chitin containing lamellate cuticle. (2) Some are also present in epicuticle, and are therefore not obligatorily linked to chitin or matrix between chitin fibers. Cuticular peptides that also occur in the hemolymph are glycosylated, whereas most that are only secreted apically into the cuticle are not. All BD but few C peptides carry alpha-D-glucose/alpha-D-mannose. Some C and BD peptides carry N-acetyl glucosamine. (3) C36 extracted from cuticle has most N-acetyl glucosamine and colocalizes with chitin rather than the protein matrix. It is therefore probably the main link between chitin fibers and the matrix. (4) H235 is barely detectable at the apical cell surface during the intermoult but is abundant at moulting around and below the ecdysial droplets. (5) T66 occurs in intermoult lamellate cuticle. At moulting, alone among the peptides examined, it is in ecdysial droplets. Intermoult C and BD peptides are not in ecdysial droplets but continue to be present in the ecdysial membrane, suggesting that constitutive secretion is independent from the exocytosis of transported moult peptides. T66 differs from most hemolymph peptides in that it does not carry N-acetyl glucosamine or alpha-D-glucose/alpha-D-mannose. (6) Weakly reacting BD peptides (and some H peptides barely detectable in cuticle) localize near the apical surface. Their distribution therefore favours apical secretion and retrieval as a mechanism for basal secretion.     

Effect of electrostatic interaction on phase separation behaviour of chitin crystallite suspensions

Optical and electron microscopy were used to observe the dynamics of the phase separation in aqueous chitin suspensions prepared by HCl hydrolysis of crab chitin. Freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy reveals that chitin crystallites are partially aggregated in the suspension and have an average length of 200 nm and an average width of 8 nm. They exhibit a positive surface charge of approximately 0.5 e/nm2 when fully protonated. The liquid crystal-forming aqueous suspensions of such crystallites are investigated through phase diagrams and Zeta potential measurements for different ionic strength. Exposure of the suspension to a low concentration of univalent electrolyte has a negligible effect on phase separation because of the contribution of the charged crystallites themselves to the ionic strength. The thickness of the effective repulsive layer is estimated both from the phase diagrams according to Onsager's theory and from the computed interaction energy derived from the Poisson-Boltzmann equation using the experimental Zeta potential as surface potential. When the contribution of crystallites to the ionic strength is taken into account and an hypothetical linear charge density close to the Manning limit is assumed, there is good agreement with the Debye length.     

Interface structures of γ-iron crystallites embedded in magnesium oxide crystalline films

Nanometer-size γ-iron (f.c.c-iron) crystallites were prepared in FeMgO composite films made by a vacuum-codeposition of Fe and MgO onto NaCl surfaces at 350°C. The crystallites were stable at room temperatures. High-resolution electron microscopy revealed that the crystallites were epitaxially embedded inside MgO single crystal films and the interfacial lattice was deformed for accomodation of lattice misfit of 14% between γ-Fe and MgO. The magnetic property of the crystallites was measured to be ferromagnetic similar to usual α-Fe. The appearance of the ferromagnetism may originate partly from an expansion of the lattice constant of interface regions from 0.36 nm, which was calculated recently to be a saddle point of the magnetic phase-transition from anti-ferromagnetism to ferromagnetism. The interface structures were thus studied by high-resolution electron microscopy, nanometer-area electron diffraction and dark-field method.     

Combined Cryo and Room-Temperature Ball Milling to Produce Ultrafine Halide Crystallites

The combined milling at cryogenic temperature as well as room temperature (RT) has been carried out to prepare ultrafine NaCl crystallites. The milling has been done in evacuated tungsten carbide vials backfilled with high-purity Ar. The results indicate the effect duration of cryomilling prior to RT milling has a strong effect on the final crystallite size. The deformation aided sintering of NaCl crystallites during RT milling and leads to the formation of bimodal distribution of crystallites. The cuboidal-shaped NaCl crystallite undergoes a roughening transition due to plastic deformation. The experimental results are explained using the temperature-dependent mechanical properties of NaCl single crystals and plastic-deformation-induced roughening.     

Effect of asymmetric rolling on the texture and mechanical properties of AA6111-aluminum sheet

Aluminum-alloy sheets are considered to be one of the high-potential substitutes for steel sheets, when considering the weight reduction of automobiles. However, aluminum-alloy sheets have inferior formability, mainly due to their lower plastic-strain ratios. The plastic-strain ratios of aluminum-alloy sheets can be increased with the formation of shear-deformation texture through the sheet thickness. Asymmetric rolling, in which the circumferential velocities of working rolls are different, is a favorable process for imposing shear-deformation texture through the sheet thickness. In this study, commercial AA6111-alloy sheets were used to compare the effects of conventional symmetric rolling and asymmetric rolling in controlling the shear textures and grain refinement, as well as the mechanical properties of the tensile and plastic-strain ratio.     

Design Considerations of Carbon Fiber Anchors

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets can be used to strengthen existing reinforced concrete members. However, debonding (separation of the CFRP sheet from the concrete surface) may occur at less than 50% of CFRP sheet’s tensile capacity, implying that half of the CFRP material is ineffective in increasing the strength of a concrete member. The use of carbon fiber anchors can increase the amount of tension carried in the CFRP sheets. Forty specimens were tested to develop initial design parameters of carbon fiber anchors. Tests showed that by providing anchors with a total cross-sectional area at least two times greater than that of the longitudinal sheet, it was possible to fracture the CFRP sheets. The best results were obtained using a greater number of smaller anchors. Further, surface preparation is unimportant when the CFRP sheets were well anchored and a 1:4 transition slope can manage any offsets in surface level. The general anchor design was then implemented on a series of long beams and demonstrated that the full CFRP sheet tensile capacity can be realized without incurring limitations due to debonding.     

Dynamic Soil Stiffnesses at Side of Embedded Structures with Rectangular Base

Soil behavior at the side of an embedded structure with rectangular base area is formulated. The soil medium is idealized as a stack of horizontal sheets interconnected by distributed vertical springs. Each sheet is made of a previously proposed column-spring system. The computed results indicate that, at frequencies higher than the fundamental natural frequency of the soil medium, the vertical springs can be eliminated and each sheet can be treated as an independent sheet in the plane strain condition. This approximation and Galerkin’s method for weighted residuals lead to very simple expressions for the soil stiffnesses per depth at the side of a structure with rectangular cross section. The formulations developed are computationally very convenient and confirmed to produce results close to those computed by a far more rigorous method. The dynamic soil stiffnesses at the side of a structure are computed for various cases. The dynamic response analyses of partially embedded structures are presented to demonstrate the application of the approach and formulations developed.     

Study of Forming Limit for Rotational Incremental Sheet Forming of Magnesium Alloy Sheet

As a lightweight material, magnesium is being increasingly used for automotive parts. However, due to a hexagonal-closed-packed (hcp) crystal structure, in which only the basal plane can move, magnesium alloy sheets exhibit a low ductility and formability at room temperature. Press forming of magnesium alloy sheets is conventionally performed at elevated temperatures of 200 °C to 250 °C and thus is known as energy consumed forming. Therefore, in view of an energy saving forming technology, we study magnesium alloy sheet forming by a rotational incremental sheet forming (RISF) at room temperature, where the rotational tool generates local heat of specimen enough to accelerate plastic deformation. The flow curves of the magnesium alloy sheet are obtained and calculated at elevated temperatures, while the yield loci of the magnesium alloy sheet are measured at room temperature. Using RISF, a square cup of 80-mm width, 80-mm length, and 25-mm height is then formed from a magnesium alloy sheet at room temperature. In addition, the strain distribution is obtained and compared with the forming limit curve (FLC) by considering the effect of the tool radius and is found to effectively predict the forming limit of a magnesium alloy sheet in RISF.     

汽车薄钢板冲压级别分类的一种新方法

提出了一种新的汽车薄钢板冲压级别分类方法,将ＦＬＤ０作为 钢板冲压级别分类的出发点,按ＦＬＤ０的范围将钢板冲压级别分为６级。为了便于实际应用,找到ＦＬＤ０与ｎ、ｒ值及钢板厚度的关系,将钢板冲压级别用ｎ、ｒ值和钢板厚度三者表示。     

Synthesis of Nanoscale Nd-Doped Ceria Via Urea-Formaldehyde Combustion Method

Nanocrystalline neodymium-doped ceria solid solutions with Nd³⁺ concentrations varying from 4 to 20 mol pct have been synthesized by gel combustion method, using urea-formaldehyde as fuel for Nd doping. The combustion reaction is explained through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)-differential thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), whereas the synthesized materials are characterized through X-ray diffractometry (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The phase obtained from the exothermic reaction contains Nd-substituted CeO₂. The deviation of the lattice parameter from Vegard’s law and the decrease in crystallite size with dopant concentration has been explained. The as-synthesized particles are largely nanoporous single crystallites, existing in loosely held spherical-shaped agglomerates. The size of the agglomerates increases with increasing dopant content. High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) reveals the fact that the unit cells are strained.     

冷轧薄板表面粗糙度微观形貌的测试分析

对喷丸毛化、电火花毛化、激光毛化三种工艺处理后的轧辊轧制的冷轧薄板，由GBS-60杯突试验机进行冲压成形，用扫描电镜进行了观察分析，对比其变形前、后的微观表面粗糙度形态特征。结果表明，扫描图像与测试的粗糙度参数值相吻合，并能形象、直观地反映出粗糙度的均匀性；从变形后的扫描图像可以分析钢板的塑性变形行为。     

包覆热轧制备粉末冶金TiAl合金板材及热加工行为研究

采用超声气体雾化法制备洁净的TiAl预合金粉末,再经粉末除气、封装、热等静压致密化等工序获得TiAl基合金热轧板坯,之后包覆热轧制备粉末冶金TiAl基合金板材。轧制过程中材料的应变、应力状态、温度场分布非常复杂,本实验采用Gleeble热模拟试验机和有限元（FEM）模拟相结合,确定热加工工艺窗口,优选出热轧工艺参数,并热轧得到组织均匀、性能良好、尺寸为220mm×370mm×2mm的粉末冶金TiAl基合金板材。板材室温拉伸性能Rp0.2为608MPa,Rm为668MPa,A为2．56％;1000℃拉伸性能只眦为163MPa,Rm为330MPa,A为32．0％;焊接成形性良好,焊缝无缺陷及二次裂纹产生,焊缝区域显微组织与基体差别不大。     

Mode of action of lufenuron on larval cat fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)

Adult cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché), were fed suboptimal in vitro concentrations of lufenuron in blood to allow hatching of flea larvae for cytological study. At concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 ppm, larval hatch was 64, 15, and 4%, respectively. Larvae hatching from eggs laid by adults fed lufenuron at concentrations of 0.025, 0.08, or 0.125 ppm did not differ significantly from the control. However, many larvae from the 0.08-ppm group and higher concentrations died during the 1st instar. Examination of these larvae revealed that they were dying from desiccation caused by bleeding from microscopic lesions in the cuticle or the inability to complete the molt to the next instar. Electron micrographs showed that lufenuron often disrupted formation of the endocuticle resulting in the deposition of an amorphous mass of randomly oriented chitin microfibrils. Other larvae formed normal endocuticle but were unable to digest the old endocuticle or produce new procuticle after apolysis. Failure of larvae to digest old cuticle or form new cuticle was caused by degeneration of the epidermal cells needed for the synthesis of molting fluid and chitin.     

Improvement in Strength and Ductility of Asymmetric-Cryorolled Copper Sheets Under Low-Temperature Annealing

Ultrafine-grained copper sheets have potential micro-electro-mechanical applications. Copper sheets were fabricated using asymmetric rolling and asymmetric cryorolling, respectively, and they were annealed at 373 K for 1 hour. The asymmetric-cryorolled sheet has higher strength compared to the asymmetric-rolled sheet. Low-temperature annealing results in improved strength and ductility for the asymmetric-cryorolled sheet, while the strength was reduced for the asymmetric-rolled sheet. The asymmetric-cryorolled sheets have better thermal stability compared to asymmetric-rolled sheets due to their laminate structure.     

汽车钢板点焊工艺的发展

通过文献调研分析了冷轧、镀锌及高强汽车板的焊接特点。采用普通点焊工艺,铁锌合金镀锌板比纯镀锌板点焊工艺窗口宽约30%,但预热后纯镀锌板焊接性能较好;FEA模拟Mn-Si系TRIP800钢的焊点十字拉伸强度明显高于Mn系DP450钢,但实际试验结果却明显较低;Mn系1.5mm规格的DP800钢在点焊电流11 000A及时间0.6s时,焊点拉剪试验以韧性特征为主,焊点拉剪力高于20kN。1 300MPa热成型钢点焊接头有一定软化倾向。不同种类高强钢的合金元素含量和生产工艺的不同,其焊接性能体现出较大差异。     

冲压钢板塑性应变比r值的在线检测技术

根据冲压钢板极图的对称性可以大幅度地减少极图数据检测量,利用X射线面探测可以一次性记录到所需的关键极图数据,进而计算出正态分布的各织构组分的体积量.利用反应应力模型可以根据各织构组分体积量快速而准确地计算出钢板的r值.相关计算也可以兼顾到一些非织构因素的影响.该技术快速、准确, 可用于冲压钢板的r值在线检测.     

Interphase boundary precipitation in a Ti-1.7 at. pct Er alloy

Microstructures in a Ti-1.7 at. pct Er alloy were studied in the arc-cast, rapidly solidified, and annealed conditions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the rapidly solidified materials revealed 3- to 20-nm-diameter precipitates that were distributed in regularly spaced, approximately planar sheets throughout equiaxed α Ti grains. The precipitate sheet morphology is similar to the interphase boundary carbide sheets that have been documented in many alloy steels. In addition, precipitate fibers with cross sections of approximately 5 nm and up to 500 nm in length were often found adjacent to particle sheets. Electron diffraction experiments showed that the structure and lattice spacings of the sheet and fibrous particles are consistent with elemental erbium. Subsequent annealing treatments resulted in the formation of a face-centered cubic allotrope of Er₂O₃. The present work describes the precipitate morphologies and crystallography and discusses the applicability of current ledge growth models of interphase boundary precipitation to titanium-erbium alloys.