电力线通信系统中基于OFDM/OQAM的时频结合消噪算法

针对电力线通信（PLC）系统中存在严重影响传输性能的脉冲噪声,传统的消噪算法大都不能有效抑制脉冲噪声的问题,提出一种时频结合的消噪算法。首先,通过选择合适的门限对时域接收信号中峰值较大的脉冲噪声进行检测和置零处理;然后,在频域根据已判决的符号来重构时域尚未消除完的峰值较小的脉冲噪声,并通过迭代来提高噪声重构的准确性;最后,从频域接收信号中减去重构的脉冲噪声。在电力线多径信道下进行仿真实验,相比传统的时域消噪和频域消噪算法,所提算法在误比特率为0.01时可以分别实现2 dB和0.5 dB的性能提升,而随着误比特率的降低,它们之间的性能差距将会更大。仿真结果表明,所提出的时频结合消噪算法能够提高电力线通信系统对脉冲噪声的抵抗能力。     

基于上下中值型噪声检测的自适应中值滤波器

基于噪声检测的中值滤器已广泛用于消除图像中的脉冲噪声。然而,在高噪声密度情况下,过多的像素被错误地分类,这个缺陷将会对图像滤波产生负面影响,为了克服这个缺陷,提出了一种上下中值型噪声检测器。基于这种噪声检测方法,又提出了一种自适应中值滤波算法。实验结果显示,该算法能够有效地消除脉冲噪声,并且保留了原始图像的更多细节。     

彩色图像迭代滤波算法

对于被脉冲噪声污染的彩色图像,基于噪声检测,提出了一系列迭代滤波算法。运用脉冲噪声检测器,估计出图像中的噪声像素,应用一系列后续滤波算法,只对检测出来的噪声像素进行滤波,而对非噪声像素（即信号像素）保持其值不变。传统的矢量滤波算法（矢量中值滤波、基本矢量方向滤波和方向距离滤波）加以改进后可作为后续的滤波算法。实验结果表明,这些新的滤波算法与传统滤波算法相比,在有效消除噪声的同时,更能够保留图像中的边缘和细节特征。     

Switching-based filter based on Dempster’s combination rule for image processing

In this work, a two-pass switching rank-ordered arithmetic mean (TSRAM) filter that preserves image details while effectively suppressing impulse noise is proposed to improve the performance of switching-based median filters. The proposed filter mechanism includes an efficient impulse detector based on the Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory and a rank-ordered arithmetic mean filter that works by estimating the noise-free ordered mean values excluding the current pixel. A modified Dempster’s combination rule is applied to the impulse detector. To improve filtering performance, a simple switching median filter is included to perform second-pass filtering. Experimental results show that the proposed filter outperforms many well-accepted switching-based median filters in terms of both noise suppression and detail preservation, providing excellent robustness at various percentages of impulse noise.     

局部特定空间关系统计特征的RVIN噪声检测器

目的 随机脉冲噪声（random-valued impulse noise，RVIN）检测器将局部图像统计值（local image statistics，LIS）作为图块中心像素点是否为噪声的判断依据，但LIS的描述能力较弱，在不同程度上制约了RVIN检测器的检测正确率，影响了后续开关型降噪模块的修复效果。为此，提出了一种基于局部特定空间关系统计特征的RVIN噪声检测器。方法 以局部中心像素点的8个邻域像素对数差值排序值（rank-ordered logarithmic difference，ROLD）并结合1个最小方向对数差值（minimum orientation logarithmic difference，MOLD）共9个反映局部特定空间关系的LIS统计值构成描述中心像素点是否为RVIN的噪声感知特征矢量，并通过在大量样本图块数据上提取的RVIN噪声感知特征矢量及其对应的噪声标签作为训练对（training pairs），训练获得一个基于多层感知网络（multi-layer perception，MLP）的RVIN噪声检测器。结果 对比实验从检测正确率和实际应用效果2个方面检验所提出的RVIN检测器的有效性，分别在10幅常用图像和50幅BSD （Berkeley segmentation data）纹理图像上进行测试，并与经典的脉冲噪声降噪算法中包含的噪声检测器以及MLPNNC （MLP neural network classifier）噪声检测器相比较，以漏检数、误检数和错检总数作为评价噪声检测正确率的指标。在常用图像集上本文所提RVIN检测器的漏检数和误检数较为平衡，在错检总数上排名处于所有对比算法中的前2名，为后续的降噪模块打下了很好的基础。在BSD纹理图像集上，将本文提出的RVIN检测器和GIRAF （generic iteratively reweighted annihilating filter）算法组合构成一种RVIN噪声降噪算法（proposed-GIRAF），proposed-GIRAF算法在50幅BSD图像上的峰值信噪比（peak signal-to-noise ratio，PSNR）均值在各个噪声比例下均取得了最优结果，与排名第2的对比算法相比，提升了0.471.96 dB。实验数据表明，所提出的RVIN噪声检测器的检测正确率优于现有的检测器，与修复算法联用后即可获得一种降噪效果更佳的开关型RVIN降噪算法。结论 本文提出的RVIN噪声检测器在各个噪声比例下具有鲁棒的预测准确性，配合GIRAF算法使用后，与经典的RVIN降噪算法相比，降噪效果最佳，具有很强的实用性。     

Context model based edge preservation filter for impulse noise removal

In this article, a new edge preserving contextual model based image restoration technique is proposed for images affected by impulse noise. The proposed restoration technique consists of two stages: noisy pixel identification and restoration. Center sliding window is considered as current processing pixel for both noisy pixel identification and restoration. In the first stage of the proposed technique, we follow an absolute directional difference of the neighborhood pixels to identify the pixels those are affected by impulse noise. We propose an edge preserving contextual model to restore the noisy pixels. The noise correction stage of the proposed scheme depends on the context model of the noise-free pixels in the selected window. The parameters of the contextual model are obtained using a Gaussian kernel. The proposed algorithm is tested on nine benchmark test images. The evaluation of the proposed algorithm is carried out by comparing it against nine competitive state-of-the-art algorithms for impulse noise removal. The proposed algorithm is evaluated using Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Structural Similarity Index (MSSIM), Non-shifted Edge Ratio (NSER) and Correlation Factor (CF) performance measures. Experimental results corroborate that the proposed algorithm provides better performance than the existing state-of-art impulse denoising methods.     

Symbol Detection Based on Back Tracking Search Algorithm in MIMO-NOMA Systems

One of the most important methods used to cope with multipath fading effects, which cause the symbol to be received incorrectly in wireless communication systems, is the use of multiple transceiver antenna structures. By combining the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna structure with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), which is a new multiplexing method, the fading effects of the channels are not only reduced but also high data rate transmission is ensured. However, when the maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm that has high performance on coherent detection, is used as a symbol detector in MIMO NOMA systems, the computational complexity of the system increases due to higher-order constellations and antenna sizes. As a result, the implementation of this algorithm will be impractical. In this study, the backtracking search algorithm (BSA) is proposed to reduce the computational complexity of the symbol detection and have a good bit error performance for MIMO-NOMA systems. To emphasize the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, simulations have been made for the system with various antenna sizes. As can be seen from the obtained results, a considerable reduction in complexity has occurred using BSA compared to the ML algorithm, also the bit error performance of the system is increased compared to other algorithms.     

An efficient decision-based and edge-preserving method for salt-and-pepper noise removal

In this paper, we propose an improved two-stage scheme for the removal of salt-and-pepper noise based on an efficient impulse detector and the edge-preserving total variation inpainting model. We test the proposed algorithm on the four images corrupted by salt-and-pepper noise with a wide range of noise levels varied from 10% to 95%, and compare it with the six other well known filters. Further, we evaluate quantitatively the performance of these filters with the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), the measure of structural similarity (SSIM) and the image enhancement factor (IEF). The experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed filter performs impressively in noise suppression and edge preservation.     

基于非局部平均滤波的冲击噪声图像恢复算法*

针对随机值冲击噪声污染图像的恢复问题,研究了冲击噪声环境下的非局部平均滤波模型,并在模糊权重非局部平均滤波算法的基础上加以改进,解决了原算法在低噪声比率下恢复性能欠佳以及算法时耗过高的问题。改进之处如下：第一,提出了一种信赖度参数设置准则,并在该准则指导下设置了新的信赖度门限参数;第二,根据冲击噪声模型特点重新规划了滤波策略,提升了算法的运算效率。大量实验数据证明,所提算法无论在低噪声比率还是高噪声比率下均能有效去除冲击噪声,尤其对于纹理性较强的图像有显著的去噪效果。同时,所提算法拥有较高运算效率,实用性得以提高。     

Image restoration in the presence of impulse noise by adaptive equidistant median filter

After widely studying the methods in literatures for impulse noise removal, aiming at overcoming their deficiencies and further improving the denoising performance, we propose an adaptive equidistant median filter for image restoration in the presence of impulse noise. As an improved and effective alternative to the square neighborhood, the circular neighborhood is proposed for noise detection and removal processing. A noise detector based on adaptive local statistics is proposed, followed by a noise removal technique gaining support from adaptive equidistant median proposed subsequently. Furthermore, the noise removal processing is performed adaptively so as to be robust for various noise densities. Experimental results have shown that the proposed method has substantially improved the performance in noise detection and removal, and is superior than the state-of-the-art filters with excellent capability of noise removal and structural information preservation.

     

The solutions of equation-based noise detector for an adaptive median filter

Techniques of noise detection have been widely applied in impulse noise reduction. However, the phenomenon of pixel misclassification is very obvious in high noise density. In order to improve pixel identification, in this paper, the new noise detector is proposed. Based on solutions of equations, an estimated block of every 8×8 block of a noise image is generated. Then, according to relationships between these noise blocks and their estimated blocks, corrupted and uncorrupted pixels are identified. During image filtering, a noise-detection-based adaptive median algorithm is presented. Experimental results show that the proposed filter can well reduce the impulse noise and preserve more details of original images.     

基于PCNN的脉冲噪声滤波算法

鉴于噪声点和边缘点具有相似性,传统中值滤波、均值滤波很难对其进行区分,容易造成图像细节丢失。本文通过分析总结脉冲噪声的特点及脉冲耦合神经网络(PCNN)的工作机理,提出了一种基于PCNN的脉冲噪声滤波算法。首先利用PC-NN的脉冲传播特性检测出原始图像的噪声点和边缘点,然后利用噪声点和边缘点不同特点对其进行判断区分,若为噪声点进行中值滤波,边缘点则不做处理。实验结果表明该方法不但能有效的去除图像中的脉冲噪声,而且能很好的保护图像细节信息且提高了去噪后图像的峰值信噪比。     

A robust neuro-fuzzy network approach to impulse noise filtering for color images

Based on an integration of a simple impulse detector and a robust neuro-fuzzy (RNF) network, an effective impulse noise filter for color images is presented. It consists of two modes of operation, namely, training and testing (filtering). During training, the impulse detector is used to locate the noisy pixels in the color images for optimizing the RNF network. During testing, if a pixel is detected as a corrupted one according to the impulse detector, the trained RNF network will be triggered to output a new pixel to replace it. The proposed impulse noise filter is distinguished by two properties. The first is the use of a simple impulse detector, which is efficient and yet effective in detecting the noisy pixels in color images. The other is the use of a novel membership function in the design of the adaptive RNF network, making the network robust to impulse noise. As demonstrated by the experimental results, the proposed filter not only has the abilities of noise attenuation and details preservation but also possesses desirable robustness and adaptive capabilities. It outperforms other conventional multichannel filters.     

A new impulse detection and filtering method for removal of wide range impulse noises

A new impulse detection and filtering algorithm is proposed for restoration of images that are highly corrupted by impulse noise. It is based on the minimum absolute value of four convolutions obtained by one-dimensional Laplacian operators. The proposed algorithm can effectively remove the impulse noise with a wide range of noise density and produce better results in terms of the qualitative and quantitative measures of the images even at noise density as high as 90%. Extensive simulations show that the proposed algorithm provides better performance than many of the existing switching median filters in terms of noise suppression and detail preservation.     

用于脉冲噪声图像的交叉视觉皮质模型滤波

脉冲噪声点与其局部周围所在图像像素灰度值之间有很大的差异,导致了交叉视觉皮质模型(ICM)中神经元激发顺序的不同,根据ICM所具有相似神经元同步激发从而产生脉冲输出的特性,对脉冲噪声点进行定位和自适应滤波.结果表明:文中方法处理的受脉冲噪声污染的图像的信噪比较其他非线性滤波器的处理结果提高50%～60%,运算耗时仅为其他非线性滤波器的20%～30%;同时,比其他非线性滤波方案更有效地保持了图像的高频细节信息,给图像的后期处理和识别打下了很好的基础.     

Image denoising using 2-D FIR filters designed with DEPSO

Digital images are often corrupted by additive noises during transmission. Thus, how to alleviate noise as much as possible has received concerns for decades. In this paper, we present a simple denoising method based on two dimensional (2-D) finite impulse response (FIR) filtering, where by differential evolution particle swarm optimization (DEPSO) algorithm, five two dimensional finite impulse response filters are designed to filter different kinds of pixels. Comprised by differential evolution algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm, differential evolution particle swarm optimization algorithm is effective and robust, which helps to yield better denoise performance. And computer simulation demonstrates that the proposed method is superior to the conventional lowpass filtering method, as well as the modern bilateral filtering and stochastic denoising method.     

一种改进的脉冲噪声滤波方法

由于数字图像在生成与传输过程中容易受到脉冲噪声的污染,往往造成后续处理难以为继。为了改善图像质量,需要对图像进行去噪处理。针对传统中值滤波及其它非线性滤波方法在去除图像脉冲噪声时存在的不足,本文提出了一种改进的去噪方法:在滤波之前进行一次脉冲噪声检测,确定受到噪声污染的像素点,并进行记录标识;然后根据检测结果进行改进的中值滤波:只对判断为噪声点的像素进行处理,不仅考虑了标准中值,也分情况利用了中值的前一个值和中值的后一个值的信息。实验表明,改进方法不仅在滤除脉冲噪声方面相比其他非线性滤波有很大改进,而且它可以更好地保护图像的细节特性,对图像的后续处理有很好的价值。     

基于CIELAB空间的开关型矢量中值滤波器

矢量中值滤波器VMF（Vector median filter）是一种经典和高效的矢量滤波器,主要用于消除彩色图像中的脉冲噪声.然而VMF没有区分细线条和噪声的能力,往往把细线条当成噪声而过滤掉.本文先将彩色图像从RGB空间变换到均匀颜色空间CIELAB中,然后模仿Laplacian算子,提出一个用于检测彩色图像中的脉冲噪声的算法,并结合传统的VMF构造出一个新颖的开关型矢量中值滤波器.实验表明,新的滤波器不仅能有效地保护细线条和边界等细节信息,而且其滤波性能也明显胜过传统的VMF和一些经典的、及最近开发的矢量滤波器.     

滤除椒盐噪声的开关核回归拟合算法

针对椒盐噪声的去噪和细节保护问题,提出一种基于核回归拟合的开关去噪算法。首先,通过高效脉冲检测器对图像中的椒盐噪声像素点进行精确检测;其次,将所检测到的噪声像素点当作缺失数据,应用核回归方法对以噪声像素点为中心的邻域内的非噪声像素点进行拟合,得到符合图像局部结构特征的核回归拟合曲面;最后,以噪声像素点的空间坐标对核回归拟合曲面进行重采样,获得噪声像素点恢复后的灰度值,从而实现椒盐噪声的滤除。与经典的中值滤波器（SMF）、自适应中值滤波器（AMF）、改进型的方向加权中值滤波器（MDWMF）、快速开关中均值滤波器（FSMMF）、图像修补（Ⅱ）等算法进行不同噪声密度的实验对比,所提算法的去噪结果图像的主观视觉质量均为最优;在低密度、中等密度以及高密度噪声场景下,所提算法对不同测试图像去噪结果的峰值信噪比（PSNR）分别平均提高了6.02dB、6.33dB和5.58dB,且平均绝对误差（MAE）分别平均降低了0.90、5.84和25.29。实验结果表明,所提算法不仅能够有效去除各种密度的椒盐噪声,同时具备良好的图像细节保护性能。     

A simple neuro-fuzzy impulse detector for efficient blur reduction of impulse noise removal operators for digital images

A new impulse noise detector based on neuro-fuzzy methods is presented. The proposed detector comprises two identical neuro-fuzzy subdetectors combined with a decision maker. The internal parameters of the subdetectors are adaptively adjusted by training. Training of the subdetectors is accomplished by using a simple computer generated artificial image. The detector can be combined with any impulse noise removal operator. The operation of the detector is completely independent of the noise removal operator and it has no influence on the filtering behavior of the operator. Experimental results show that the proposed detector significantly reduces the distortion effects of any impulse noise removal operator even if the operator already has its own noise detector.