基于经验模态分解与差分包络谱的齿轮故障诊断

为了准确地进行齿轮故障诊断,结合经验模态分解与纯调频信号差分包络谱,对齿轮故障诊断提出了一种新方法;首先,对齿轮振动信号进行经验模态分解得到多个不同分量;其次,根据峭度最大分量及其相邻分量的峭度值情况,合成有效分量;然后,运用经验调幅-调频分解得到纯调频信号;接着,将纯调频信号应用经验调幅-调频分解及傅里叶变换得到纯调频信号差分包络谱;最后,观察分析纯调频信号的差分包络谱进行故障诊断;利用该方法对断齿齿轮的振动信号进行分析,验证了方法的有效性。     

基于EMD和奇异值分解技术的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

提出了基于EMD(Empirical mode decomposition)和奇异值分解技术的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。采用EMD方法将滚动轴承振动信号分解成若干个基本模式分量(Intrinsic mode function，IMF)之和，并形成初始特征向量矩阵。然后对初始特征向量矩阵进行奇异值分解得到矩阵的奇异值，将其作为滚动轴承振动信号的状态特征向量，通过建立Mahalanobis距离判剐函数判断滚动轴承的工作状态和故障类型。实验数据的分析结果表明，本文方法能有效地应用于滚动轴承故障诊断。     

基于条件局部均值分解与变量预测模型的轴承故障诊断方法

针对局部均值分解(LMD)方法在分解非线性、非平稳振动信号过程中存在的模态混淆现象,从而影响故障识别准确性的问题,提出了基于条件局部均值分解方法(CLMD)与模式识别变量预测模型(VPMCD)的故障诊断方法。该方法将数字图像处理的频率分辨率方法与LMD相结合,首先确定振动信号中所有局部极值点的频率分辨率,将振动信号分为低频率分辨率区域和高频率分辨率区域;然后对高频率分辨率区域进行LMD分解,可得若干乘积函数(PF)分量;最后用折线将所有PF分量连接起来,经滑动平均处理可得PF分量,提取PF分量的偏度系数和能量系数构成故障特征向量,用于VPMCD故障识别。将该方法应用于轴承故障诊断,实验结果表明,与LMD方法相比,识别效率提高了8.33%,表明了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

A new rotating machinery fault diagnosis method based on improved local mean decomposition

A demodulation technique based on improved local mean decomposition (LMD) is investigated in this paper. LMD heavily depends on the local mean and envelope estimate functions in the sifting process. It is well known that the moving average (MA) approach exists in many problems (such as step size selection, inaccurate results and time-consuming). Aiming at the drawbacks of MA in the smoothing process, this paper proposes a new self-adaptive analysis algorithm called optimized LMD (OLMD). In OLMD method, an alternative approach called rational Hermite interpolation is proposed to calculate local mean and envelope estimate functions using the upper and lower envelopes of a signal. Meanwhile, a reasonable bandwidth criterion is introduced to select the optimum product function (OPF) from pre-OPFs derived from rational Hermite interpolation with different shape controlling parameters in each rank. Subsequently, the orthogonality criterion (OC) is taken as the product function (PF) iterative stopping condition. The effectiveness of OLMD method is validated by the numerical simulations and applications to gearbox and roller bearing fault diagnosis. Results demonstrate that OLMD method has better fault identification capacity, which is effective in rotating machinery fault diagnosis.     

Elimination of end effects in local mean decomposition using spectral coherence and applications for rotating machinery

Local mean decomposition (LMD) is widely used in signal processing and fault diagnosis of rotating machinery as an adaptive signal processing method. It is developed from the popular empirical mode decomposition (EMD). Both of them have an open problem of end effects, which influences the performance of the signal decomposition and distort the results. Using the cyclostationary property of a vibration signal generated by rotating machinery, a novel signal waveform extension method is proposed to solve this problem. The method mainly includes three steps: waveform segmentation, spectral coherence comparison, and waveform extension. Its main idea is to automatically search the inside segment having similar frequency spectrum to one end of the analyzed signal, and then use its successive segment to extend the waveform, so that the extended signal can maintain temporal continuity in time domain and spectral coherence in frequency domain. A simulated signal is used to illustrate the proposed extension method and the comparison with the popular mirror extension and neural-network-based extension methods demonstrates its better performance on waveform extension. After that, combining the proposed extension method with normal LMD, the improved LMD method is applied to three experimental vibration signals collected from different rotating machines. The results demonstrate that the proposed waveform extension method based on spectral coherence can well extend the vibration signal, accordingly, errors caused by end effects would not distort the signal as well as its decomposition results.     

基于LMD和GNN-Adaboost的滚动轴承故障严重程度识别

提出一种基于局部均值分解（Local Mean Decomposition,LMD）和遗传神经网络自适应增强（Genetic Neural Network Adaptive Boosting,GNN-Adaboost）的滚动轴承损伤程度识别方法。通过LMD方法将轴承振动信号分解为若干个瞬时频率有物理意义的乘积函数（Production Function,PF）,对能反映信号主要特征的PF提取能量矩,结合原始振动信号的时域特征参数（方差、偏度、峭度）,组成故障严重程度识别特征参数矩阵。将基于LMD方法的特征参数矩阵作为GNN-Adaboost方法的输入向量,对不同载荷与转速工况下的轴承进行故障严重程度识别。结果表明,基于LMD和GNN-Adaboost的方法能够有效提高轴承故障严重程度识别准确率,对滚动轴承等关键旋转部件的故障识别与定位具有重要意义。     

基于Hilbert-Huang变换的特征能量法及其在滚动轴承故障诊断中的应用

Hilbert-Huang变换是一种新的自适应信号处理方法,非常适用于非线性和非平稳过程。该文在介绍Hilbert-Huang变换的基础上,针对滚动轴承故障振动信号的非平稳特征,提出了一种基于Hilbert-Huang变换的特征能量法。该方法在Hilbert-Huang变换的基础上定义滚动轴承振动信号在固有频率段的能量为特征能量,以此作为滚动轴承的故障特征向量,并通过建立M-距离判别函数来识别滚动轴承的故障类型。对滚动轴承外圈和内圈故障信号的分析结果表明,基于Hilbert-Huang变换的特征能量法可以有效地提取滚动轴承振动信号的故障特征。     

轴承振动信号采集分析系统设计与实现

准确采集振动信号信息是轴承故障诊断的关键,利用传感器采集振动信号数据,经A/D转换后传输至STM32微控制器,STM32控制Wi-Fi模块将数据发送至PC,采用局部均值分解(LMD)方法对采集的振动数据进行分析处理,实现对滚动轴承运行状态的远程监控.实验结果表明:系统能够对滚动轴承振动信号进行精准采集和分析,传输性能好、速度快,适合在工业行业推广使用.     

敏感SVD和EEMD的故障诊断方法研究

在噪声干扰下有效提取振动信号所包含的微弱故障特征,是轴承故障诊断的关键问题,提出了一种基于敏感奇异值分解(SSVD)和总体平均经验模态分解(EEMD)的故障诊断方法.对时域振动信号进行敏感SVD分析,通过敏感因子选择反映故障冲击特征的敏感SVD分量,并利用定位因子定位分量信号所对应奇异值进行振动信号重构,以滤除噪声干扰;对降噪信号进行EEMD,根据峭度准则选取故障信息丰富的敏感固有模态分量(IMF),有效提取局部微弱故障信息;利用Teager-Kaiser能量算子(TKEO)计算故障信息的瞬时能量,并对其进行频谱分析,获取故障特征频率,以识别故障类型.方法应用于轴承故障诊断,实验证明了所提方法的有效性.     

基于滑动峭度相关性准则的局部特征尺度分解分量筛选方法

轴承故障振动信号具有非平稳、非线性特征,且可视为多个调幅-调频分量的叠加,单分量的包络蕴含了轴承的故障特征。局部特征尺度分解可将振动信号准确分解为多个内禀尺度分量之和,某些分量能清晰反映轴承的运行状态,根据包络谱可进行故障诊断。为了准确筛选有用分量,提出了基于滑动峭度相关性准则的分量筛选方法。首先,对信号进行局部特征尺度分解,得到若干个内禀尺度分量;然后,对分量和原始信号分别计算滑动峭度,生成时间序列;最后,依据分量滑动峭度序列与原始信号滑动峭度序列的互相关系数筛选有用分量。通过轴承内圈故障数据分析发现：有用分量与非有用分量之间的滑动峭度互相关系数比互相关系数差异明显,区分度更大,有益于分量的分类、筛选。     

基于信号经验模态分解与分集合并的齿轮故障诊断

为了准确地进行齿轮故障诊断,结合信号经验模态分解与分集合并,提出了一种新的故障诊断方法;首先,运用经验模态分解对齿轮振动信号进行分解得到若干个分量;其次,根据分量的峭度大小以及相邻分量的峭度是否接近,筛选、合成有效分量;然后,运用等增益分集合并技术对有效分量进行合并,即将其包络进行叠加;接着,使用快速傅立叶变换得到信号包络和的频率谱;最后,根据该频率谱进行故障诊断;通过对仿真信号和齿轮断齿故障振动信号的分析,验证了方法的有效性.     

基于HHT变换的起动电动机特征信号时频分析

针对车辆起动电动机电气和机械故障发生时特征信号的时变不平稳特性,进行了时频域分析处理,提出了利用现代信号处理方法对故障信号提取特征向量的方法,主要对起动电动机的电枢和轴承故障进行诊断。在构建电机故障测试实验平台的基础上,利用破坏性实验构造了故障类型,测取了电枢电流和振动信号,分别采用小波分析理论和HHT变换对信号进行分析,通过分解再重构的方式将信号分解成了频率由高到低的不同分量,并获得了故障的特征频率,提取了特征向量。实验结果表明,基于HHT变换的现代信号处理方法在处理时变非平稳信号方面比小波分析理论更具有自适应性,更易识别。     

基于ICA和SVM的滚动轴承故障诊断方法研究

通过对滚动轴承振动信号的分析处理,提出了基于独立分量分析和支持向量机的故障诊断方法,采用FastICA算法对信号进行分析处理,提取出代表轴承运行状态的投影系数矩阵,并以此作为特征向量来建立支持向量机分类器,利用SVM网络的智能性来判断滚动轴承的工作状态和故障类型。     

A new gear fault feature extraction method based on hybrid time–frequency analysis

Gear is one of the popular and important components in the rotary machinery transmission. Vibration monitoring is the common way to take gear feature extraction and fault diagnosis. The gear vibration signal collected in the running time often reflects the characteristics such as non-Gaussian and nonlinear, which is difficult in time domain or frequency domain analysis. This paper proposed a novel gear fault feature extraction method based on hybrid time–frequency analysis. This method combined the Mexican hat wavelet filter de-noise method and the auto term window method at the first time. This method can not only de-noise noise jamming in raw vibration signal, but also extract gear fault features effectively. The final experimental analysis proved the feasibility and the availability of this new method.     

轴承早期故障特征提取方法研究

针对滚动轴承早期故障信号被背景噪声淹没、故障特征不明显的问题,提出一种基于小波包分解和互补集合经验模态分解(CEEMD)的轴承早期故障信号特征提取方法.利用Matlab软件对采集到的轴承振动信号进行快速谱峭度分析,根据峭度最大化原则确定带通滤波器的中心频率和带宽,设计带通滤波器;对经过带通滤波器滤波后的信号进行小波包分解和CEEMD分解,根据峭度、相关系数筛选出有效本征模态函数(IMF)分量;利用IMF分量重构小波包信号,对重构小波包信号进行包络谱分析,提取轴承早期故障信号特征频率.该方法通过谱峭度分析降低背景噪声干扰,通过小波包分解增强故障冲击信号,并将CEEMD与小波包分解相结合,解决经典EMD分解存在的模态混叠、无效分量问题.仿真结果表明,相较于传统包络解调算法,重构后信号的背景噪声得到抑制,故障特征分量突出,验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性.     

基于SVD-AR模型与VPMCD的轴承故障诊断方法

针对强噪声背景下振动信号故障特征难以提取的问题,提出了基于奇异值分解的自回归(SVD-AR)模型,用于提取振动信号的特征,并与变量预测模型模式识别(VPMCD)方法相结合应用于轴承故障诊断.对轴承振动信号进行SVD;然后,利用奇异值差分谱对分量信号进行筛选,对能够反映故障信息的分量信号建立AR模型,提取轴承振动信号的特征信息;采用VPMCD对滚动轴承运行状态进行识别.实验证明了方法的合理性和有效性.     

自适应经验小波塔式分解的齿轮微弱故障诊断方法

针对强背景噪声下齿轮微弱故障特征难以有效提取的问题,本文提出了一种基于自适应经验小波塔式分解的齿轮故障诊断方法 .首先,在齿轮故障信号傅立叶变换基础上,通过设定分解层数对信号频谱进行有效划分,进行经验小波变换;然后进一步提出时-频峭度指标,绘制信号在不同分解层数下各分量信号的时-频峭度图,确定所感兴趣的最优共振频段范围;最终得到最优单分量信号,利用包络解调分析提取齿轮微弱故障特征.采用所提方法对齿轮故障信号进行分析,结果表明该方法可以有效提取齿轮微弱故障特征,而传统经验小波方法因为受强背景噪声影响较大,无法准确提取齿轮微弱故障特征信息.     

Spur bevel gearbox fault diagnosis using wavelet packet transform and rough set theory

The gearbox is an important component in industrial drives, providing safe and reliable operation for industrial production. Wavelet packet transform (WPT) analysis was used to extract fault features in the vibration signals generated by a gearbox. The extracted features from the WPT were used as input in a rough set (RS) for attribute reduction and then combined with a genetic algorithm to obtain global optimal attribute reduction results. The fault features gained after the attribute reductions were used to generate decision rules. The unknown gear status signal attributes were used as input to match the generated decision rules for fault diagnosis purposes. Gearbox vibration signals contain a significant amount of gear status information; a WPT has an acute portion-locked ability to extract attribute information from the vibration signals. However, WPT frequency aliasing would lead to the generation of spurious frequency components, affecting gear fault diagnosis. In this paper, we introduce an improved WPT to eliminate frequency aliasing, thus improving the accuracy of fault diagnosis. This paper studies the use of wavelet packet for feature extraction and the RS for classification; the results demonstrate that this method can accurately and reliably detect failure modes in a gearbox.     

基于SVD-形态降噪的TKEO故障诊断方法研究

针对强噪声干扰背景下微弱故障特征信息难以提取的问题,提出了一种基于奇异值分解(SVD)-形态降噪的Teager能量算子(TKEO)故障诊断方法.首先对轴承振动信号进行SVD,对得到的分量信号进行形态滤波,以滤除噪声干扰;然后利用峭度准则对分量信号进行筛选,并对其进行重构;最后利用TKEO计算重构信号的瞬时能量,得到信号的能量谱,提取振动信号的特征.将提出的方法应用于滚动轴承故障分析,结果表明该方法能清晰地提取故障特征信息.     

基于啮合频率调制现象的齿轮振动信号辨识

齿轮是大多数旋转机械设备的核心零部件,也是主要的振动来源.为了评估齿轮箱的健康状态,从机械系统信号中提取齿轮箱的振动成分具有重要意义.齿轮的啮合频率包含了反映其运行状态的丰富信息,是进行齿轮在线监测和故障诊断的前提条件.通过理论分析和试验验证,解释了啮合频率调制现象,也就是当齿轮在重载条件下工作时,啮合频率会以啮合冲击的形式被调制到高频共振区.基于此现象,提出了一种齿轮振动信号辨识方法.在此方法中,通过迭代获得啮合能量比图,以确定啮合共振频带.此方法的性能通过试验台试验和叉车现场试验进行了验证.通过与快速谱峭度方法进行对比,证明所提出的方法适用于齿轮振动信号辨识,尤其是当齿轮处于重载条件时.